IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document describes a proposed technology called P-ISM, which stands for "Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package". P-ISM would consist of 5 pen-like devices that function as a mobile computing system: a CPU pen, communication pen with cellular phone, virtual keyboard pen, camera pen, and projector pen. These pens would connect to each other and the internet via short-range wireless technology like Bluetooth. Together they aim to provide an integrated mobile computing experience in a minimal pen-style form factor to enable ubiquitous computing. Currently P-ISM remains a conceptual prototype first developed in 2003 and not yet commercially available.
This document discusses trends in embedded systems. It outlines that embedded systems integrate computer hardware and software onto a single microprocessor board. Key trends in embedded systems include systems-on-a-chip (SoC), wireless technology, multi-core processors, support for multiple languages, improved user interfaces, use of open source technologies, interoperability, automation, enhanced security, and reduced power consumption. SoCs integrate all system components onto a single chip to reduce power usage. Wireless connectivity and multi-core processors improve performance. Embedded systems also support multiple languages and have improved user interfaces.
Design and implementation of microcontroller in fpga for io tIJARIIT
This document discusses the design and implementation of a microcontroller in an FPGA for Internet of Things applications. It begins with an introduction to sensor nodes, microcontrollers and FPGAs. It then reviews literature on microcontroller architectures and FPGA design. The paper describes developing a behavioral model of an 8-bit microcontroller in VHDL and synthesizing it for the Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA. Simulation results showed the basic functionality of the microcontroller was achieved. The modular VHDL design allows expanding it to develop more advanced microcontrollers.
Future Trends of Embedded Systems - Technical Paper PresentationKaushik Gupta
Runner-Up for the State Level Technical Paper Presentation
Certification: Indian Society for Technical Education
More Details on https://www.kaushikgupta.in
This document describes a touch screen and Zigbee based control system for apartments using an embedded system. The system uses a microcontroller, touch screen, Zigbee modules, and other components to allow users to control home appliances in their apartment wirelessly via the touch screen or voice commands. The microcontroller interfaces with the touch screen, Zigbee modules, and other devices. It receives input from the touch screen or other inputs and sends wireless signals via Zigbee to control appliances like lights and fans. The system aims to provide a compact, user-friendly, and low-cost way to remotely control home appliances within an apartment.
We are the Best Embedded Systems Training Institute in Hyderabad, Want to learn Advanced Courses like Vector Embedded Systems, DSP and VLSI Embedded Systems. Register now for new batches Call Us-040 -23754144,+91- 9640648777
Voice Recognition Based Automation System for Medical Applications and for Ph...IRJET Journal
This document describes a voice recognition-based automation system for medical applications and physically challenged patients. The system uses a voice recognition model, Arduino microcontroller, relays, LEDs, buzzers, and a motor to control an adjustable bed. Voice commands are recognized using techniques like MFCC and HMM and used to control devices via the Arduino. The system is intended to allow paralyzed patients to control devices like lights, alarms, and their bed using only voice commands for increased independence. Testing showed the system can accurately recognize commands and control devices with 99% accuracy under suitable conditions.
The document describes a proposed technology called P-ISM, which stands for "Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package". P-ISM would consist of 5 pen-like devices that function as a mobile computing system: a CPU pen, communication pen with cellular phone, virtual keyboard pen, camera pen, and projector pen. These pens would connect to each other and the internet via short-range wireless technology like Bluetooth. Together they aim to provide an integrated mobile computing experience in a minimal pen-style form factor to enable ubiquitous computing. Currently P-ISM remains a conceptual prototype first developed in 2003 and not yet commercially available.
This document discusses trends in embedded systems. It outlines that embedded systems integrate computer hardware and software onto a single microprocessor board. Key trends in embedded systems include systems-on-a-chip (SoC), wireless technology, multi-core processors, support for multiple languages, improved user interfaces, use of open source technologies, interoperability, automation, enhanced security, and reduced power consumption. SoCs integrate all system components onto a single chip to reduce power usage. Wireless connectivity and multi-core processors improve performance. Embedded systems also support multiple languages and have improved user interfaces.
Design and implementation of microcontroller in fpga for io tIJARIIT
This document discusses the design and implementation of a microcontroller in an FPGA for Internet of Things applications. It begins with an introduction to sensor nodes, microcontrollers and FPGAs. It then reviews literature on microcontroller architectures and FPGA design. The paper describes developing a behavioral model of an 8-bit microcontroller in VHDL and synthesizing it for the Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA. Simulation results showed the basic functionality of the microcontroller was achieved. The modular VHDL design allows expanding it to develop more advanced microcontrollers.
Future Trends of Embedded Systems - Technical Paper PresentationKaushik Gupta
Runner-Up for the State Level Technical Paper Presentation
Certification: Indian Society for Technical Education
More Details on https://www.kaushikgupta.in
This document describes a touch screen and Zigbee based control system for apartments using an embedded system. The system uses a microcontroller, touch screen, Zigbee modules, and other components to allow users to control home appliances in their apartment wirelessly via the touch screen or voice commands. The microcontroller interfaces with the touch screen, Zigbee modules, and other devices. It receives input from the touch screen or other inputs and sends wireless signals via Zigbee to control appliances like lights and fans. The system aims to provide a compact, user-friendly, and low-cost way to remotely control home appliances within an apartment.
We are the Best Embedded Systems Training Institute in Hyderabad, Want to learn Advanced Courses like Vector Embedded Systems, DSP and VLSI Embedded Systems. Register now for new batches Call Us-040 -23754144,+91- 9640648777
Voice Recognition Based Automation System for Medical Applications and for Ph...IRJET Journal
This document describes a voice recognition-based automation system for medical applications and physically challenged patients. The system uses a voice recognition model, Arduino microcontroller, relays, LEDs, buzzers, and a motor to control an adjustable bed. Voice commands are recognized using techniques like MFCC and HMM and used to control devices via the Arduino. The system is intended to allow paralyzed patients to control devices like lights, alarms, and their bed using only voice commands for increased independence. Testing showed the system can accurately recognize commands and control devices with 99% accuracy under suitable conditions.
This document presents a mobile control robot that uses a DTMF module. It was submitted by students to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The document defines what a robot and DTMF are, provides block and circuit diagrams of the robot, lists the components used, and discusses the software, applications, advantages, disadvantages, future scope, and conclusions of the project.
Chaired a Technical Session in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & SIGNAL PROCESSING (NESP-2014) (Jain University)
My Lead talk title of the presentation: Trends and Implications in Embedded Systems Development
This document describes the iCognos cognitive stimulation system. It includes a Cognitive Stimulation Control System (CSCS) that provides the user interface and communication between devices. A Cognitive Stimulation Telerobotics System (CSTS) executes tasks. The CSCS uses open source libraries and cross-compilation to run on Raspberry Pi and control an e-puck robot and Wii remote. Validation feedback was positive and suggested improving usability, accessibility and defining task levels/instructions. Future work includes further cognitive task design, exploring robotic sensors/actuators, data mining for personalization, and market requirements.
The document discusses the P-ISM personal networking gadget package which consists of 5 pen-style devices: a CPU pen, communication pen with cellular connectivity, virtual keyboard, small projector, and camera. These devices connect wirelessly and the communication pen allows internet access. The CPU pen contains a dual-core processor and runs on a Windows operating system. It discusses the basic components and operation of the CPU pen, including the control unit, microprocessor, fetch-decode-execute cycle, and binary number representation.
IRJET- Voice Assisted Text Reading and Google Home Smart Socket Control Syste...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that aims to help visually impaired persons by allowing them to read text using voice assistance and control smart home devices with voice commands using a Raspberry Pi. The system uses optical character recognition (Tesseract OCR) to extract text from images, which is then converted to speech using e-Speak. It also enables control of smart sockets using Google Home voice recognition on the Raspberry Pi. The goal is to help blind people read text independently and control electrical devices safely using only their voice.
IRJET - Mirroring of Source and Sink Devices in Android Screen CastingIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for remotely controlling a PC/laptop using an Android device. The system allows wireless control of keyboard, mouse, media playback, and presentations on the PC/laptop. It consists of an Android application and desktop application connected over WiFi. The Android app captures user input which is sent over sockets to the desktop app, simulating keyboard/mouse events on the PC/laptop in real-time. This allows remote control of the PC/laptop from the Android device. The system was implemented using Java, Android, and networking APIs to transmit data between devices for wireless control.
This presentation describes the future perspectives of embedded devices due to the spread of ubiquitous applications. The presentation shows the transition from Internet of Things to Web of Things and presents Webinos as a platform for WoT
Embedded ARM Control Robotic Arm using BoaWeb server – a SurveyIJERA Editor
In today’s market, the competing microprocessors are ARM (Advanced Risc Microprocessor), Intel, AMD.
ARM is preferred since it has been powering portable devices for decades and has simple architecture to keep
the energy waste to be minimum. The electronics advancements and embedded technology advancements have
become a challenging field in today’s techno world. In paper, the diligent features of embedded systems are
introduced. It deals about how a robot is controlled using embedded operating system and ARM. Based on the
combination of ARM, DSP and ARM Linux, the robot is controlled. The paper introduces development of
embedded robot control system using Wi-Fi and also IOT. The embedded control system design includes four
aspects. i.e., system structure, functions, hardware design and software design. By using these aspects (hardware
and software adjustments), many robotic applications can be developed. Due to the fast execution speed and
reasonable Ethernet speed in ARM processor, this system can be used in industrial oriented applications where
there is very much necessity of safety and security.
This document presents a sign language translation software developed using LABVIEW. The software can translate one-handed Indian sign language representations of alphabets and numbers to spoken English as well as translate 165 spoken English words to sign language gestures. It uses computer vision techniques to capture sign language input via a webcam and recognize gestures through pattern matching with stored templates. For speech input and output, it interfaces with the computer's microphone and speakers. The software provides a graphical user interface to demonstrate sign to speech and speech to sign translation. While accurate for the limited vocabulary trained, the system's accuracy may decrease for similar signs and would benefit from a larger more varied training database.
Embedded systems The Past Present and the FutureSrikanth KS
This presentation provides an overview of the trends in embedded systems. It will mainly help engineering students to select a good final year project.
The document describes the design and development of an RDS (Radio Data System) encoder that the author worked on from 2011-2012 at TAKTA Company. Some key points:
- The RDS encoder allows digital information like time, advertising, and text messages to be transmitted alongside FM radio broadcasts.
- The author's role included designing circuits and programming, assembling prototypes, testing, and managing the project.
- Technical specifications of the RDS encoder include supporting all RDS groups and protocols, interfaces for serial, TCP/IP, and I/O, and features for transmitting information like station name, program type, radio text, and traffic messages.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and trends in three paragraphs:
It defines an embedded system as any electronic device that incorporates a microprocessor to perform dedicated tasks. It discusses the history of embedded systems from early military and calculator applications to today where they are ubiquitous. It lists some common applications of embedded systems like ATMs, phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, and medical devices.
Comparison of Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft Video and Indeo Codec for Video Compr...ijma
The file size and picture quality are factors to be considered for streaming, storage and transmitting videos
over networks. This work compares Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft Video and Indeo Codec for video
compression. The peak signal to noise ratio is used to compare the quality of such video compressed using
AVI codecs. The most widely used objective measurement by developers of video processing systems is
Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Peak Signal to Noise Ration is measured on a logarithmic scale and
depends on the mean squared error (MSE) between an original and an impaired image or video, relative to
(2n-1)2.
Previous research done regarding assessing of video quality has been mainly by the use of subjective
methods, and there is still no standard method for objective assessments. Although it has been considered
that compression might not be significant in future as storage and transmission capabilities improve, but at
low bandwidths compression makes communication possible.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
Iirdem design and implementation of finger writing in air by using open cv (c...Iaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a project to design a system for finger writing in air using an Open CV library on an ARM platform. The proposed system uses a webcam, ARM microcontroller and display unit to capture finger movements or handwriting in front of the camera and display it on the screen in real-time. It analyzes the finger trajectories using Open CV and recognizes the patterns for display. The system is aimed at providing a more accessible way of digital writing compared to conventional methods.
An introduction to digital signal processors 1Hossam Hassan
This document provides an introduction to digital signal processors (DSPs). It discusses the history and evolution of computers and microprocessors. DSPs were introduced in 1983 and were specifically designed for digital signal processing applications like telecommunications. The document outlines the system architecture of DSPs and discusses Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It also covers criteria for choosing a microprocessor, including instruction set functionality, architecture, speed, and power consumption. Building blocks of embedded systems like the microprocessor, memory, peripherals, and bus system are described.
This document is a report submitted by Prasun Chakraborty to KIIT Deemed to be University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering. The report describes the development of a desktop assistant application that uses voice commands to complete specified tasks. Python programming language and libraries like OS, datetime, random, PyOWM, PyAutoGUI, Requests, and Twilio.rest are used to develop the voice assistant application.
Automatic Irrigation System Project ReportEr Gupta
The project implements an automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors. Sensors in each agricultural field detect the humidity level in the soil and send signals to a microcontroller. If a field's soil becomes dry, the sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller which then supplies water to that field until the soil moisture level increases again. The system aims to reduce water usage through automated irrigation only when needed.
Voice Controlled Intelligent Remote for Consumer ElectronicsNITIN DESAI
1) The document describes a voice-controlled intelligent remote system for consumer electronics that is designed to help physically challenged individuals.
2) The system uses a Raspberry Pi to convert voice commands to text and an 8051 microcontroller to generate corresponding infrared signals to control devices.
3) The system was implemented and tested successfully to control a DVD player by voice. It has the potential to be expanded to control multiple devices and provide universal remote functionality to benefit physically disabled users.
IDE Code Compiler for the physically challenged (Deaf, Blind & Mute)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed IDE code compiler that would allow programming through speech recognition or sign language recognition, making programming more accessible for the deaf, blind, and mute communities. The proposed compiler would give users a choice of textual, audio, or gesture-based input. It would use machine learning and convolutional neural networks to recognize speech or sign language gestures and convert them to text that could be compiled in the IDE. The goal is to enable programming without typing for those with physical disabilities.
This document presents a mobile control robot that uses a DTMF module. It was submitted by students to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The document defines what a robot and DTMF are, provides block and circuit diagrams of the robot, lists the components used, and discusses the software, applications, advantages, disadvantages, future scope, and conclusions of the project.
Chaired a Technical Session in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & SIGNAL PROCESSING (NESP-2014) (Jain University)
My Lead talk title of the presentation: Trends and Implications in Embedded Systems Development
This document describes the iCognos cognitive stimulation system. It includes a Cognitive Stimulation Control System (CSCS) that provides the user interface and communication between devices. A Cognitive Stimulation Telerobotics System (CSTS) executes tasks. The CSCS uses open source libraries and cross-compilation to run on Raspberry Pi and control an e-puck robot and Wii remote. Validation feedback was positive and suggested improving usability, accessibility and defining task levels/instructions. Future work includes further cognitive task design, exploring robotic sensors/actuators, data mining for personalization, and market requirements.
The document discusses the P-ISM personal networking gadget package which consists of 5 pen-style devices: a CPU pen, communication pen with cellular connectivity, virtual keyboard, small projector, and camera. These devices connect wirelessly and the communication pen allows internet access. The CPU pen contains a dual-core processor and runs on a Windows operating system. It discusses the basic components and operation of the CPU pen, including the control unit, microprocessor, fetch-decode-execute cycle, and binary number representation.
IRJET- Voice Assisted Text Reading and Google Home Smart Socket Control Syste...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that aims to help visually impaired persons by allowing them to read text using voice assistance and control smart home devices with voice commands using a Raspberry Pi. The system uses optical character recognition (Tesseract OCR) to extract text from images, which is then converted to speech using e-Speak. It also enables control of smart sockets using Google Home voice recognition on the Raspberry Pi. The goal is to help blind people read text independently and control electrical devices safely using only their voice.
IRJET - Mirroring of Source and Sink Devices in Android Screen CastingIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for remotely controlling a PC/laptop using an Android device. The system allows wireless control of keyboard, mouse, media playback, and presentations on the PC/laptop. It consists of an Android application and desktop application connected over WiFi. The Android app captures user input which is sent over sockets to the desktop app, simulating keyboard/mouse events on the PC/laptop in real-time. This allows remote control of the PC/laptop from the Android device. The system was implemented using Java, Android, and networking APIs to transmit data between devices for wireless control.
This presentation describes the future perspectives of embedded devices due to the spread of ubiquitous applications. The presentation shows the transition from Internet of Things to Web of Things and presents Webinos as a platform for WoT
Embedded ARM Control Robotic Arm using BoaWeb server – a SurveyIJERA Editor
In today’s market, the competing microprocessors are ARM (Advanced Risc Microprocessor), Intel, AMD.
ARM is preferred since it has been powering portable devices for decades and has simple architecture to keep
the energy waste to be minimum. The electronics advancements and embedded technology advancements have
become a challenging field in today’s techno world. In paper, the diligent features of embedded systems are
introduced. It deals about how a robot is controlled using embedded operating system and ARM. Based on the
combination of ARM, DSP and ARM Linux, the robot is controlled. The paper introduces development of
embedded robot control system using Wi-Fi and also IOT. The embedded control system design includes four
aspects. i.e., system structure, functions, hardware design and software design. By using these aspects (hardware
and software adjustments), many robotic applications can be developed. Due to the fast execution speed and
reasonable Ethernet speed in ARM processor, this system can be used in industrial oriented applications where
there is very much necessity of safety and security.
This document presents a sign language translation software developed using LABVIEW. The software can translate one-handed Indian sign language representations of alphabets and numbers to spoken English as well as translate 165 spoken English words to sign language gestures. It uses computer vision techniques to capture sign language input via a webcam and recognize gestures through pattern matching with stored templates. For speech input and output, it interfaces with the computer's microphone and speakers. The software provides a graphical user interface to demonstrate sign to speech and speech to sign translation. While accurate for the limited vocabulary trained, the system's accuracy may decrease for similar signs and would benefit from a larger more varied training database.
Embedded systems The Past Present and the FutureSrikanth KS
This presentation provides an overview of the trends in embedded systems. It will mainly help engineering students to select a good final year project.
The document describes the design and development of an RDS (Radio Data System) encoder that the author worked on from 2011-2012 at TAKTA Company. Some key points:
- The RDS encoder allows digital information like time, advertising, and text messages to be transmitted alongside FM radio broadcasts.
- The author's role included designing circuits and programming, assembling prototypes, testing, and managing the project.
- Technical specifications of the RDS encoder include supporting all RDS groups and protocols, interfaces for serial, TCP/IP, and I/O, and features for transmitting information like station name, program type, radio text, and traffic messages.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and trends in three paragraphs:
It defines an embedded system as any electronic device that incorporates a microprocessor to perform dedicated tasks. It discusses the history of embedded systems from early military and calculator applications to today where they are ubiquitous. It lists some common applications of embedded systems like ATMs, phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, and medical devices.
Comparison of Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft Video and Indeo Codec for Video Compr...ijma
The file size and picture quality are factors to be considered for streaming, storage and transmitting videos
over networks. This work compares Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft Video and Indeo Codec for video
compression. The peak signal to noise ratio is used to compare the quality of such video compressed using
AVI codecs. The most widely used objective measurement by developers of video processing systems is
Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Peak Signal to Noise Ration is measured on a logarithmic scale and
depends on the mean squared error (MSE) between an original and an impaired image or video, relative to
(2n-1)2.
Previous research done regarding assessing of video quality has been mainly by the use of subjective
methods, and there is still no standard method for objective assessments. Although it has been considered
that compression might not be significant in future as storage and transmission capabilities improve, but at
low bandwidths compression makes communication possible.
Introduction to Embedded Systems I: Chapter 2 (1st portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and covers several topics:
- The core components of embedded systems including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, and commercial off-the-shelf components.
- Memory technologies used in embedded systems such as ROM, RAM, and flash memory.
- Sensors, actuators, and interfacing components like LEDs, displays, and motors.
- Communication interfaces including I2C, SPI, UART, and wireless standards.
- Other system components like reset circuits, oscillators, and watchdog timers.
- PCBs and their role in embedded design.
The document aims to provide learning objectives on the building
Iirdem design and implementation of finger writing in air by using open cv (c...Iaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a project to design a system for finger writing in air using an Open CV library on an ARM platform. The proposed system uses a webcam, ARM microcontroller and display unit to capture finger movements or handwriting in front of the camera and display it on the screen in real-time. It analyzes the finger trajectories using Open CV and recognizes the patterns for display. The system is aimed at providing a more accessible way of digital writing compared to conventional methods.
An introduction to digital signal processors 1Hossam Hassan
This document provides an introduction to digital signal processors (DSPs). It discusses the history and evolution of computers and microprocessors. DSPs were introduced in 1983 and were specifically designed for digital signal processing applications like telecommunications. The document outlines the system architecture of DSPs and discusses Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It also covers criteria for choosing a microprocessor, including instruction set functionality, architecture, speed, and power consumption. Building blocks of embedded systems like the microprocessor, memory, peripherals, and bus system are described.
This document is a report submitted by Prasun Chakraborty to KIIT Deemed to be University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering. The report describes the development of a desktop assistant application that uses voice commands to complete specified tasks. Python programming language and libraries like OS, datetime, random, PyOWM, PyAutoGUI, Requests, and Twilio.rest are used to develop the voice assistant application.
Automatic Irrigation System Project ReportEr Gupta
The project implements an automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors. Sensors in each agricultural field detect the humidity level in the soil and send signals to a microcontroller. If a field's soil becomes dry, the sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller which then supplies water to that field until the soil moisture level increases again. The system aims to reduce water usage through automated irrigation only when needed.
Voice Controlled Intelligent Remote for Consumer ElectronicsNITIN DESAI
1) The document describes a voice-controlled intelligent remote system for consumer electronics that is designed to help physically challenged individuals.
2) The system uses a Raspberry Pi to convert voice commands to text and an 8051 microcontroller to generate corresponding infrared signals to control devices.
3) The system was implemented and tested successfully to control a DVD player by voice. It has the potential to be expanded to control multiple devices and provide universal remote functionality to benefit physically disabled users.
IDE Code Compiler for the physically challenged (Deaf, Blind & Mute)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed IDE code compiler that would allow programming through speech recognition or sign language recognition, making programming more accessible for the deaf, blind, and mute communities. The proposed compiler would give users a choice of textual, audio, or gesture-based input. It would use machine learning and convolutional neural networks to recognize speech or sign language gestures and convert them to text that could be compiled in the IDE. The goal is to enable programming without typing for those with physical disabilities.
Automatic Control of Instruments Using Efficient Speech Recognition AlgorithmIJEEE
Matlab straight forward programming interface make it an ideal tool for Hindi Key word Recognition. For the extraction of the feature, Hindi Key word database has been designed by using the Matlab 7.5. The database consists of the eight key words.
Design and Development of ARM9 Based Embedded Web ServerIJERA Editor
This paper describes the design of embedded web server based on ARM9 processor and Linux platform. It
analyses hardware configuration and software implementation for monitoring and controlling systems or
devices. User can monitor and control temperature and smoke information. It consists of application program
written in „C‟ for accessing data through the serial port and updating the web page, porting of Linux 2.6.3x
Kernel with application program on ARM9 board and booting it from the RAM.
This document discusses a voice-controlled robot system with two embedded systems - a master system to control the robot and a slave robot system that responds to voice commands from the master. The systems communicate wirelessly using a protocol like Bluetooth. The slave robot uses Sphinx-4 speech recognition software to understand voice commands. Video, audio and other data can be transmitted between the systems. The paper focuses on the wireless transmission of data between the embedded systems and enhancing voice processing technologies for robot control.
This document summarizes a seminar on embedded systems. It discusses what embedded systems are, how they differ from general computer systems, and common design requirements. It also describes the embedded software development process, common memory types, popular embedded programming languages, applications of embedded systems, and concludes that embedded systems will continue growing in use.
The evolving technology of the modern age has made it necessary to control the existing technologies efficiently and comfortably. The consumers expect the development of products that are easy to use and are efficient and which can be bought at the lowest possible cost from the industry. The daily difficulties related to lighting automation faced by people ranging from industry professionals to modern day housewives have inspired this project.
The project aims at controlling lighting appliances ranging from industries to sub-urban homes using web-based application at the front end complemented by an end user application developed for the aimed location using ZigBee based network. The other networking technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi consume a lot more energy as compared to ZigBee and are costlier too. The project facilitates controlling lighting appliances in groups as well as individually. The color and density of the lights can also be changed. The quick access feature is provided by the predefined end-user definable presets. The other features include scheduling options, obtaining live feedback, receiving notifications and maintenance pop-ups, bill estimation, power consumption etc.
This document discusses the hardware and software requirements for multimedia computers. It covers several topics:
1. It describes different classes of multimedia applications including streaming stored/live audio and video, and real-time interactive audio and video.
2. It discusses various multimedia software like MCI, Video for Windows, QuickTime, DirectX, and authoring tools.
3. It outlines the hardware requirements for multimedia computers as defined by the MPC standards, including components like sound cards, video cards, network cards, and USB/MIDI ports.
Real Time Direct Speech-to-Speech TranslationIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a real-time direct speech-to-speech translation system developed by students using Python and its libraries.
2. The system aims to ease communication barriers between speakers of different languages by allowing users to speak into the system and receive an immediate translation without needing text as an intermediate step.
3. The system architecture includes modules for user login, speech input, translation using Google Translate API, and output of the translation in both text and speech formats.
The document summarizes an ARM mbed workshop agenda that introduces attendees to the mbed platform for rapid prototyping of microcontroller applications. It discusses the mbed online compiler, libraries, and microcontroller board. It then covers two labs - registering for an mbed account and running a "hello world" demo, and prototyping a data logging application to log sensor readings to a file.
Controlling Home Appliances by using Universal Remote Control System (IoT and...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for controlling home appliances using a universal remote control over IoT and Bluetooth technologies. The system uses an ARM board connected to home appliances via the control box. An Android smartphone acts as the universal remote control and communicates with the ARM board and appliances wirelessly using IoT, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The system architecture includes the remote controller, target devices/appliances, and a software interface to generate control interfaces for different appliances on the remote. The system aims to provide simple control of multiple appliances using a single remote interface.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a project report on designing a VOIP media stream encryption device based on an ARM9 microcontroller. It includes an acknowledgment, abstract, table of contents, and sections on the project overview describing the encryption of VOIP signals between terminals using RC4 encryption. It also describes the components used - including a GSM module, Ethernet module, Zigbee, microcontroller, temperature sensors, humidity sensor, soil moisture sensors. It lists the software used like Keil IDE, VB6 and advantages like decreased field damage, improved safety, and applications like field, industrial and communication uses.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. III (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 77-94
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
Lalit Bhanwrela1
, Mohit Khamele2
Department of Electronics and Communication IES College of Technology
Bhopal, INDIA
Department of Electronics and Communication IES College of Technology
Bhopal, INDIA
Abstract: Speech was the natural form of human communication. Automatic speech signal generation on
computers is commonly called speech synthesis. Speech synthesizer can be created by concatenating pieces of
recorded audio speech that was stored in a database memory. Text-to-speech synthesis was an important object
in speech interface, which allows low-bandwidth text to supply a user with easy to gain the information. Speech
synthesis system has wide range of applications in our daily life. Speech synthesis plays an important role in
signal processing. In this paper a Speech synthesized system is designed which is based on microcontroller, a
project that performs several commands as defined for the synthesis of the speech signal.
Index Terms: Microcontoller, Control System
I. Introduction
Embedded systems play an important role in our day to day life. Due to limited works this systems can
be highly optimized by particular needs [27]. Some of the embedded systems applications were controlling the
devices with some amount of intelligence built-in [1].
Speech synthesis system has wide range of applications in our daily life. Speech synthesis plays an
important role in signal processing. The natural, intelligible synthetic voices in the expanding field of speech
technology had a lot of demand [4]. Speech was the natural form of human communication. Automatic speech
signal generation on computers is commonly called speech synthesis. Speech synthesis was the artificial
production of human speech [2]. Speech synthesizer can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded audio
speech that was stored in a database memory. Text-to-speech synthesis was an important object in speech
interface, which allows low-bandwidth text to supply a user with easy to gain the information. In speech synthesis
field, a number of research programmes have taken place during the last decade [13]. In 1984 an industry expert
Mr Drinkwater said that about the synthesis “synthesis is going to be the next bam-burning technology” [2]. Now
a day‟s synthesis speech was useful for many applications. In 1999 an American business magnate said that “In a
few years personal computers will talk back to us” [2].In the past (Allen et al., 1987), the text to speech synthesis
was done from a complete knowledge of the acoustics of the language being targeted.
For getting text to speech synthesis different techniques were used [5]. Concatenate method was the
simplest method for achieving the synthesis speech. By using this method the speech was generated by linking
pre recorded speech segments to build syllables, phrases, or words [2]. the applicable criteria that follow.
The block diagram for the system was shown in the following figure 1.
INPUT OUTPUT
Figure 1: Block diagram of the system
From the above figure the system will have four main sections; the microcontroller of the system would
take the commands from user and control the converter. The link between the user interface (computer) and the
microcontroller was two ways because after taking the some commands from user the system would also respond
with proper feedback. After processing the inputs the output will reflect through the speaker controlled by the
microcontroller which was illustrated by the figure 1.
2. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
II. Problem Analysis
This Paper was highlighted the requirements for developing the system. These requirements were
categorized into two major sections those were hardware requirements and software requirements. Based on the
project deliverables the requirements of the system were given below and clearly explained. The block box
testing‟s were also mentioned in the ending of this Paper.
2.1) Hardware requirements of the system
This project “synthesized speech using a small microcontroller” was a type embedded system so it
would be a combination of electronic hardware and software code. The following figure was show the system
would have electronic hardware capable of control the ISD board as shown in Fig. 2.1 (a).The following figure
was show the system would have electronic hardware capable of speech synthesizer which can controlled by the
microcontroller. The block diagram for synthesized speech using microcontroller was shown in the Figure
2.1(b)
Fig. 2.1 (a) Block diagram for audio record/playback system
Fig. 2.1 (b) Text to speech synthesis system block diagram
For this system a synthesizer was used for converting the text to speech.
2.1.1) Speech synthesizer
A synthesizer was required for getting the speech from text; it should be controlled by microcontroller.
The selection of the synthesizer would also be a challenging task there were many kind of synthesizers available
in the market also there were some techniques for hardware as well as software techniques were there for getting
speech from text. Software approach was good but in implementation quiet complex so hardware approach was
followed in this project. The synthesizer was required for this project which would capable to read the English
words, numbers and mathematical functions. The synthesizer chip should be light weight and communicate with
the host processor. It should have built in rule database for converting the text to speech.
2.1.2) Microcontroller
Microcontroller was the heart of this project or one can say it was the master as it controls the other
devices so, the selection of the microcontroller would also be a challenging task. Microcontrollers were
available from Microchip‟s PIC with a large range of size and features. In this project the priority was given to
microcontroller which one can control the operation of the ISD board and synthesizing the speech within that
microcontroller. If the microcontroller was smaller and light weight it would be better to keep the PCB small.
Microcontroller with internal features like internal oscillator, interrupts would be better. Microcontroller should
have the I/O pins for connecting to external modules. Before making any selection the size and power efficiency
could be considered.
2.1.3) Speaker
It was a device which converts electrical signal in to sound. Speaker was commonly used to hear
sounds. In this project the speaker should be used for hearing the synthesized speech in the output. A speaker
was required for this project which would be small, light weight and it should have low impedance, low power
ratings.
3. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
2.2) Speech synthesis methods:
Speech synthesis methods were used for converting the speech from the text. A synthesis method
which was used in this project, it should be simple and easy to implement the system.
2.3) Serial communication to establish a user interface
A module would be required to establish a user interface to control the system. The system should be
user control so it would be serially communicated with the host PC. RS232 and MM232r were used for the
serial communication.
2.4) Software requirements of the system
Software program was necessary for microcontroller to control the system. MPLAB was the program
development tool which can enable the user to write the program for the PIC microcontroller. MPLAB provided
the C18 compiler for writing the program. The program was supposed to write for control the ISD board as well
as to generate the synthesized speech.
2.4.1) Programming language, development and debugging tool
There were two popular languages (Assembly and embedded C) available for eight bit
microcontrollers, any language can be used for this system. Embedded C was quite similar to the normal C
language but only the difference was in embedded C programming the initializations and some special functions
were used, on the other hand the assembly instruction set was different to the manufacture of the microcontroller
from one to another. It was necessary before writing the program to know about the register set (SFR) of that
microcontroller. A program could be written in their own way.
The software tool MPLAB along the C18 compiler was providing the assembler and compiler.
Microcontroller did not understand assembly of the C program which was stored in the ROM of the PIC as a
.hex file. The assembler and compiler can converts the instructions to the machine code. The MPLAB was also
available the debugging features. By using the MBLAB ICD2 programmer and debugger kit the converted
hexadecimal file can be loaded into the microcontroller.
2.5) Black box testing
The output of the system was depending on the corresponding input. For this system the input would be user
commands and the output would be speaker. The black box testing should be done for the system.
I. The system should be user interface with the system.
II. The ISD board should be controlled by the microcontroller.
III. The speech should be synthesized within a microcontroller.
Fig. 2.5 Black box testing of the system
III. Proposed Problem Solutions
Based on the hardware and software requirements as mentioned before Paper, the solutions were given
for both hardware and software. According to the deliverables mentioned in the previous Paper, the first task
was to control audio record/playback ISD board and second one was generate the synthesized speech within the
microcontroller. The hardware and software solution were given below.
3.1) PIC18F1320 Microcontroller
PIC18F1320 was an 8 bit microcontroller developed by Microchip Company and it was power efficient
because used Nano watt technology. This microcontroller was used in this project because it has external
oscillator and many other features [30]. PIC18F microcontroller support enhanced USART module and supports
RS485, RS232 and LIN1.2 which has auto baud rate and also auto wake up start bit. The microcontroller
PIC188F1320 has four crystal modules (LP, XT, HS and HSPLL) and high computational performance. It could
be works at high speed up to 16-40MHZ. So PIC18F1320 (Fig 3.1) was used rather than PIC16F series (it works
at low speed). For more information about the PIC the references 30 and 27 were studied. It had two ports A and
B and port B pins were used in this project. In this project the microcontroller was used to control the audio
record/playback device and generating the synthesized speech.
4. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Figure 3.1: PIC18F1320
3.2) Synthesis method
Speech synthesis technologies can be broadly categorized into three categories. They were given below [29]:
Concatenate synthesis
Formant synthesis
Articulator synthesis
3.2.1) concatenate speech synthesis:
In this technology the speech can be generated by linking pre-recorded speech segments to make
syllables, phrases, or dip hones. Waveform segments were store in a database. It was the simplest method for
speech synthesis [14].
3.2.2) Formant synthesis:
Formants were defined as “resonant frequencies that occur at the main resonant areas of the vocal tract
for a given sound”. It consists of artificial reconstruction of the formant characteristics to be produced.
3.2.3) Articulator synthesis:
Articulators were speech organs. It was based on computational models of the human vocal tract and it
was a most natural sounding speech synthesis. But it was complex [4].
Finally concatenate method was identified, which was used for converting the speech from text [2]. In
this project for synthesizing the speech a synthesizer was used. This synthesizer chip follows the concatenate
method because it was a simplest method compare to other method.
3.3) TTS256 Synthesizer chip
Figure 3.3: TTS256 speech synthesizer chip
It was very hard to find out the synthesizer for this task because most of the synthesizers (WTS701,
SP0256 chips) were not available in the market. Finally after a long searching TTS256 chip was available in
speechchips.com. TTS256 was an 8 bit microprocessor and it was programmed with built in 600 letter-to-sound
rule database. TTS256 speech chip was a 28 pin DIP and compatible with PIC, BASIC stamp, OOPic [33]. It
can generate the speech code from ASCII text and it could be read English words, numbers and mathematical
functions. For serial communication parameters it was set the baud rate 9600. The datasheet mentioned in the
ref.[33] was studied. The host microcontroller can send up to 128 characters to the TTS256 chip via serial port
on 18th
pin (RX). The text which was entered by user was spoken when the TTS receives a new line character or
the maximum number of characters (128) has been entered.
5. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
3.4) Speaker
Figure 3.4: Speaker
The speaker selected in this project, which was having the following feature.
1) It was small and light weight
2) It had low power rating (0.5W) and Impedance (8 ohm)
3.5) MM232R module
It was a single chip asynchronous serial data transfer interface. In MM232R module FT232RQ chip
device was used and it can convert USB to RS232 / RS422 / RS485 converters. RS232 and MM232 were the
two solutions for serial communication. MM232R was support for 7 or 8 data bits and one or two stop bits. The
data transfer rates from range of 300 baud to 3 mega baud (RS422 / RS485) and 300 baud to 1 mega baud
(RS232). It can support for bus powered, high bus powered and self powered USB configurations. RS232 was
also used for serial data transfer [33]. If RS232 was used the MAX232 IC should be used for voltage levels, then
the cost of the PCB will increase so MM232 was used instead of RS232. The signal voltage levels of the
MM232 were in the range from 3.3v to 5v.
Figure 3.3: MM232R
3.6) Program language
Embedded C was used for the programming the PIC. MPLAB was used for writing the program of the
control system as well as speech synthesis system. MPLAB IDE was windows based Integrated Development
Environment for programming the microcontrollers. The MPLAB provided the ability to the users to create and
edit the source code in the editor window. In MPLAB IDE software tool the C18compiler was available to
assemble, compile and link the source code [31]. MPLAB ICD 2 debugger and programmer kit was used for
load the hexadecimal code to the PIC18F 1320 microcontroller.
Figure 3.6: MPLAB program structure
6. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 82 | Page
Flow chart for control system
The operation of the audio record and playback system was explained in the form of flow chart. The flow chart
for control system was shown in the following figure.
Figure 3.7: Flow chart for control PCB
7. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 83 | Page
Figure 3.7: Flow chart for Speech Synthesis System
IV. Problem Implementation
4.1 Hardware implementation of the control system
The solutions for getting the hardware and software code of the system were explained in the previous
Paper were finally implemented and explained in this Paper, for some of the hardware problems like
stabilization more than one solution were given. The outcomes of some solutions were necessary to discuss at
this at this as it was necessary to stick to one approach from here onward. According to the deliverables
mentioned in the first Paper the primary aim was control the ISD board and second one was to generate
synthesis speech system. The description of the hardware and software for these two tasks were separately given
below. The software programs were developed and listed in the appendix for both audio record/playback system
and synthesized speech system. Before implementing the control system to control the ISD board, the basic
operation of the ISD 1420P device was explained below.
Figure 4.1: ISD1420P PCB
8. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 84 | Page
4.1.1) Working of the audio record/playback device (ISD1420p board):
The system was configured with microphone, on-chip oscillator, speaker amplifier, smoothing filter,
and two push buttons. The PCB circuit device which was given by the supervisor was shown in the following
figure 4.1.1(b). The ISD1420P device was used for audio record/playback system. The following operating
sequence was demonstrated the working of chip device.
For recording the audio data: The device which was having two push buttons, one for recoding the data and
another was for play backing. When push button (REC) was pressed, then the REC signal LOW initiated a
record cycle from the starting of the data space [28]. When recording process was beginning the red LED was
glowing until the data space had been filled. Once the data space was filled then the recording was stopped. The
power of the device was automatically down then the REC signal was pulled to high.
For playback the audio data:
When the push button (PLAY) was pressed then active low PLAY signal initiated a playback cycle
from the starting of the data space which was recorded earlier. If the device was reached to EOM marker then
automatically power was down. While the process was going on the green LED was glowing until and unless
the EOM marker reached. [28]
4.1.2) Design of PCB for controlling of the Audio record/playback system
Without using of the PLAY and RECORD buttons the ISD1420 device should be operated. For this a
control PCB was designed. The schematic diagram for controlling the audio record and playback device system
was designed in Proteus ISIS. The Proteus ISIS professional provided the libraries for constructing the
schematic designs. From the libraries picked the PIC18F1320, resistors (10KΩ and 330Ω), LED and capacitor
then constructed the circuit for control PCB for controlling the ISD kit.
Figure: 4.2 Schematic diagram of Control PCB
The components PIC18F1320, resistors, LED and capacitor were available in the Proteus ISIS library
but the component MM232R was not available in the list of Proteus ISIS so four pin connectors were used. The
10K resistor used for avoiding the PIC reset and LED was used for power indication. Some additional elements
were also selected like 2 pin Molex connectors for power supply as well as for ISD board.
The following PCB was the implementation of the schematic discussed in the previous Paper. The PCB
was designed for controlling the audio record/playback device in Proteus Ares software. The PCB layout of the
audio record/playback system was shown in the following figure 4.1.2(b).
RA0/AN0
1
RA1/AN1/LVDIN
2
RA4/T0CKI
3
RA5/MCLR/VPP
4
RA2/AN2/VREF-
6
RA3/AN3/VREF+
7
RB0/AN4/INT0
8
RB1/AN5/TX/CK/INT1
9
RB4/AN6/RX/DT/KBI0
10
RB5/PGM/KBI1
11
RB6/PGC/T1OSO/T1CKI/P1C/KBI2
12
RB7/PGD/T1OSI/P1D/KBI3
13
RA6/OSC2/CLKO
15
RA7/OSC1/CLKI
16
RB2/P1B/INT2
17
RB3/CCP1/P1A
18
U1
PIC18F1320
PACKAGE=DIL18
VDD=GND
VSS=+5V
C2
10u
GND
+5V
GND
Speech Synthesizer, Venu Gopal, MSc Embedded Systems
R1
10k
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
J1
CONN-DIL8
1
2
3
4
J2
CONN-SIL4
1
2
3
4
J3
CONN-SIL4
+5V
1
2
5V SUPPLY TO BOARD
CONN-H2
1
2
ISD BOARD SWITCH CONNECTOR
CONN-H2
D1
DIODE-LED
R2
330R
9. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
Figure 4.1.2(b): PCB layout of the control pcb system.
Operation of the control system
For controlling of the ISD1420 record/playback device the control PCB was designed. MM232R was
used for sending data and receiving data [32]. The 5th
pin of the MM232R was connected to 10th
pin (RB4) of
the PIC18F1320 for receiving the data and 7th
pin of the MM232R was connected to the 9th
pin (RB1) of the PIC
for transmitting the data from the PIC. MM232R pins 2 and 3 were connected to 5v power supply. Based on the
command received from the user via MM232R the PIC will control the operation of record and playback device.
The RB2 pin of the PIC was connected to the 27th
pin (active low REC) ISD board and RB3 pin of the PIC was
connected to the 23rd
pin (active low PLAY) ISD board. Whenever the user enter the letter „r‟ on the
HyperTerminal the MM232R send this signal to the RX of the PIC. Then the PIC send an active low signal to
the ISD board, this active low signal (REC) was enable the pin then the will ready for recording. At the other
hand the PIC was send the ISD device status (START RECORDING) to the MM232R, this message will
display on the HyperTerminal window. Same way if the user entered the letter „p‟, the PIC sends an active low
signal to the ISD board then the device start to play. If any letter (except „r‟ or „p‟) the PIC was send the status
as „wrong command‟ to the MM232R.
4.1.4) Testing of the control system
The following hardware tests were done for the PCB.
1) For checking short circuit connectivity of the PCB initially the printed circuit board was tested without
placing components.
2) After placing the components these individual pins were tested through digital CRO.
3) The power of the components was tested by using the multi meter.
HyperTerminal was used for creating a user interface to control the audio record/playback device.
MM232R communication protocol was used for serial communication from host to the microcontroller for
sending and receiving the data. For creating a serial communication, the required HyperTerminal settings were
mentioned in the following figure 4.1.4(a).
10. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
Figure 4.1.4(a): HyperTerminal window settings
Software implementation for control PCB
The PIC18F1320 microcontroller was control the operation of the audio record/playback. For this the
PIC should be programmed, so the PIC C program was written by using MPLAB. To write the PIC C program
in the MPLAB first selected the new project wizard option, and then PIC18F1320 was selected for
microcontroller and C18 compiler was added. The complete PIC C program of control PCB was listed in
Appendix. The PIC C program was written in a file save with extension of .C and then this file was added to the
source file [27]. For clear explanation the whole program was divided as small sections. As the software code
was going to be in embedded C so the initial sections of every C program have a header file followed by some
declarations, definitions then the main and other functions. The MPLAB libraries provided all the header files
[31].
Figure 4.2(a): Error free code for control system
Hence the program for control system was explained clearly and this PIC C program was compiled by using
C18 compiler. The build succeeded program for the control system was shown in the following figure 4.2(a).
11. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
Figure 4.2(b): PIC programmed by using ICD2 kit
With the help of ICD2 kit the PIC was loaded to target device. The PIC was programmed on the ICD2 kit
compatibility board. This process was shown in the following figure 4.2(b).
Using the MPLAB ICD2 debugger and programmer kit the program successfully loaded into the PIC18F1320.
After completion of this loading process in MPLAB window the status of the ICD 2 kit was displayed and it was
shown in the figure 4.2(c).
Figure 4.2(c): Successful loaded of the program
After loading the program into the PIC then the microcontroller placed on the control PCB. The complete
hardware connections for control the audio record/playback system was shown in the following figure 4.2(d).
4.2 Hardware implementation for synthesis speech system
The main aim of the project was to generate the synthesis speech within a small microcontroller. The
schematic diagram for synthesis speech system was designed in Proteus ISIS. The Proteus ISIS professional
provided the libraries for constructing the schematic designs. The main PCB was could handle the both systems
those were it could control the ISD board and it could be generate the synthesis speech within a microcontroller.
The main PCB would reduce the cost of the cost and PCB area. The schematic diagram of the speech synthesis
system was shown in the following figure 4.3(a).
To develop the system the required components were selected by using Proteus ISIS professional
software. The component PIC18F1320, resistors, LED and capacitor were available in the Proteus ISIS library
12. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
but the components MM232R and TTS256 synthesizer chip were not available in the list of Proteus ISIS so
collection of four pin serial in line connectors were used for MM232R and four serial in line connectors were
used for construct the TT256 chip. The 10K resistor used for avoiding the PIC reset and LED was used for
power indication. Some additional elements were also selected like 2 pin Molex connectors for power supply as
well as for ISD board.
Figure 4.2(d): Complete hardware connections of the audio record/playback system
Figure 4.3(a): Schematic design for synthesis speech system
Pin allocation for microcontroller
Detail Pin No.
Indicator Pin B5
MM232R Rx, TTS256 Rx Pin B4 (Rx)
MM232R Tx Pin B1 (Tx)
Recording Pin B2
Playing Pin B3
RA0/AN0
1
RA1/AN1/LVDIN
2
RA4/T0CKI
3
RA5/MCLR/VPP
4
RA2/AN2/VREF-
6
RA3/AN3/VREF+
7
RB0/AN4/INT0
8
RB1/AN5/TX/CK/INT1
9
RB4/AN6/RX/DT/KBI0
10
RB5/PGM/KBI1
11
RB6/PGC/T1OSO/T1CKI/P1C/KBI2
12
RB7/PGD/T1OSI/P1D/KBI3
13
RA6/OSC2/CLKO
15
RA7/OSC1/CLKI
16
RB2/P1B/INT2
17
RB3/CCP1/P1A
18
U1
PIC18F1320
PACKAGE=DIL18
VDD=+5V
VSS=GND
C2
10u
GND
+5V
GND
Speech Synthesizer, Venu Gopal, MSc Embedded Systems
R1
10k
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
MM232 B
CONN-DIL8
1
2
3
4
MM232 A
CONN-SIL4
1
2
3
4
MM232 C
CONN-SIL4
+5V
1
2
5V SUPPLYTO BOARD
CONN-H2
1
2
ISDBOARDSWITCHCONNECTOR
CONN-H2
D1
DIODE-LED
R2
330R
1
2
SPKCONNECTION
CONN-SIL2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TTS B
CONN-SIL71
2
3
4
5
6
7
TTS A
CONN-SIL7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TTS C
CONN-SIL7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TTS D
CONN-SIL7
D2
DIODE-LED
R3
330R
13. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
Software implementation for Speech synthesis system
The PIC18F1320 microcontroller was used for generating the synthesis speech system. For this the PIC
should be programmed, so the PIC C program was written by using MPLAB. To write the PIC C program in the
MPLAB, first selected the new project wizard option, and then PIC18F1320 was selected for microcontroller
and C18 compiler was added. The complete PIC C program of the speech synthesis system was listed in
Appendix B. The PIC C program was written in a file, save it with extension of .C and then this file was added
to the source file. For clear explanation the whole program was divided as small sections. As the software code
was going to be in embedded C so the initial sections of every C program have a header file followed by some
declarations, definitions then the main and other functions. The MPLAB libraries provided all the header files.
Figure 4.4(a): Error free program
The above program was loaded in to the PIC18F 1320 microcontroller with the help of MPLAB ICD2
debugger and programmer kit provided by the university. The following figure 33 was show the message after
loading the program in to the PIC.
14. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
Figure 4.4(b): Successful loading of the program
Working of the speech synthesis system
HyperTerminal was used for creating a user interface to control the ISD board and synthesis speech
system. MM232R communication protocol was used for serial communication from host to the microcontroller
for sending and receiving the data. For creating a serial communication, the required HyperTerminal settings
were mentioned in the following figure. After loading the program into the PIC then the microcontroller placed
on the synthesis speech system PCB. The complete hardware connections for the speech synthesis system were
shown in the following figure 4.5(b).
MM232R serial communication module was used for user interface. The user could write the text on
hyper terminal window, the corresponding speech will be produced by the speaker. Two LEDs were used in this
system one was for power indication (+5V) and second one indicates whether the program was loaded in to the
PIC microcontroller or not. The resistor 10K ohm was used for avoid the reset of the PIC.
Figure 4.5(a): Hyper terminal settings for serial communication
15. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
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The final PCB would do the both tasks. The data which was entered on the hyper terminal will send to
the 10th
pin (RX) of the PIC18F1320 microcontroller then the received data will sent to the 18th
pin (RX) of the
TTS256 synthesizer chip. The TTS256 synthesizer chip can convert the data which was sent by microcontroller
to speech. The 24th
pin of the TTS256 chip was connected to the speaker, 14th
pin was connected to ground and
28th
pin was connected to 5V power supply. The text which was entered by user was spoken when the TTS256
chip receives a new line character or the maximum number of characters (128) has been entered. By using this
PCB the ISD board was also controlled. If the user entered the letter „r‟ on the hyper terminal, the
microcontroller will send the active low signal to the ISD board then the ISD board start recording the voice.
Simultaneously when the user entered the letter „p‟ on the hyper terminal, the microcontroller will send the
active low signal to the ISD board then device could start playing the sound which was previously recorded in
the ISD chip.
V. Results
In this Paper the system outcomes were explained clearly. Initially the control PCB was designed for
control the audio record/playback device (ISD board). The main task of the project synthesis speech systems
results were given and explained in the last section.
5.1) Results of the control system
Based on the command which was entered by the user on the hyper terminal the microcontroller
controls the ISD board. When the user entered command „r‟ on hyper terminal then the microcontroller send the
active low signal to the ISD board the system starts recording. The microcontroller sends the status of the ISD
board to the 7th
pin (RX) of the MM232R and it was displayed on the hyper terminal. The red LED of the ISD
board blink until the system recording the voice. The following figures (5.1(a) and 5.1(b)) were show the
process of the system.
Figure 5.1(a): Computer received the data from the PIC when the system starts recording
Figure 5.1(b): ISD board when recording the voice
Same way when the user entered the command „p‟ on hyper terminal then the microcontroller send the
active low signal to the ISD board the system starts recording. The microcontroller sends the status of the ISD
board to the 7th
pin (RX) of the MM232R and it was displayed on the hyper terminal. The green LED of the ISD
board blink until the system would play the voice which was stored previously in the ISD1420P. The following
figures (5.1(c) and 5.1(d)) were show the process of the system. When the user entered wrong command then
the PIC would send message to the computer and it was displayed on the hyper terminal as “wrong command”.
„r‟ entered by the user
Status of the ISD board
16. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
Figure 5.1(c): Computer received the data from the PIC when the system start play
Outcome for the speech synthesis system
The final PCB which was the main PCB, designed for the controlling of the ISD board and synthesis speech
system. The following figure which was shows the two LED indicators, one was for power indication and
another one for checking the PIC programmed or not.
Figure 5.1(d): ISD board when playing the voice
Figure 5.2: The speech synthesis system
In the above figure show the LED power indicator was blinking so the 5V power was coming to circuit.
Second one was also blinking so the program was also loaded into the PIC. According to the software program
the LED blinks up to 55msec but the LED was continuously blinking. Also when the user trying to enter any
character on the hyper terminal window and it was not displayed and also the output speech was not coming
from the speaker. The system could not work because the software might not match with the hardware
connections of the system or might be problem in the software code. Many changes were done in case of
modifying the software code as well as in hardware some connections was changed.
VI. Discussion On Results
Well the results of the complete system were as expected, but in sometimes it was not picking up the
commands entered by the user through the hyper terminal. There was some problem with the playback of the
sound possible causes may be compatibility issues of TTS IC. The Embedded C program was logical right and
„p‟ entered by the user
Status of the ISD board
17. Synthesized Speech using a small Microcontroller
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10637794 www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
there were no compiling errors. There was no RJ45 connector on the target board so it was not possible to get
the live debug simulation on the MPLAB.
The sound of the speaker was not that good may be because of the quality of the device, but on the
other hand it was also not possible to attach a bid speaker directly to the TTS IC as it cannot supply the required
source current. Behavior of complete system was good system was capable of doing task to some extent for
what it was designed to. With this technical discussion for this project comes to an end.
VII. Conclusion
After going through this task it was evident that to develop complete system even if its looks simple at
first look lots of effort and dedication is required. Various fields required to be combined like good software
knowledge, electronics and analytical skills. Sometimes a simple appearing task may take a long time to work
accordingly, as happened while tried to achieve a proper communication between microcontroller and the TTS
IC. Every element is required to be looked after. Analyzing why something fails or did not worked as required
helps a lot and makes the vision clear brings success closer and enhances knowledge.
The work on the project was quite satisfactory, but still there were some shortcomings like sometimes
system was not working at all, so some changes are suggested in software and electronic design. Another major
addition that could be done in future design is the addition of on board debugging mechanism to attach the ICD
kit to the main board this could be easily done by adding a RJ connector. Various features like audio filter
circuit which would only allow the audible frequencies to pass to the speaker could be added along with some
amplifier and volume control.
In the embedded program additional commands could be added like for volume control, the duration
for which TTS is required to be in play or record mode. Some features like to monitor the errors on the system
could be added and if any error occurs then could be displayed on the hyper terminal, and even intimate the user
by producing speech from the TTS. There is no limit as such to the additions that could be done in the future to
this system as the developed project is just the basic one so many enhancements are possible.
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