The document discusses syntax, which is the arrangement of words and clauses to form sentences. Syntax contributes to and enhances meaning and effect. It is how authors put words and phrases together to effectively make their points. An author can control pacing through shorter or longer, simpler or more complex sentences. When analyzing syntax, consider questions like whether sentences are simple or complex, if repetition or parallel structure is used, and if rhetorical questions are present. Syntax involves the arrangement of ideas and sentence structures like loose, periodic, parallel, natural order, and inverted order sentences. The four basic sentence structures are simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. Authors purposefully vary syntax to achieve different effects, so the reader should not assume sentences are composed

1. What is
Syntax?

2. Syntax is the way words and
clauses are arranged to
form sentences.
That arrangement contributes to and
enhances meaning and effect.

3. Or more simply:
It’s how authors put words
and phrases together.
Syntax helps authors
effectively make their points.

4. One thing Syntax does is
control pacing.
But how does an author do that with
words and sentences?

5. In order to quicken the pace, the author will
use shorter, simpler sentences.
In order to slow down the pace, the author
will use longer, more complex and
convoluted sentences.

6. When analyzing syntax, consider such
questions as:
Are the sentences simple and direct, or complex and
convoluted?
Does the author use repetition or parallel structure for
emphasis?
(Note: Always say what is emphasized and why.)
Are there rhetorical questions in the passage?

7. Arrangement of Ideas – Are ideas set out in a special way for a purpose or effect?
Loose sentence: The main point is at the
beginning
ex. We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent
flight and some exciting experiences.
Periodic sentence: The main point is at the end
(near the period).
ex. That morning, after a turbulent flight and some
exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.

8. Parallel structure: Grammatical or structural
similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence.
It involves an arrangement of words, phrases,
sentences, or paragraphs so that elements of equal
importance are equally developed and similarly
phrased.
Wrong: In the winter, I like skiing and to skate.
Right: In the winter, I like skiing and skating.
Right: In the winter, I like to ski and to skate.
Additional ex. He was the kind of man who knew
what he wanted, who intended to get it, and who
allowed nothing to stand in his way.

9. Natural order sentence: A sentence that follows the
order: Subject – Verb - Object
ex. Oranges grow in California.
Inverted order sentence: a sentence where the
predicate (main verb) comes before the subject.
ex. In California grow oranges.
Slightly inverted sentences may simply move the
object in front of the subject and verb.
ex. In California oranges grow.
An author will vary word order for an effect. It is your job to
decide what effect the author is trying to achieve

10. Sentence Classifications:
Consider the following four basic types in
examining sentence structures
Declarative: Makes a statement
ex. The king is sick.
Imperative: Gives a command
ex. Bow to the king.
Interrogative: Asks a question
ex. What’s the matter with the king?
Exclamatory: Makes an exclamation
ex. The king is dead!

11. Four Basic Structures
Simple sentence: One independent clause*
ex. The singer bowed to her adoring audience.
Compound sentence: Two or more independent clauses
(joined by a comma with a coordinating conjunction—and,
but, for, or, nor, yet, so—or a semicolon)
ex. The singer bowed gratefully to the audience, but
she sang no encores.
ex. The singer bowed gratefully to the audience;
however, she sang no encores.
*An independent clause has a subject and a verb, and can
stand alone because it has a complete thought

12. Complex sentence: One independent clause and one or
more dependent (subordinate) clauses.*
ex. Although the singer bowed gratefully to the
audience, she sang no encores.
Compound-complex sentence: Two or more independent
clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause.
ex. The singer bowed gratefully while the audience
applauded, but she sang no encores.
* A dependent (subordinate) clause has a subject and a verb;
however, it cannot stand alone because it does not have a
complete thought.

13. Always look for the anomalies
–
that is, the things that are
different from regular writing.

14. And remember – syntactically, you create
emphasis by:
Position – Where you put something in the
sentence
Isolation – Setting it off by itself (dash, quotation
marks, parenthesis, etc.)
Repetition – The number of times something is
repeated
Proportion – The size of the idea and how much of
the piece the idea takes up

15. Authors do these things on
purpose.
Do not assume sentences are
composed without the rules of
syntax in mind.

16. So let’s look at a paragraph
by Nancy Mairs-----

17. I am a cripple. I choose this word to name me. I
choose from among several possibilities, the most
common of which are “handicapped” and “disabled.” I
made the choice a number of years ago, without
thinking, unaware of my motives for doing so. Even
now, I’m not sure what those motives are, but I
recognize that they are complex and not entirely
flattering. People – crippled or not – wince at the word
“cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or disabled.”
Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me
as a tough customer, one to whom the
fates/gods/viruses have not been kind, but who can
face the brutal truth of her existence squarely. As a
cripple, I swagger.

18. What’s the first unusual thing
that you notice?
The sentence: I am a cripple.

19. Why does the author use this short
sentence in the first position?
To draw attention to the politically
incorrect word “cripple.”
And why use that diction choice?
To shock, and to show that even
though people don’t call her this to
her face, the word is always present.

20. So what do you notice next?
What else is different?

21. I am a cripple. I choose this word to name me.
I choose from among several possibilities, the most
common of which are “handicapped” and “disabled.” I
made the choice a number of years ago, without
thinking, unaware of my motives for doing so. Even
now, I’m not sure what those motives are, but I
recognize that they are complex and not entirely
flattering. People – crippled or not – wince at the
word “cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or
disabled.” Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them
to see me as a tough customer, one to whom the
fates/gods/viruses have not been kind, but who can
face the brutal truth of her existence squarely. As a
cripple, I swagger.

22. Remember: Isolation and Repetition
The dashes isolate and bring extra attention to the
words “crippled or not” more forcefully than commas
would.
Also, notice the continued repetition of the word
“crippled.”
Perhaps if you confront the word, you will eventually
be able to look at her, the person, not just her, the
cripple.

23. So what do you notice next?
What else is different?

24. I am a cripple. I choose this word to name me. I
choose from among several possibilities, the most common of
which are “handicapped” and “disabled.” I made the choice a
number of years ago, without thinking, unaware of my
motives for doing so. Even now, I’m not sure what those
motives are, but I recognize that they are complex and not
entirely flattering. People – crippled or not – wince at the
word “cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or disabled.”
Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me as a
tough customer, one to whom the fates/gods/viruses have not
been kind, but who can face the brutal truth of her existence
squarely. As a cripple, I swagger.

25. Repetition – harsh word – wince
Why?
Perhaps to show you that you aren’t the
only one who is uncomfortable by
someone who is crippled. She is still a
person – look past the condition to the
person.

26. So what do you notice next?
What else is different?

27. I am a cripple. I choose this word to name me. I
choose from among several possibilities, the most
common of which are “handicapped” and “disabled.” I
made the choice a number of years ago, without
thinking, unaware of my motives for doing so. Even
now, I’m not sure what those motives are, but I
recognize that they are complex and not entirely
flattering. People – crippled or not – wince at the word
“cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or disabled.”
Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me as
a tough customer, one to whom the fates/gods/viruses
have not been kind, but who can face the brutal truth of
her existence squarely. As a cripple, I swagger.

28. Position: fates/gods/viruses
Note the use of slashes (/) to
juxtapose and jam these words right
up next to each other.
The slashes allow the words to have
equal emphasis while “hitting you all
at once.”

29. So what do you notice next?
What else is different?

30. I am a cripple. I choose this word to name me. I
choose from among several possibilities, the most common of
which are “handicapped” and “disabled.” I made the choice a
number of years ago, without thinking, unaware of my
motives for doing so. Even now, I’m not sure what those
motives are, but I recognize that they are complex and not
entirely flattering. People – crippled or not – wince at the
word “cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or disabled.”
Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me as a
tough customer, one to whom the fates/gods/viruses have not
been kind, but who can face the brutal truth of her existence
squarely. As a cripple, I swagger.

31. What did the author do
here?
Position – Last sentence gets more attention
Use of short declarative sentence adds power.
Repetition – “cripple”
Also notice the diction choice of “swagger”

32. Syntax often goes unnoticed
by the reader, but contributes
strongly to the readers
impression of the topic
presented.