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Is Darwin's theory a tautology? Lecture on 18 March 2013 to University of Melbourne Science and Pseudoscience class
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Here are the key steps to find the eigenvalues of the given matrix:
1) Write the characteristic equation: det(A - λI) = 0
2) Expand the determinant: (1-λ)(-2-λ) - 4 = 0
3) Simplify and factor: λ(λ + 1)(λ + 2) = 0
4) Find the roots: λ1 = 0, λ2 = -1, λ3 = -2
Therefore, the eigenvalues of the given matrix are -1 and -2.
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The order of the given matrix is 2×3. So the maximum no. of elements is 2×3 = 6.
The correct option is B.
The element a32 belongs to 3rd row and 2nd column.
The correct option is B.
3. A matrix whose each diagonal element is unity and all other elements are zero is called
A) Identity matrix B) Unit matrix C) Scalar matrix D) Diagonal matrix
4. A matrix whose each row sums to unity is called
A) Row matrix B) Column matrix C) Unit matrix D) Stochastic matrix
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Here are the key steps to find the eigenvalues of the given matrix:
1) Write the characteristic equation: det(A - λI) = 0
2) Expand the determinant: (1-λ)(-2-λ) - 4 = 0
3) Simplify and factor: λ(λ + 1)(λ + 2) = 0
4) Find the roots: λ1 = 0, λ2 = -1, λ3 = -2
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- Square matrix: A matrix with an equal number of rows and columns
- Diagonal matrix: A square matrix with non-zero entries only along the main diagonal
- Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix with all diagonal entries equal
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- Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix with zeros below the main
Matrix.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of matrices, including:
- Square matrices, where the number of rows equals the number of columns.
- Rectangular matrices, where the number of rows does not equal the number of columns.
- Row matrices, with only one row.
- Column matrices, with only one column.
- Null or zero matrices, with all elements equal to zero.
- Diagonal matrices, with all elements equal to zero except those on the main diagonal.
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Introduction of matrices
The order of the given matrix is 2×3. So the maximum no. of elements is 2×3 = 6.
The correct option is B.
The element a32 belongs to 3rd row and 2nd column.
The correct option is B.
3. A matrix whose each diagonal element is unity and all other elements are zero is called
A) Identity matrix B) Unit matrix C) Scalar matrix D) Diagonal matrix
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(x+ y)n -- without actually multiplying out.
For example, if we actually multiplied out the 4th power of (x + y) --
(x + y)4 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + y) (x + y)
-- then on collecting like terms we would find:
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(iii) False. Not every rational number is a whole number. Rational numbers also include fractions and terminating/repeating decimals.
(iv) True. Every irrational number is a real number. The set of irrational numbers is a subset of the set of real numbers.
(v) False. Not every real number is irrational. The set of real numbers contains both rational and irrational numbers.
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(i) True. Every natural number is a whole number. The set of natural numbers is a subset of the set of whole numbers.
(ii) True. Every integer is a whole number. The set of integers contains the set of whole numbers.
(iii) False. Not every rational number is a whole number. Rational numbers also include fractions and terminating/repeating decimals.
(iv) True. Every irrational number is a real number. The set of irrational numbers is a subset of the set of real numbers.
(v) False. Not every real number is irrational. The set of real numbers contains both rational and irrational numbers.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Hi, this (very short) deck is mainly meant to help with my Design Studies lessons to undergraduate students at NABA, Media Design and Multimedia Arts School, Milan. These slides are supposed to come with a live commentary for the class, so sorry if you wish to have more explicit context and liaisons. Please see referred sources to this purpose.
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The document describes the site plan and design of the National Pensions Building in Helsinki, Finland. The building occupies a triangular plot behind the main road and is surrounded by older buildings. It is a government office building constructed of brick cladding with a modern style. Plans, sections, and details are provided showing the main hall, upper floors, ceramic tile walls, and metal ceiling panels containing heating units.
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Institutional religion is one social coordination solution among many that evolved in large-scale societies exceeding kin relations. The document discusses using phylogenetic inference rather than adaptationism to understand the evolution of religion. It defines religion as social institutions that bind ethnically diverse groups and examines the behavioral foundations of religion in human dominance hierarchies, empathy, and cultural transmission.
Mercier_and_Sperber.pdf
Mercier and Sperber's argumentative theory of reasoning proposes that:
1) Reasoning evolved primarily for argumentation, not for personal inference or belief formation. It allows humans to construct arguments to convince others and evaluate arguments from others.
2) Reasoning is thus best seen as a communication faculty rather than a truth-seeking process. It helps increase the sharing of information between individuals.
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Philosophical_Origins_of_Essentialism_talk.pdf
The document discusses the concept of essentialism in biology and its history. It argues that the commonly held view that pre-Darwinian biologists were essentialists is incorrect, and that essentialism has never actually played a significant role in biology. The rise of the idea that essentialism dominated pre-Darwinian thought is traced to certain scientists in the mid-20th century seeking to emphasize Darwin's revolutionary ideas on species and evolution. This established view has persisted despite arguments that essentialism was not actually present in biological thought historically.
Philosophical_Origins_of_Essentialism_talk.ppt
This document discusses the concept of essentialism in biology and its history. It argues that the idea that pre-Darwinian biologists held an essentialist view that prohibited biological change is incorrect. While the term "essentialism" has been used in various ways, essentialism per se was not prevalent in biology and did not constrain early evolutionary thought. The document traces how the idea of an "Essentialism Story" arose in the mid-20th century and became cemented in scientific thought despite a lack of evidence. It examines different forms of essentialism and argues that some modern formulations are not inherently at odds with evolutionary biology.
How_Would_Darwin_Classify.pdf
This document outlines different styles of systematics and taxonomy that Darwin may have used if he was alive today. It discusses counterfactual history approaches and describes three main styles: phylogenetic systematics which uses character identity and homology; numerical taxonomy which uses character similarity; and evolutionary systematics which uses both homology and adaptation. The document analyzes the logical approaches of each style and the types of diagrams they generate, such as cladograms, phenograms, and phylograms. It also discusses Linnaean taxonomy and George Gaylord Simpson's concept of "adaptive zones".
The Good species
A talk based on my chapter in _Species Problems and Beyond_ (CRC Press, 2022) in which I argue that some concepts are neither model-based as Nercessian argues, nor theory-derived, but come from the operative traditions as they develop out of folk concepts.
History of Nature 5b Deep Time.pdf
This document discusses different theories around deep time and catastrophism in geology. It covers Baron Georges Cuvier's theory that catastrophic events caused extinction and were followed by new creations. It also discusses theories of uniformitarianism and debates around vulcanism versus neptunism. Other topics covered include early views of an old earth, the development of ideas around deep time, the Alvarez hypothesis of an asteroid impact causing the K-T extinction event, evidence for this like the Chicxulub crater and tektites, and debates around the role of the Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions.
History of Nature 4a Engineered Landscapes.pdf
This document discusses the history of engineered landscapes and how humans have shaped the natural world through agriculture, settlements, fire use, water management structures, and designed spaces like gardens and parks. It provides examples of early villages and fields near resources, Roman aqueducts, Australian Aboriginal "fire-stick farming" and eel traps, Bali's intricate irrigation systems and temples, 18th century geometric gardens in France and the English landscape garden style. The role of botanical gardens in conservation is also mentioned.
History of Nature 3a Voyages of Discovery.pdf
The document discusses the history of voyages of discovery from the 15th to 19th centuries. It describes how these voyages led to the rise of global trade in spices, the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the Old World and New World, the development of colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade. Key figures discussed include Darwin, Wallace and Merian, whose voyages contributed to the development of biology, ecology and the theory of evolution through natural selection.
History of Nature 9b Anthropocene.pdf
The document discusses the Anthropocene epoch from geological and environmental perspectives. It notes that the term "Anthropocene" has two uses: a general one among social scientists referring to human impacts on the planet, and a specific geological meaning referring to evidence of human activity that will be visible to future geologists. It explores potential dates for the beginning of the Anthropocene, from the extinction of megafauna to the Industrial Revolution. Evidence cited includes rising extinction rates, climate change, plastic pollution, and isotopes from nuclear testing preserved in sediments. The growth of plastic waste polluting oceans is highlighted as a defining feature of the Anthropocene.
History of Nature 10a Repairing Nature.pdf
This document discusses various topics related to repairing nature through restoration ecology, rewilding, and de-extinction. It explores definitions of key concepts like invasive species, examines debates around restoration goals and time periods, and questions whether resurrecting extinct species can truly restore ecological roles and functions. The document also raises issues regarding the ethics of large-scale technological interventions in nature through geoengineering and questions about balancing human and environmental rights when repairing ecosystems.
History of Nature 5a Measuring the World.pdf
This document discusses the history and development of natural history and related scientific disciplines around 1800. It focuses on the increasing emphasis on precision, quantification, and measurement in natural history during this time period. Key figures discussed include Alexander von Humboldt, who developed the idea of conducting portable laboratory science on explorations and made extensive measurements throughout his travels. The document also describes Humboldt's influence in developing techniques like using isolines on maps to relate different measurements and his role in inventing the modern concept of a unitary nature.
History of Nature 8b Human Nature.pdf
The document discusses several key issues around defining and understanding human nature from an evolutionary perspective:
- Evolutionary explanations of human behavior must avoid observer bias and projecting cultural norms as biological facts.
- It is important to distinguish whether explanations are addressing proximate mechanisms, ontogeny, phylogeny, or adaptive function using Tinbergen's framework.
- Not all traits are directly adaptive - some may be non-adaptive byproducts.
- Understanding human nature requires comparing humans to our nearest relatives like chimpanzees to identify universal ape traits versus uniquely human characteristics.
History of Nature 6a Darwinian Revn.pdf
This document provides an overview of Darwin and Wallace's seven main theories of evolution: 1) Evolution itself, 2) Common descent, 3) Struggle for existence, 4) Natural selection, 5) Sexual selection, 6) Biogeography, and 7) Pangenesis. It summarizes each theory concisely, highlighting Darwin and Wallace's key ideas about transmutation, shared ancestry, competition for survival, heritable advantageous variations, mate choice influences, regional distribution of species, and Darwin's failed theory of inheritance. The document traces the development of evolutionary thought leading up to and following Darwin's seminal work.
History of Nature 7a Invention Environmentalism2.pdf
This document provides an overview of the history of environmentalism and key related concepts. It discusses how the concept of wilderness evolved in Europe and was defined from a Eurocentric perspective. It also outlines the development of ecology as a field in the late 19th century with contributions from thinkers like Haeckel, Warming, and Elton. The document then discusses the state of the environment in the 19th century due to industrialization, as well as the establishment of the first national parks in the US to protect wilderness areas like Yosemite and Yellowstone. Influential figures like John Muir who advocated for conservation are also mentioned.
History of Nature 8a Human Nature 2.pdf
The document discusses theories of human nature from an evolutionary perspective. It covers topics like human evolution, nature versus nurture, morality, cooperation and competition, and theories of human origins. Regarding morality, it discusses perspectives that see morality as either imposed by an external force like God or society, or as having evolved through natural selection as a way to regulate cooperation within social groups. It also summarizes ideas from thinkers like Darwin, Kropotkin, and Trivers about how sympathy, mutual aid, and reciprocal altruism could have evolved and helped humans to survive and thrive through cooperation.
History of Nature 21 2b Sacred Nature.pdf
This document discusses various examples of sacred nature throughout history. It mentions sacred groves and trees from ancient Greece and Hindu traditions. It also describes the Norse concept of the world tree Yggdrasil. Several passages provide perspectives on the importance of preserving forests, including quotes from John Muir advocating to stop the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley. The document concludes by describing modern church forests in Ethiopia that have been preserved for religious and cultural significance.
History of Nature 10b Houston we have a problem.pdf
This document discusses various approaches to addressing climate change, including geoengineering techniques that aim to control the climate but face many risks and problems. It notes that rising carbon dioxide levels have led to an uncontrolled experiment with the Earth's climate. While a low-carbon future could help mitigate global warming, current trajectories suggest business as usual. The document raises whether a large-scale coordinated effort like the post-WWII Marshall Plan could help finance solutions to environmental problems globally.
History of Nature 9a Anthropocene.pdf
The document discusses the concept of nature and the environment from several perspectives:
1) It explores the history of conservation biology and key thinkers like Aldo Leopold.
2) It examines concepts like ecosystems, novel ecosystems, and urban landscapes in the context of increasing human intervention in nature.
3) It outlines philosophies of nature like deep ecology and their focus on intrinsic value versus human interests.
4) It references the emerging idea of the Anthropocene epoch and the significant impact that human activity now has on the planet.
History of Nature 7b Spaceship Earth.pdf
This document discusses the metaphor of the Earth as a spaceship and how thinkers throughout history have used this metaphor. It mentions that the idea of spaceship Earth was discussed as early as 1879 by Henry George in his book Progress and Poverty. Later thinkers like George Orwell and Adlai Stevenson also invoked the metaphor. The document then discusses how systems theory views the Earth's ecosystems, economies, and human systems as interconnected complex networks and emphasizes the need to understand them as such in order to ensure the sustainability and resilience of the whole system.
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