The document discusses teaching phonics to pupils in primary schools. It describes teaching sound-spelling relationships by having pupils learn graphemes like "ch" and vowel combinations like "ay". When pupils are taught these graphemes, they can sound out and spell unfamiliar words using letter-sound knowledge. The document also describes a study where pupils received synthetic phonics instruction for three months. They showed improved ability to recognize spellings of unfamiliar words and sound out words from their spellings based on pre- and post-tests.