This paper presents a method for orthogonal multiplexing of data channels to transmit multiple messages simultaneously through a band-limited channel without interchannel or intersymbol interference. The key points are:
1) Band-limited orthogonal signals are synthesized that can be transmitted at maximum possible data rate through the channel without interference.
2) A general method is provided to synthesize an infinite number of classes of band-limited orthogonal time functions within a limited frequency band.
3) This allows the synthesis of practical transmitting filter characteristics for any given amplitude characteristic of the transmission medium, without requiring ideal rectangular filters.
4) The amplitude and phase characteristics of the transmitting filters can be designed independently, and the received signals remain orthogonal regardless
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
n this paper channel state information is exploited for improving system performance. The per
formance parameters of
the
Multiple Input Multiple Output system is better and are even achieved using additional RF modules that are required as multi
ple
antennas are employed. To reduce the cost associated with the multiple RF modules, antenna selection
techniques can be used to
employ a smaller number of RF modules than the number of transmit antennas. The exploiting of information for complexity red
uced
antenna selection is performed for achieving high channel capacity. Simulation r
esults show
that th
e channel capacity increases in
proportion to the number of the selected antennas
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis Predicted Location of Harmonic Distortion in RF Upconverter StructureTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new mathematical analysis to predict the magnitude size of the distortion products from the
signal up-conversion process output is presented. The signal up-conversion process converts the digital
baseband from the analog baseband into a radio frequency signal. When the signal baseband involves
frequency offsetting then occurring a number of distortion products which can reduce the dynamic range
so it is difficult to meet the spectrum mask requirements within the operating band. This paper will focus on
methods of new mathematical analysis using a continuous frequency range and only applies to a single
side band tone, with constant amplitude into any value of frequency offsets. The novel contribution to the
analysis starts at generating the gate signal and convolution of the gate signal into the reference carrier
signal. The results show very close between the simulation results and the calculation of the predicted
location of the distortions.
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
n this paper channel state information is exploited for improving system performance. The per
formance parameters of
the
Multiple Input Multiple Output system is better and are even achieved using additional RF modules that are required as multi
ple
antennas are employed. To reduce the cost associated with the multiple RF modules, antenna selection
techniques can be used to
employ a smaller number of RF modules than the number of transmit antennas. The exploiting of information for complexity red
uced
antenna selection is performed for achieving high channel capacity. Simulation r
esults show
that th
e channel capacity increases in
proportion to the number of the selected antennas
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis Predicted Location of Harmonic Distortion in RF Upconverter StructureTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new mathematical analysis to predict the magnitude size of the distortion products from the
signal up-conversion process output is presented. The signal up-conversion process converts the digital
baseband from the analog baseband into a radio frequency signal. When the signal baseband involves
frequency offsetting then occurring a number of distortion products which can reduce the dynamic range
so it is difficult to meet the spectrum mask requirements within the operating band. This paper will focus on
methods of new mathematical analysis using a continuous frequency range and only applies to a single
side band tone, with constant amplitude into any value of frequency offsets. The novel contribution to the
analysis starts at generating the gate signal and convolution of the gate signal into the reference carrier
signal. The results show very close between the simulation results and the calculation of the predicted
location of the distortions.
Sampling is a Simple method to convert analog signal into discrete Signal by using any one of its three methods
if the sampling frequency is twice or greater than twice then sampled signal can be convert back into analog signal easily......
MIMO Channel Estimation Using the LS and MMSE AlgorithmIOSRJECE
Wireless Communication Technology has developed over the past few yearsfor other objectives.The Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) is one of techniques that is used to enhancethe data rates, in which multiple antennas are employed both the transmitter and receiver. Multiple signals are transmitted from different antennas at the transmitter using the same frequency and separated space. Various channel estimation techniques are employed in order to judge the physical effects of the medium present. In this paper, we analyze and implementvarious estimation techniques for MIMO Systems such as Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE),these techniques are therefore compared to effectively estimate the channel in MIMO System. The results demonstrate that SNR required to support different values of bit error rate varies depending on different low correlation between the transmitting and the receiving antennas .In addition, it is illustrated that when the number of transmitter and receiver antennas increases, the performance of TBCE schemes significantly improves. The Same behavior isalso observed for MIMO system. Performance of both MMSE and LSestimation are the same for allkinds of modulation at small value of SNR but the more we increase the SNR value the more performance gap goes on increasing.
CS Based Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems under Long Delay Channels Using ...IJERA Editor
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which are used in the next-generation wireless communication. Channel estimation in the OFDM technique is one of the big challenges, ever since high-resolution channel estimation can significantly improve the equalization at the receiver and consequently enhance the communication performances. Channel computation using superimposed pilot sequences is also a fully new area, idea for using superimposed pilot sequences has been proposed by various authors for different applications. In this paper, we are introduced a high accurate, low complexity compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation namely Auxiliary information based Subspace Pursuit (ASP) in TFT-OFDM systems. ASP based channel estimation in TFT-OFDM system is based on two steps. First is, by exploiting the signal structure of recently proposed TDM-OFDM scheme, the supporting channel information is obtained. Second is, we propose the supporting information based subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to use a very small amount of frequency domain pilots embedded in the OFDM block used for the exact channel estimation. Moreover, the obtained auxiliary channel information is adopted to reduce the complexity of the conventional SP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a important reduction of the number of pilots relative to least-squares channel estimation and supporting high-order modulations like 256 QAM.
ESTIMATION OF CHANNEL IN OFDM WIRELESS CHANNEL USING LS AND MMSE TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
In recent years with the increase in digital data communication, the need for high data rates with less information loss or distortion is being a continuous research area and new techniques are being invented in this area. Large amount of people are using the air interface for proper communication which also have a lot of drawbacks which include multipath fading, Inter symbol interference (ISI), Doppler shift etc..This paper is being presented on basis of channel estimation of wireless mobile OFDM channels using known pilot symbols.
Портфолио включает в себя этапы работы над эскизами, а так же окончательные фото итоговых проектов. За кадром остались контроль производства и технологические тонкости.
«INTERTECH» est une entreprise de construction MarocMaxim Gavrik
«INTERTECH» est une entreprise de construction Maroc, qui fournit des services complets de conception, de construction, de montage et de mise en service des systèmes de bâtiments et d’ouvrages industriels, commerciaux et du génie civil
Sampling is a Simple method to convert analog signal into discrete Signal by using any one of its three methods
if the sampling frequency is twice or greater than twice then sampled signal can be convert back into analog signal easily......
MIMO Channel Estimation Using the LS and MMSE AlgorithmIOSRJECE
Wireless Communication Technology has developed over the past few yearsfor other objectives.The Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) is one of techniques that is used to enhancethe data rates, in which multiple antennas are employed both the transmitter and receiver. Multiple signals are transmitted from different antennas at the transmitter using the same frequency and separated space. Various channel estimation techniques are employed in order to judge the physical effects of the medium present. In this paper, we analyze and implementvarious estimation techniques for MIMO Systems such as Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE),these techniques are therefore compared to effectively estimate the channel in MIMO System. The results demonstrate that SNR required to support different values of bit error rate varies depending on different low correlation between the transmitting and the receiving antennas .In addition, it is illustrated that when the number of transmitter and receiver antennas increases, the performance of TBCE schemes significantly improves. The Same behavior isalso observed for MIMO system. Performance of both MMSE and LSestimation are the same for allkinds of modulation at small value of SNR but the more we increase the SNR value the more performance gap goes on increasing.
CS Based Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems under Long Delay Channels Using ...IJERA Editor
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which are used in the next-generation wireless communication. Channel estimation in the OFDM technique is one of the big challenges, ever since high-resolution channel estimation can significantly improve the equalization at the receiver and consequently enhance the communication performances. Channel computation using superimposed pilot sequences is also a fully new area, idea for using superimposed pilot sequences has been proposed by various authors for different applications. In this paper, we are introduced a high accurate, low complexity compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation namely Auxiliary information based Subspace Pursuit (ASP) in TFT-OFDM systems. ASP based channel estimation in TFT-OFDM system is based on two steps. First is, by exploiting the signal structure of recently proposed TDM-OFDM scheme, the supporting channel information is obtained. Second is, we propose the supporting information based subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to use a very small amount of frequency domain pilots embedded in the OFDM block used for the exact channel estimation. Moreover, the obtained auxiliary channel information is adopted to reduce the complexity of the conventional SP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a important reduction of the number of pilots relative to least-squares channel estimation and supporting high-order modulations like 256 QAM.
ESTIMATION OF CHANNEL IN OFDM WIRELESS CHANNEL USING LS AND MMSE TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
In recent years with the increase in digital data communication, the need for high data rates with less information loss or distortion is being a continuous research area and new techniques are being invented in this area. Large amount of people are using the air interface for proper communication which also have a lot of drawbacks which include multipath fading, Inter symbol interference (ISI), Doppler shift etc..This paper is being presented on basis of channel estimation of wireless mobile OFDM channels using known pilot symbols.
Портфолио включает в себя этапы работы над эскизами, а так же окончательные фото итоговых проектов. За кадром остались контроль производства и технологические тонкости.
«INTERTECH» est une entreprise de construction MarocMaxim Gavrik
«INTERTECH» est une entreprise de construction Maroc, qui fournit des services complets de conception, de construction, de montage et de mise en service des systèmes de bâtiments et d’ouvrages industriels, commerciaux et du génie civil
In this paper, we analyzed a numerical evaluation of the performance of MIMO radio systems in the LTE network environment. Downlink physical layer of the OFDM-MIMO based radio interface is considered for system model and a theoretical analysis of the bit error rate of the two space-time codes (SFBC 2×1 and FSTD 4×2 codes are adopted by the LTE norm as a function of the signal to noise ratio. Analytical expressions are given for transmission over a Rayleigh channel without spatial correlation which is then compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Further evaluated channel capacity and simulation results show throughput almost reaches to the capacity limit.
Study and Analysis Capacity of MIMO Systems for AWGN Channel Model ScenariosIJERA Editor
Future wireless communication systems can utilize the spatial properties of the wireless channel to enhance the spectral efficiency and therefore increases its channel capacity. This can be designed by deploying multiple antennas at both the transmitter side and receiver side. The basic measure of performance is the capacity of a channel; the maximum rate of communication for which arbitrarily small error probability can be achieved. The AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel introduces the notion of capacity through a heuristic argument. The AWGN channel is then used as a basic building block to check the capacity of wireless fading channels in contrast to the AWGN channel. There is no single definition of capacity for fading channels that is applicable in all situations. Several notions of capacity are developed, and together they form a systematic study of performance limits of fading channels. The various capacity measures allow us to observe clearly the various types of resources available in fading channels: degrees of freedom, power and diversity. The MIMO systems capacity can be enhanced linearly with large the number of antennas. This paper elaborates the study of MIMO system capacity using the AWGN Channel Model, Channel Capacity, Channel Fast Fading, Spatial Autocorrelation and Power delay profile for various channel environments.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CLIPPED STBC CODED MIMO OFDM SYSTEMIAEME Publication
A combination of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Spatial Division Multiplexing technology and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing technique, namely MIMO-OFDM systems, been well-known as a potential technology to provide high speed data transmission and spectrum efficiency to attain throughput of 1 Gbit/sec and beyond improves link reliability for modern wireless communications. The rising development of Internet related contents and demand of multimedia services leads to increasing curiosity to high speed communications. It has been shown that by using MIMO system, it is possible to increase that capacity considerably.
Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
This topic will cover the listed topics below regarding linear equalization and its variations:
Fundamental of equalization
Equalizer
Categories of equalization
Depending on the time nature
Structure of adaptive equalization
Classification of equalizer
Linear equalizer
Transversal equalizer
Lattice equalizer
Advantage and disadvantages of lattice
Disadvantages of linear equalizer
Equalization, diversity, and channel coding are three techniques which can be used independently or in tandem to improve received signal quality.
Equalization compensates for intersymbol interference (ISI) created by multipath within time dispersive channels.
If the modulation bandwidth exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the radio channel, ISI occurs and modulation pulses are spread in time.
An equalizer within a receiver compensates for the average range of expected channel amplitude and delay characteristics.
Equalizers must be adaptive since the channel is generally unknown and time varying.
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...IOSR Journals
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time.
Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this paper, we study the
performance of general MIMO system, the performance of Zero Forcing (ZF), Linear Least Square Estimator
(LLSE), V-BLAST/ZF, V-BLAST/LLSE of 4x4, 4x6 & 4x8 with 4-QAM & 16-QAM modulation in i i d Rayleigh
fading channel. We seen that SER performance of 4x8 antennas and 4-QAM modulation scheme outperforms
others. Result shows that for higher modulation schemes SER performance degrades as well as SER
performance increases for higher no of receiver antennas
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this paper, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the performance of Zero Forcing (ZF), Linear Least Square Estimator (LLSE), V-BLAST/ZF, V-BLAST/LLSE of 4x4, 4x6 & 4x8 with 4-QAM & 16-QAM modulation in i i d Rayleigh fading channel. We seen that SER performance of 4x8 antennas and 4-QAM modulation scheme outperforms others. Result shows that for higher modulation schemes SER performance degrades as well as SER performance increases for higher no of receiver antennas. Keywords - Multi Input Multi Output, Zero-forcing receiver, Linear Least Square Estimation, V-BLAST.
Performance Analysis of Various Symbol Detection Techniques in Wireless MIMO ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this paper, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the performance of Zero Forcing (ZF), Linear Least Square Estimator (LLSE), V-BLAST/ZF, V-BLAST/LLSE of 4x4, 4x6 & 4x8 with 4-QAM & 16-QAM modulation in i i d Rayleigh fading channel. We seen that SER performance of 4x8 antennas and 4-QAM modulation scheme outperforms others. Result shows that for higher modulation schemes SER performance degrades as well as SER performance increases for higher no of receiver antennas. Keywords - Multi Input Multi Output, Zero-forcing receiver, Linear Least Square Estimation, V-BLAST.
EVALUATION OF MIMO SYSTEM CAPACITY OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELIJCSES Journal
High transmission data rate, spectral efficiency and reliability are essential for future wireless
communications systems. MIMO (multi-input multi-output) diversity technique is a band width efficient
system achieving high data transmission which eventually establishing a high capacity communication
system. Without needing to increase the transmitted power or the channel bandwidth, gain in capacity can
be considerably improved by varying the number of antennas on both sides. Correlated and uncorrelated
channels MIMO system was considered in this paper for different number of antennas and different SNR
over Rayleigh fading channel. At the transmitter both CSI(channel state information) technique and Water
filling power allocation principle was also considered in this paper.
An Overview of Array Signal Processing and Beam Forming TechniquesAn Overview...Editor IJCATR
For use as hydrophones, projectors and underwater microphones, there is always a need for calibrated sensors. Overview of
multi path and effect of reflection on acoustic sound signals due to various objects is required prior to finding applications for different
materials as sonar domes, etc. There is also a need to overview multi sensor array processing for many applications like finding
direction of arrival and beam forming. Real time data acquisition is also a must for such applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Intersymbol interference caused by multipath in band limited frequency selective time dispersive channels distorts the transmitted signal, causing bit error at receiver. ISI is the major obstacle to high speed data transmission over wireless channels. Channel estimation is a technique used to combat the intersymbol interference. The objective of this paper is to improve channel estimation accuracy in MIMO-OFDM system by using modified variable step size leaky Least Mean Square (MVSSLLMS) algorithm proposed for MIMO OFDM System. So we are going to analyze Bit Error Rate for different signal to noise ratio, also compare the proposed scheme with standard LMS channel estimation method.
Similar to Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signals for Multichannel Data Transmission (20)
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signals for Multichannel Data Transmission
1. Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal
Signals for Multichannel Data
Transmission
By ROBERT W. CHANG
(Manuscript received August 4, 1966)
This paper presents a principle of orthogonal multiplexing for trans-
mitting a number of data messages simultaneously through a linear band-
limited transmission medium at a maximum. data rate without interchannel
and intersymbol interferences. A general method is given for synthesizing
an infinite number of classes of band-limited orthogonal time functions in
a limited frequency band. Stated in practical terms, the method permits the
synthesis of a large class of practical transmitting filter characteristics for
an arbitrm'ily given amplitude characteristic of the transmission medium.
Rectangular-shaped ideal filters are not required. The synthesis procedure
is convenient. Furthermore, the amplitude and the phase characteristics
of the transmitting filters can be synthesized independently. Adaptive correla-
tion reception can be used for data processing, since the received signals
remain orthogonalno matter what the phase distortion is in the transmission
medium. The system provides the same signal distance protection against
channel noises as if the signals of each channel were transmitted through
an independent medium and intersymbol interference in each channel were
eliminat.ed by reducing data rare.
I. INTRODUCTION
In data transmission, it is common practice to operate a number of
AM data channels through a single band-limited transmission medium.
The system designer is faced with the problem of maximizing the overall
data rate, and minimizing interchannel and intersymbol interferences.
In certain applications, the channels may operate on equally spaced
center frequencies and transmit at the same data rate, and the signaling
intervals of different channels can be synchronized. For these applica-
tions, orthogonal multiplexing techniques can be considered. Several
1775
2. 1776 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
orthogonal-multiplexed systems developed':" in the past use special
sets of time-limited orthogonal signals. These signals have widely
spread frequency spectra (e.g., a sin xix spectrum). Consequently,
when these signals are transmitted through a band-limited transmission
medium at a data rate equivalent to that proposed in this paper, certain
portions of the signal spectrum will be cut off and interferences will
take place. For instance, the interferences because of band-limitation
have been computed" for a system using time-limited orthogonal sine
and cosine functions.
This paper shows that by using a new class of band-limited orthogonal
signals, the AM channels can transmit through a linear band-limited
transmission medium at a maximum possible data rate without inter-
channel and intersymbol interferences. A general method is given for
synthesizing an infinite number of classes of band-limited orthogonal
time functions in a limited frequency band. This method permits one to
synthesize a large class of transmitting filter characteristics for arbi-
trarily given amplitude and phase characteristics of the transmission
medium. The synthesis procedure is convenient. Furthermore, the
amplitude and the phase characteristics of the transmitting filters can
be synthesized independently, i.e., the amplitude characteristics need
not be altered when the phase characteristics are changed, and vice
versa. The system can be used to transmit not only binary digits (as
in Ref. 1) or m-ary digits (as in Ref. 2), but also real numbers, such as
time samples of analog information sources. As will be shown, the system
satisfies the following requirements.
(i) The transmitting filters have gradual cutoff amplitude charac-
teristics. Perpendicular cutoffs and linear phases are not required.
(ii) The data rate per channel is 2f. bauds,* where f. is the center
frequency difference between two adjacent channels. Overall data rate
of the system is [NI(N + 1)] Rm ax , where N is the total number of
channels and Rm ax , which equals two times the overall baseband band-
width, is the Nyquist rate for which unrealizable rectangular filters
with perpendicular cutoffs and linear phases are required. Thus, as N
increases, the overall data rate of the system approaches the theoretical
maximum rate Rm ax , yet rectangular filtering is not required.
(iii) When transmitting filters are designed for an arbitrary given
amplitude characteristic of the transmission medium, the received
signals remain orthogonal for all phase characteristics of the transmission
medium. Thus, the system (orthogonal transmission plus adaptive
• The speed in bauds is equal to the number of signal digits transmitted in one
second.
3. OR'rHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1777
correlation reception) eliminates interchannel and intersymbol inter-
ferences for all phase characteristics of the transmission medium.
(iv) The distance in signal space between any two sets of received
signals is the same as if the signals of each AM channel were transmitted
through an independent medium and intersymbol interference in each
channel were eliminated by reducing data rate. The same distance
protection is therefore provided against channel noises (impulse and
Gaussian noise). For instance, for band-limited white Gaussian noise,
the receiver receives each of the overlapping signals with the same
probability of error as if only that signal were transmitted. The distances
in signal space are also independent of the phase characteristics of the
transmitting filters and the transmission medium.
(v) When signaling intervals of different channels are not syn-
chronized, at least half of the channels can transmit simultaneously
without interchannel or intersymbol interference.
II. ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLEXING USING BAND-LIMITED SIGNALS
Consider N AIVI data channels sharing a single linear transmission
medium which has an impulse response h(t) and a transfer function
H(J) exp [J71(f)] (see Fig. 1).* H(J) and 71(J) will be referred to, respec-
tively, as the amplitude and the phase characteristic of the transmission
medium.
Since this analysis treats only transmission media having lineal'
properties, the question of performance on real channels subject to such
impairments as nonlinear distortion and carrier frequency offset is not
considered here. Such considerations are subjects of studies beyond the
scope of the present paper.
In deriving the following results, it is not necessary to assume that
the transmitting filters and data processors operate in baseband. How-
ever, this assumption will be made since in practice signal shaping and
data processing are usually performed in baseband. Carrier modulation
and demodulation (included in the transmission medium) can be per-
formed by standard techniques and need not be specified here.
Consider a single channel first (say, the ith channel). Let b«, bi ,
b«, .•. , be a sequence of m-ary (m 6; 2) signal digits or a sequence of
real numbers to be transmitted over the ith channel. As is well known,'
b«, bi , bz , ... can be assumed to be represented by impulses with
proportional heights. These impulses are applied to the ith transmitting
filter at the rate of one impulse every T seconds (data rate per channel
• J denotes the imaginary number ";-1, while j is used as an index.
4. 1778 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
ST TRANSMITTING
FILTER
AI (f) EXp[Jal (fB
at (t)
A
2
(f) EXp[Ja2 (f)]
a2 (t )
AN (f) EXp[JaN(f)]
aN (t)
NTH TRANSMITTING
FILTER
TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM
H (f) EXP[J'I (f)]
htt)
NOISE
DATA
PROCESSING
(RECEIVERS)
Fig. 1- N data channels transmitting over one transmission medium.
equals liT bauds). Let a;(t) be the impulse response of the ith trans-
mitting filter, then the ith transmitting filter transmits a sequence of
signals as
bo·a;(t) + bl·a;(t - T) + b2·a;(t - 2T) + ....
The received signals at the output of the transmission medium are
bo·u;(t) + bl·u;(t - T) + b2,u;(t - 2T) + ...,
where
k = ±1, ±2, .. ·.
These received signals overlap in time, but they are orthogonal if
L:u;(t)u;(t - kT) dt = 0, (1)
As is well known, orthogonal signals can be separated at the receiver
by correlation techniques;" hence, intersymbol interference in the ith
channel can be eliminated if (1) is satisfied.
Next consider interchannel interference. Let Co, CI, C2, ••• be the
• Correlation reception and its adaptive feature will be briefly discussed in
Appendix C.
5. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1779
m-ary signal digits or real numbers transmitted over the jth channel
which has impulse response aj(t). It has been assumed in Section I that
the channels transmit at the same data rate and that the signaling inter-
vals of different channels are synchronized, hence the jth transmitting
filter transmits a sequence of signals,
co·aj(t) +cl·aj(t - T) + C2,aj(t - 2T) + ....
The received signals at the output of the transInission medium are
cO'Uj(t) +Cl'Uj(t - T) +C2'Uj(t - 2T) + ....
These received signals overlap with the received signals of the ith
channel, but they are mutually orthogonal (no interchannel interference)
if
k = 0, ± 1, ±2, .. , . (2)
Thus, intersymbol and interchannel interferences can be simultane-
ously eliminated if the transInitting filters can be designed (i.e., if the
transmitted signals can be designed) such that (1) is satisfied for all i
and (2) is satisfied for all i andj (i ~ j).
Denote U,(1) exp [J1L;(1)] as the Fourier transform of u,(t). One can
rewrite (1) as
L:U,2(f) exp (-J21rjkT) dj = 0
k = ±1, ±2, ...
(3)
i = 1,2, ... ,N,
(4)
k = 0, ±1, ±2, ...
i,j = 1, 2, ... , N
i ~ i.
Let A;{f) exp [Jai{f)] be the Fourier transform of a;(t). The transfer
function of the transmission medium is H{f) exp [J,.,(f)]. Equation (3)
becomes
and rewrite (2) as
L:U,(f) exp [Ju;(f)]Uj(j) exp [-JlLif)]
-exp [-J21rjkT] dj = 0
6. 1780 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
L:A/(j)H
2(j)
exp (-J27rfkT) df = 0
k = ±1, ±2, ...
i = 1,2, ... ,N,
or
f'A/(j)H
2(j)
cos 27rfkT df = 0
k 1,2,3, .. ,
i = 1,2, ... ,N.
Equation (4) becomes
L:A;(j)Aj(j)H
2(f)
exp {J[a;(j) - aj(f) - 27rfkT]} df = 0
(5)
(6)
(7)
k = 0, ±1, ±2, ...
i,j = 1,2, ... ,N
i ¢ j.
Writing (7) in real and imaginary parts and comparing parts for k =
1,2, ... and k = -1, -2, ... , it is seen that (7) holds if and only if
and
where
k = 0, 1,2, .
i,j = 1, 2, ,N
i ¢ j.
It will be recalled that the transmitting filters and the data processors
operate in baseband. Let!;, i = 1,2, .... ,N, denote the equally spaced
baseband center frequencies of the N independent channels. One can
choose
fl = (h + !)f., (10)
7. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1781
where h is any positive integer (including zero), and f. is the difference
between center frequencies of two adjacent channels. Thus,
fi = f1 + (i - l)f. = (h + i - !)f.. (11)
Carrier modulation will translate the baseband signals to a given fre-
quency band for transmission.
Each AM data channel transmits at the data rate 2f. bauds. Hence,
1
T = 2f. seconds. (12)
For a given amplitude characteristic H(f) of the transmission medium,
band-limited transmitting filters can be designed (i.e., band-limited
transmitted signals can be designed) such that (6), (8), (9), and (12)
are simultaneously satisfied (no intersymbol and interchannel inter-
ference for a data rate of 2f. bauds per channel). In addition, the five
requirements in Section I are also satisfied. A general method of design-
ing these transmitting filters is given in the following theorem.
Theorem: For a given H(!), let Alf), i = 1,2, ... ,N, be shaped such that
c. + os» > 0,
0, f < fi - i.,
fi - f. < f < fi + f.
f > Ii +t.,
(13)
where C. is an arbitrary constant and Qi(J) is a shaping function having
odd symmetries oboui ], + (f./2) and/; - (f./2) , i.e.,
o. [Vi +~) +1] = -o. [Vi +~) -I] '
a. [Vi -~) +1] = -Q. [Vi -~) -IJ.
o </ <~, (14)
o < / < ~ . (15)
(16)
Furthermore, the function [Ci + Q.(J)]. [CH1 + Qi+l(f)] is an evenfunction
about /; + (j./2), i.e.,
[c. + Qi Vi +~ +/)] [CH 1 + QH1 Vi +~ +I)J
= [ c. + Qi Vi +~ -I)][CH 1 + QHl Vi +~ -I)]
o<I<f.!.2
i = 1, 2, .... ,N - 1.
8. 1782 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
Let the phase characteristic ali), i = 1, 2, ... ,N, be shaped such that
fi < f < Ii +f.
(17)
i = 1, 2, .... ,N - 1,
where 'Yi(f) is an arbitrary phase function with odd symmetry about [« +
(j./2).
If Ai(f) and ai(f) are shaped as in (13) through (17) and !I is set ac-
cording to (10), then (6), (8), (9), and (12) are simultaneously satisfied
(no intersymbol 01' interchannel interference for a datarate of 2f. bauds per
channel). Furthermore, the five requirements in Section I are also satisfied.
The proof of this theorem will be broken down into two parts. The
first part [showing that (6), (8), (9), and (12) are simultaneously satis-
fied] will be given in Appendix A. The second part (showing that the
five requirements in Section I are satisfied) will be given in Section III
following a discussion of the various choices of the shaping functions
and transmitting filter characteristics.
III. TRANSMITTING FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
Consider first the shaping of the amplitude characteristics Ai(j) of
the transmitting filters. Equations (13), (14), and (15) in the theorem
can be easily satisfied. Equation (16) can be satisfied in many ways.
For instance, a simple, practical way to satisfy (16) is stated in the fol-
lowing corollary.
Corollary 1: Under the simplifying condition that
(i) C, should be the same for all i
(ii) Qi(f), i = 1, 2, .... ,N, should be identically shaped, i.e.,
i = 1, 2, ... ,N - 1, (18)
(16) holds when Qi(f) is an even function aboutIi , i.e.,
Qi(fi + f') = Qi(fi - f'), o < f' < f•. (19)
The proof of this corollary is straightforward and need not be given here.
Two examples are given for illustration purpose. The first example is
illustrated in Fig. 2 where Qi(f) is chosen to be
Qi(f)
1 i-Ii= -cos '/1'--
2 f.'
Ii - t. < f < fi +f. i = 1,2, .... ,N.
9. A~ (f) H (f)
ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1783
Fig. 2- First example of shaping the amplitude characteristic AI (j) of the
transmitting filters.
This simple choice satisfies (14), (15), (18), and (19). Let C, be ~ for all
i, then (14), (15), and (16) are all satisfied. From (13)
ANI)H2(f) = Ci + Qi(j)
I I I - Ii
= 2 +2cos 'II" ----:r.- '
and
I - i.Ai(j)H(j) = cos 'II" ~ , t, - I. < I < Ii +I.
i = 1,2, .... , N.
This Ai(f)H(f) is similar to the amplitude characteristic of a standard
duobinary filter (except shift in center frequency). The second example
is illustrated in Fig. 3 where Q;(f) is chosen such that Ai(j)H(j) has a
shape similar to that of a multiple tuned circuit. It can be seen from
these two examples that there is a great deal of freedom in choosing
f
2
o
r-~
)
Fig. 3- Second example of shaping the amplitude characteristic Al(j) of the
transmitting filters. -
10. 1784 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
the shaping function Qi(f). Consequently, Ai(J)H(J) can be easily shaped
into various standard forms. Ai(f) would have the same shape as
Ai(f)H(f), if H(f) is flat in the frequency band fi - f. to fi +f. of the
ith channel. If H(J) is not flat in this individual band, Ai(f) can be ob-
tained from Ai(f)H(f)/H(J), provided that H(f) ¢ 0 for any f in the
band.
It is also noted from the preceding that if C, is chosen to be the same
for all i and if Qi(f) , i = 1,2, ... ,N, are chosen to be identically shaped
(i.e., identical in shape except shifts in center frequencies), then
Ai(f)H(f), i = 1,2, ,N, will alsobe identically shaped. Consequently,
A;(f), i = 1, 2, , N, will be identically shaped if H(f) is flat or is
made flat. An advantage of having identically shaped filter characteristics
is that each filter can be realized by using an identical shaping filter plus
frequency translation.
H(f) can be made flat by using a single compensating network which
compensates the variation of H(f) over the entire band. As an alternative,
note that Ai(f) exists only from 1; - f. to 1; + f • . Hence, for the ith
receiver, the integration limits of (6), (8), and (9) can be changed to
1; - f. and fi +f•. Therefore, the signal at the ith receiver only has to
satisfy the theorem in the limited frequency band 1; - f. to 1; +f•.
This permits one to design the transmitting filters for flat H (f) and then
compensate the variation of H(f) individually at the receivers, i.e., use
an individual network at the ith receiver to compensate only for the
variation of H (f) in the limited frequency band1; - f. to fi +f•.
Finally, note that if the channels are narrow, each channel will usually
be approximately flat. In these cases, one may design the transmitting
filters for flat H(f) without using compensating networks. This design
should lead to only small distortion.
Consider next the shaping of the phase characteristics OIi(j) of the
transmitting filters. It is only required in the theorem that (17) be
satisfied. However, if it is desired to have identically shaped transmitting
filter characteristics, one may consider a simple method such as that in
the following corollary.
Corollary 2: Under the simplifying condition that OIi(f), i = 1,2, ... , N,
be identically shaped, i.e.,
(17) holds when
i 1,2, ... ,N - 1 (20)
11. ORTHOGONAl, SIGNALS FOR DATA TRA.NSMISSION 178.5
m 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, '"
n = 2,4,6, ...
t, - f. < .f < .f; + f. ,
where h is an arbitrary odd integer and the other coefficients ('Po; 'Pm , m =
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... ; t/;n , n = 2, 4, 6, ... ) can all be chosen arbitrarily.
This corollary is proven in Appendix B. Note that if the index n in the
corollary were not required to be even, ai(f) would be completely arbi-
trary (a Fourier series with arbitrary coefficients). This shows that there
is a great deal of freedom in shapingai(f) even if the additional constraint
of identical shaping is introduced (three-fourths of the Fourier coefficients
can be chosen arbitrarily). The linear term hll-[(f - .f;)/2f.] is introduced
not only to give the term ±71"/2 in (17), but also because a linear com-
ponent is usually present in filter phase characteristics. A simple example
is given in Fig. 4 to illustrate (21). For clarity, the arbitrary Fourier
coefficients are all set to zero, except Vt2 , and It is set to -1.
As can be seen in the theorem, the requirement on ai(f) is independent
of the requirements on Ai(f). Hence, the amplitude and the phase char-
acteristics of the transmitting filters can be synthesized independently.
This gives even more freedom in designing the transmitting filters.
A simple set of Ai(f) and ai(f) is sketched in Fig. 5 for three adjacent
channels. This illustrates that the frequency spectrum of each channel
is limited and overlaps only with that of the adjacent channel. H(f) is
assumed flat and the transmitting filters are identically shaped. As
mentioned previously, these filters can be realized either by different
networks or simply by using identical shaping filters plus frequency
translations.
Now consider the five requirements in Section 1. The first requirement
is satisfied since the transmitting filters designed are of standard forms
(see the examples in Figs. 2 and 3). Perpendicular cutoffs and linear
phase characteristics are not required.
As for the second requirement, it can be seen from Fig. 5(a) that the
overall baseband bandwidth of N channels is (N + l)f•. Since data rate
12. 1786 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
....---....
.,,' <,
<; ,,'
t...._--,f-f·
'i'2SIN4'1f-f"
2 s
'If
-2l- .l.- ~
fL -fS
Fig. 4-An example illustrating (21) (h =-1, '" 2 ~ 0, all other coefficients
set to zero for clarity).
tUJ
a
::>
I-
J
11.
::;
-c
tUJ
III
~Q.
Fig. 5- Example of transmitting filter characteristics for orthogonal multi-
plexing data transmission.
13. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1787
per channel is 2!, bauds, the overall data rate of N channels is 2!,N
bauds. Hence,
overall data rate = N 2~ 1 X overall baseband bandwidth
N
= N + 1 Rmax ,
where Rmax , which equals two times overall baseband bandwidth, is the
Nyquist rate for which unrealizable filters with perpendicular cutoffs
and linear phases are required. Thus, for moderate values of N, the
overall data rate of the orthogonal multiplexing data transmission
system is close to the Nyquist rate, yet rectangular filtering is not re-
quired. This satisfies requirement (ii).
Now consider the third requirement. As has been shown, the received
pulses are orthogonal if (6), (8), and (9) are simultaneously satisfied.
Note that the phase characteristic 11(1) of the transmission medium does
not enter into these equations. Hence, the received signals will remain
orthogonal for all 11(!), and adaptive correlation reception (see Appendix
C) can be used no matter what the phase distortion is in the transmission
medium. Also note that so far as each receiver is concerned, the phase
characteristics of the networks in each receiver (including the bandpass
filter at the input of each receiver) can be considered as part of 11(!),
and hence has no effect on the orthogonality of the received signals.
In the case of the fourth requirement, let
and
b,,', k = 0, 1,2, ... ;
Ck
i
, k = 0, 1, 2, ... ;
i = 1,2, ... , N,
i = 1,2, ... ,N
be two arbitrary distinct sets of m-ary signal digits or real numbers to be
transmitted by the N AM channels. The distance in signal space between
the two sets of received signals
L: L: b,,'·u,(t - kT)
i k
and
is
14. 1788 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
In an ideal case where interchannel and intersymbol interferences are
eliminated by transmitting the signals of each channel through an inde-
pendent medium and slowing down data rate such that the received
signals in each channel do not overlap, the distance d can be written as
didoal = [~ L 1""(b/ - Ck
i)2
U i2(t - kT)dtJl.
, k -co
In this study, the N channels transmit over the same transmission
medium at the maximum data rate T = 1/2f• . If the transmitting filters
were not properly designed, the distance d could be much less than
didoal and the system would be much more vulnerable to channel noises
(impulse and Gaussian noises). However, if the transmitting filters are
designed in accordance with the theorem in Section II, the received
signals will be orthogonal and d = didoal. Thus, the distance between
any two sets of received signals is preserved and the same distance pro-
tection is provided against channel noises. For instance, since d = d id oa ! ,
it follows from maximum likelihood detection principle that for band-
limited white Gaussian noise and m-ary transmission the receiver will
receive each of the overlapping signals with the same probability of error
as if only that signal is transmitted.
Note further that didoal can be written as
didoal = [~ L (bk
i
- Ck
i
)21 "" A/(f)H2(f)dfJl.
, k -~
Thus, didoal is independent of the phase characteristics (Xi(f) of the trans-
mitting filters and the phase characteristic 'TI(f) of the transmission
medium. Since d = didoal, it follows that d is also independent of (Xi(f)
and 'TI(f) and the same distance protection is provided against channel
noises for all (Xi(f) and'TI(j).
Finally, consider the fifth requirement. It is assumed in this paper that
signaling intervals of different channels are synchronized. However, it is
interesting to point out that the frequency spectra of alternate chan-
nels (for instance, i = 1,3,5, ... ) do not overlap (see Fig. 5). Hence, if
one uses only the odd- or the even-numbered channels, one can transmit
without interchannel and intersymbol interferences and without syn-
chronization among signaling intervals of different channels.* The
overall data rate becomes ~ Rm ax for all N. A very attractive feature is
obtained in that the transmitting filters may now have arbitrary phase
*For instance, signal digits are applied to the ith transmitting filter at 0, T,
~T, ST,"', while signal digits are applied to the (i + 2)th transmitting filter at
'T, T + 'T, 2T + 'T, ST + 'T, ••• , where 'T is an unknown constant.
15. bauds
ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1789
characteristics OI.i(f). [This is because OI.i(f) is not involved in (6) and
intersymbol interference is eliminated for all OI.i(f).] Thus, only the ampli-
tude characteristics of the transmitting filters need to be designed as in
the theorem and the transmitting filters can be implemented very easily.
Another case of interest is where part of the channels are synchronized.
As a simple example, assume that there are five channels and that channel
1 is synchronized with channel 2; channel 4 is synchronized with channel
5; while channel 3 cannot be synchronized with other channels. If the
amplitude characteristics of the five channels plus the phase character-
istics of channels 1, 2, 4, and 5 are designed as in the theorem, one can
transmit simultaneously through channels, 1, 2, 4, and 5 or simultane-
ously through channels 1, 3, and 5 without interchannel or intersymbol
interferences. The overall data rate is then between ~Rmllx and
(N/N + I)Rmllx.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a principle of orthogonal multiplexing for trans-
mitting N(N ~ 2) AM data channels simultaneously through a linear
band-limited transmission medium. The channels operate on equally
spaced center frequencies and transmit at the same data rate with
signaling intervals synchronized. Each channel can transmit binary
digits, m-ary digits, or real numbers. By limiting and stacking the fre-
quency spectrums of the channels in a proper manner, an overall data
rate of
N 2~ 1 X overall baseband bandwidth
is obtained which approaches the Nyquist rate when N is large. Inter-
channel and intersymbol interferences are eliminated by a new method
of synthesizing the transmitting filter characteristics (i.e., designing
band-limited orthogonal signals). The method permits one to synthesize
a large class of transmitting filter characteristics in a very convenient
manner. The amplitude and the phase characteristics can be synthesized
independently. The transmitting filter characteristics obtained are
practical in that
(i) The amplitude characteristics may have gradual rolloffs, and the
phase characteristics need not be linear.
(ii) The transmitting filters may be identically shaped and can be
realized simply by identical shaping filters plus frequency transla-
tions.
16. 1790 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
It is noted that the principle presented in this paper uses band-limited
orthogonal signals as opposed to other orthogonal multiplexing schemes
using nonband-limited orthogonal signals. The chief advantage of using
band-limited signals is that (as mentioned in Section I) these signals can
be transmitted through a band-limited transmission medium at a maxi-
mum data rate without interchannel and intersymbol interferences.
Other advantages of using band-limited signals over methods using
nonband-limited signals are
(i) Permitting the use of a narrowband bandpass filter at the input
of each receiver (see Appendix C) to reject noises and signals
outside the band of interest. This is particularly important in
suppressing impulse noises and in preventing overloading the
front ends of the receivers.
(~'i) Permitting unsynchronized operations at data rates between
iRm ax and (NIN + l)Rmax •
It has been shown that the received signals remain orthogonal for all
phase characteristics of the transmission medium; hence, adaptive cor-
relation reception can be used to separate the received signals no matter
what the phase distortion is in the transmission medium. These correla-
tors adapt not only to the phase distortions in the system (including
transmission medium, bandpass receiving filters, etc.), but also (see
Appendix C) to the phase differencebetween modulation and demodula-
tion carriers (easing synchronization requirements).
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank A. B. Brown, Jr., R. A. Gibby, and J. W. Smith for
stimulating discussions and helpful suggestions.
APPENDIX A
In this appendix, it will be proven that if the transmitting filters
A.(J) exp [Ja.(f)], i = 1, 2, ... , N, are shaped as in the theorem in
Section II and j; is set according to (10), then equations (6), (8), (9),
and (12) are simultaneously satisfied.
First consider (6). From (13)
1'"A/(j)H
2(j)
cos 211-jkT df = i:[0. + Q.(j)] cos 27rfkTdf. (22)
Since T = 1/2f., one has
17. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1791
f
,·H
• C·C, cos 27rfkT df = 2 kIT [sin 27r(fi + f.)kT
I.-I. 7r
- sin 27r(ji - f.)kT]
= 7r~~ sin 7rk cos 27rfikT
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, '"
i = 1, 2, 3, ... ,N.
(23)
(24)
Since f; = (h + i - ~)f., one has
27rVi -1)kT = 27r(h + i - l)f.k 2~.
= (h + i - l)k7r.
Hence, cos 27rfkT is an even function about fi - (f./2). This, together
with the fact that Qi(f) is an odd function about f; - (f./2) [see (15)],
gives
fli Qi(f) cos 27rfkT elf = 0,
I.-I.
Silnilarly, one can show
i: Qi(f) cos 27rfkT elf = 0,
Ii
k = 1,2,3, ...
i = 1,2, ... ,N.
k = 1,2,3, ...
i = 1,2, ... ,N.
(25)
(26)
Substituting (23), (25), and (26) into (22) gives
{OA/(f)H2(f) cos 27rfkT elf = 0, k = 1, 2, 3, ...
i = 1, 2, 3, ... ,N.
Thus, (6) is satisfied and intersymbol interference is eliminated.
Next consider interchannel interference and (8) and (9). From (13),
Ai(f)H(f) = 0, f < f; - f. , f > I, + f. ,
so
A i(f)Aj(f)H2(f) = ° for j = i ± 2, i ± 3, i ± 4, ... ,
18. 1792 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
or
100
A i(f)A j(f)H
2(f)
cos [ai(f) - aj(f)] cos 27rlkT dl = 0
100
A i(f)A j(f)H
2(f)
sin [ai(f) - aj(f)] sin 27rlkT dl = 0
(27)
k = 0,1,2, .
i = 1,2,3, ,N
j = i ± 2, i ± 3, i ± 4, ....
Equation (27) shows that (8) and (9) are satisfied for j = i ± 2, i ± 3,
i ± 4, .... It remains to show that (8) and (9) hold for j = i ± 1. Con-
sider j = i + 1. It is seen from (13) that
(29)
Ii < I <i, +I
(28)
A i(f)Ai+i(f)H2(f) = [Ci + Qi(f)]l[Ci+i + Qi+i(f)]l,
= 0, I < t., I > Ii + I•.
One can write from (17) and (28)
100
A i(f)A Hi(f)H
2(f)
cos [ai(f) - aHi(f)] cos 27rlkT dl
J';+'. 1 1 [7r ]= I. [Ci + Qi(f)] [CHi + Qi+l(f)] cos ±'2 +"tiCf)
.cos 27rlkT dl
k = 0,1,2, .
i = 1,2, ,N.
It is required in the theorem that
[Ci + Qi(f)]l[Ci+i + Qi+l{f)]l
be an even function about Ii + ([./2). Furthermore, cos [±(7r/2) +
'Yi(f)] and cos 27rfkT are, respectively, odd and even functions about
Ii + (f./2). Hence, from (29)
100
A i(f)AHi(f)H
2(f)
cos [ai(f) - ai+l(f)] cos 27rfkT df = 0
k = 0, 1, 2, ... (30)
i = 1,2, ... ,N.
19. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1793
Equation (30) shows that (8) is satisfied for j = i + 1. In a similar
manner, one can show that (8) holds for j = i-I and that (9) holds
for j = i ± 1. These, together with (27), prove that (8) and (9) hold for
all k, i, and j.
APPENDIX B
Proof of Corollary 2
From (20) and (21)
(XHl(f) = (Xi(f - f.)
_ h f - f. -Ii +- 1r 2f. 1,00
" f - f. - fi
+ LJ tp,n cos m1r j.
m •
m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
n = 2,4,6, '"
fi < f < fi + 2f.·
For f.; < f < fi +f. , one has from (21) and (31)
(Xi(f) - (XHl(f) = ~;. [f - t, - (f - f. - f;)]
+ ~ tpm [cos m1r
f
1.fi
- cos m1r f - f. - f i]
f.
, , [ f - f·+ L;: Y;n sin n1r T
(31)
20. (32)
1794 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
h7r + " [2· 1( 2f - 2fi - f.) . m7rJ= - £.." 'Pm - SIn - m7r SIn -
2 m 2 f. 2
+ ~ 1/In [2sin n;cos ~ ( n7r 2f - Xi - fs)J
h7r 2 " . l7r . l7r(2f - 2fi - f.)
= 2" - "7' 'PI sm "2 sm -.....;...-2"'"'1.,;:-.-----'--
l = 1,3,5, .
h = ±1, ±3, .
Since sin [l7r(2f - 2fi - f.) /2f.] is an odd function aboutf = Ii +(f./2),
(32) is equivalent to (17) and corollary 2 is proven.
APPENDIX C
This appendix briefly describes a possible receiver structure for receiv-
ing the multichannel orthogonal signals.
The receiver of a single channel (say, the fifth channel) is shown in
Fig. 6(a). When viewed at point B toward the transmitter, the channels
have amplitude characteristics as shown in Fig. 6(b). The bandpass
filter at the input of the fifth receiver has a passband from f6 - f. to
f6 + f. [Fig. 6(c)]. This filter serves the important purpose of rejecting
noises and signals outside the band of interest. Sharp impulse noises with
broad frequency spectra are greatly attenuated by this filter. Signals in
other channels are rejected to prevent overloading and cross modulation.
The product device translates the frequency spectra further toward
the origin so that the signal can be represented by a minimum number of
accurate time samples and the adaptive correlator can operate in digital
fashion. The transmitter can transmit a reference frequency f. or a known
multiple off. to the receivers for deriving the signals cos [27r(i - l)f.t +
8i] for the product devices. It is important to note that the transmitter
can lock this frequency f. to the data rate 2f. so that the arbitrary phase
angle 8i is time invariant and can be taken into account by adaptive cor-
relation. Furthermore, the receiver can also derive the sampling rate
2f. from this reference frequency.
When observed at point D, the channels have amplitude characteristics
as shown in Fig. 6(d). Note that the fifth channel now has a center
frequency at 1.5!. [satisfying (11)] and an undistorted amplitude char-
acteristic; hence, the signals in channel 5 remain orthogonal. The over-
lapping frequency spectra between channel 5 and channels 4 and 6
remain undistorted, and the phase differences Ci4(f) - Ci6(f) and Ci6(f) -
Ci6(f) are unchanged; therefore, the signals in channels 4 and 6 remain
21. ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION 1795
(a)
(b)
f
0 f 1 fs l+fs-.l(1·5fs ) (s.sfs)
~ rt (e)
• f
0 fs
_-------Ofo t.!)fs
Fig. 6- Reception of the signals in channel 5.
(d)
orthogonal to those in channel 5. Other channels produce no interference
since their spectra do not overlap with that of channel 5.
Let bou(t), bluet - T), b2u(t - 2T), ... be the signals in channel 5 at
point D, where bo , b1 , b2 , ••• are the information digits. These signals
can be represented by vectors of time samples as
Since u(t), u(t - T), ... differ only in time origin, it is only necessary to
learn Yo for correlation purposes. The received signal at point D can be
written as
where !l represents the sum of the signals in other channels. From discus-
sions in the preceding paragraph
22. 1796 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1966
~k':Hi = A k =j
=
° k ~j
Uk'!! 0.
Thus, the adaptive correlator can learn the vector Yo prior to data trans-
mission and then correlate the received signal with ~k , k = 0, 1, 2, ...
to obtain the information digits b», k = 0, 1, 2, ... .
In order to describe the operation more clearly we assume that the
signal at point D is fed to a delay line tapped at T13-second intervals
(signal at D is band-limited between °and 3i.). Assuming that u(t)
is essentially time-limited to mT seconds for all possible phase character-
istics of the transmission system, then 3m taps are sufficient. The ith
tap is connected to a gain control G; . In the training period prior to data
transmission, the ith tap is also connected to a sampler 8; • In the training
period, the transmitter transmits a series of identical test pulses at t = 0,
IT,2lT, ...• The integer l is chosen large enough such that the received
test pulses u(t), u(t - IT), u(t - 2lT), ... do not overlap. The sampler
8; samples at t = T, IT + T, 2lT + T, •• '. The only requirement on T is
that u(t) should be approximately centered on the tapped delay line at
t = T. The output of 8; (without noise) is a series of samples each repre-
senting the ith time sample Ui of u(t). Since noise is always present, these
samples are passed through a network (probably a simple RC circuit)
such that the output -ai of this network is an estimate of u;·-a; is in the
form of a voltage or current and hence can be used to set the gain control
G; of the ith tap. Thus, at the end of the training period, the gain con-
trols of the successive taps are set according to the magnitudes of the
successive time samples of u(t).
During data transmission, the transmitter transmits the information
digits b« , b1 , bs , ... sequentially at t = 0, T, 2T, .... A sampler at
the receiver samples the sum of the outputs of all the tap gain controls at
t = T, T + T, 2T + T, ••• to recover b«, bi , bs, ...• The time delay T
remains the same as in the training period. The data transmission oper-
ates in real time.
REFERENCES
1. Mosier, R. R., A Data Transmission System Using Pulse Phase Modulation,
IRE Convention Record of First National Convention on Military Elec-
tronics, June 17-19, 1957, Washington, D. C.
2. Dynamic Error-Free Transmission, General Dynamics/Electronics-Rochester,
N.Y.
3. Harmuth, H. F. On the Transmission of Information by Orthogonal Time
Functions, AlEE Trans., pt. I (Communication and Electronics), July, 1960,
pp. 248-255.
4. Bennett, W. R. and Davey, J. R., Data Transmission, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1965, p. 65.