This document provides information on alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. It begins by introducing alpha and beta blockers and their classification. It then discusses various alpha blockers including nonselective, selective alpha1, and selective alpha2 blockers. It provides details on individual alpha blockers and their uses and side effects. The document also covers beta blockers, classifying them as nonselective or cardioselective. It provides information on individual beta blockers including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and adverse effects. The document concludes by summarizing the uses and adverse effects of both alpha and beta blockers.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
These are the drugs which antagonize the receptor action of adrenaline and related drugs.
These drugs act by blocking a and/or ß-adrenergic receptors.
α-blockers
PRAZOSIN is a competitive antagonist effective in the management of hypertension. Similar drugs with longer half-lives (e.g. doxazosin, terazosin).
β-blockers
Heart - Decrease heart rate, force of contraction and cardiac output.
Blood Pressure - Decrease in blood pressure (blockage).
Respiratory System – bronchoconstriction.
Eye – Beta-blocking agents reduce intraocular pressure, especially in glaucoma. The mechanism usually reported is decreased aqueous humor production.
Metabolic - Increase LDL and decrease HDL.
Uterus - Relaxation of uterus.
Local anaesthetic - Propranolol has some local anaesthetic action
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Sympatholytics by kahkesha
1. PREPARED BY- KAHKESHA SAMSHAD
M.PHARM 1ST YEAR ( PHARMACOLOGY)
Faculty of pharmacy, Integral University.
Lucknow.
2. INTRODUCTION
These are the drugs which antagonize the receptor action of adrenaline and
related drugs.
They are competitive antagonist at 𝝰 or 𝛃 or both 𝝰 and 𝛃 adrenergic
receptors.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. 𝝰 blocker
2. 𝛃 blocker
3. 𝝰-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
These drugs inhibit adrenergic responses mediated through the 𝝰 adrenergic
receptors without affecting those mediated through 𝛃 receptors.
4. CLASSIFICATION
1. Nonequilibrium type
β-Haloalkylamines – phenoxybenzamine.
2. Equilibrium type (competitive)
A. Nonselective
1. Ergot alkaloid- Ergotamine, Ergotoxine
2. Hydrogenated ergot alkaloid- Dihydro-ergotamine(DHE), Dihydroergotoxine.
3. Imidazoline- Phentolamine.
4. Miscellaneous- Chlorpromazine.
B. 𝝰1 selective- prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Alfuzosin, Tamsulosin.
C. 𝝰2 selective- yohimbine.
5. General effect of 𝝰-blockers
1. BLOOD PRESSURE.
Blockade of 𝝰1 receptor.
Vasodilation.
Decrease in peripheral resistance.
Venous return and cardiac output decrease.
BP falls.
Peripheral pooling of blood.
2. REFLUX TACYCARDIA
occurs due to- Fall in mean arterial BP
Release of NA due to blockade of pre-synaptic 𝝰2 receptor.
3. NASAL STIFFNESS AND MIOSIS
Blockade of 𝝰-receptor in nasal blood vessel and in radial muscles of iris.
6. 4. RENIN RELEASE
Hypotension
Renal blood flow decreases
GFR decreases
Retention of sodium and increase in blood volume.
Complete reabsorption of sodium and water.
5. SMOOTH MUSCLE
Intestinal motility is increased
Loose motion may occur
Tone of smooth muscle in bladder, trigone, sphincter and prostate is reduced by blockade of alpha
receptor.
6. EJACULATION
Impotence
Alpha blocker can inhibit ejaculation.
7. • PHENOXYBENZAMINE
It cyclizes spontaneously in the body giving rise to a highly reactive ethyleniminium intermediate which
reacts with alpha adrenoreceptors and other biomolecules by forming strong covalent bonds. The alpha
blockade is of nonequilibrium(irreversible) type and develops gradually (after i.v injection) and last for 3-
4days till fresh receptors are synthesized.
The fall in BP caused by phenoxybenzamine is mainly postural because venodilation is more prominent
than arteriolar dilation.
It is lipid soluble, penetrates brain and can produce CNS stimulation, nausea, vomiting on rapid i.v.
however oral dose produce depression, tiredness and lethargy.
Major side effects are- postural hypotension, palpitation, nasal blockage, miosis, inhibition of ejaculation.
PHENTOLAMINE
This is rapidly acting Alpha blocker with short duration of action(in minutes).
It equally blocks 𝝰1 and 𝝰2 receptors- NA release is increases.
Veno dilatation predominates over arteriolar dilatation.
Action last for approximately 4 hours after single administration.
Uses as a quick and short acting alpha blocker in-pheochromocytoma, hypertension, benign prostatic
hypertrophy, peripheral vascular disease.
8. PRAZOSIN
Prazosin is the first of a highly selective 𝝰1 blockers having 𝝰1: 𝝰2 selectivity ratio 1000:1. all subtype of 𝝰1
receptors (𝝰1A, 𝝰1B,𝝰1D) blocked equally.
It blocks sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction and produce fall in BP which is attended by only mild
tachycardia, NA release is not increased due to 𝝰2 blockade.
Prazosin dilated arterioles more than veins. Postural hypotension is less marked, occurs especially in the beginning,
which may cause dizziness and fainting as ‘first dose effect’ this can be minimized by starting with low dose and
taking it at bed time.
Prazosin inhibits phosphodiesterase which degrade cAMP. It is effective orally, metabolized in liver, bound to plasma
protein. Plasma t 1/2 is 2hrs.
Uses- antihypertensive, Raynaud’s disease, improves urine flow, reduces residual in urine.
TERAZOSIN
It is chemically and pharmacologically similar to prazosin, differences are higher bioavailability (90%) and longer
plasma t1/2 (12hr), a single dose lowers BP over 24hrs. It is more popular for use in BHP due to single dose and a
probable apoptosis promoting effect on prostate.
ALFUZOSIN.
This short acting (T1/2 3-5hrs) congener of prazosin has been specifically developed for symptomatic treatment of
BHP. It is nonselective for 𝝰1a, 𝝰1B, 𝝰1D subtypes. The metabolism of alfuzosin is inhibited by CYP34A inhibitors. It is
not approved as an antihypertensives.
9. TAMSULOSIN
This is relatively uroselective 𝝰1A/ 𝝰1D blocker has been found as effective as terazosin in
improving BHP symptoms, because 𝛼1𝐴 subtype predominates in the bladder base and
prostate.
Tamsulosin does not cause significant changes in BP or HR at doses which relieve urinary
symptoms, and not used as antihypertensives.
Postural hypotension is infrequent. Dizziness and retrograde ejaculation are the only
significant side effect.
Its plasma T1/2 is 6-9hrs.
YOHIMBINE
It is a alkaloid from the west African plant yohimbehe found as a component of the bark of
the yohimbe tree. a selective competitive 𝝰2 blocker with short duration of action.
Also block 5-HT receptors.
Heart rate and BP gradually elevated due to increased central sympathetic outflow as well as
enhanced peripheral NA release. Other CNS effect include excitation, tremor, ADH release,
nausea, vomiting.
10. USES OF 𝝰 BLOCKERS
Pheochromocytoma- it is a tumor of adrenally medullary cells.
phenoxybenzamine can be used as definitive therapy for inoperable and malignant
pheochromocytoma. Prazosin is alternative.
Hypertension- phenoxybenzamine/ phentolamine are of great value in controlling
episodes of rise in BP during cloinidine withdrawal and cheese reaction in patients with MAO
inhibitors.
Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BHP) –
𝝰 adrenergic blocker(like prazosin) decreases tone of prostatic/bladder neck muscles.
5-𝝰 reductase inhibitor arrest growth reduce size of prostate.
Peripheral vascular disease.
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Secondary shock
Papaverine/phentolamine induced penile erection (PIPE) therapy for impotence.
11. 𝛃- ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION.
Non-selective (𝛃-1 and 𝛃-2)
1. Without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity- propanol, sotalol, timolol.
2. With intrinsic sympathomimetic activity- pindolol
3. with additional 𝝰 blocking property- labetalol, carvedilol.
Cardioselective (𝜷 1)
Metoprolol, Atenolol, Acebutolol,, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Celiprolol, Nebivolol.
PROPANOLOL IS THE PROTOTYPE.
This drug inhibit adrenergic responses mediated through 𝛃 receptors. All are
competitive antagonists.
12. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS.
Propranolol is the 𝜷-adrenergic antagonist and blocks both 𝛃-1 and 𝛃-2 receptors, but has weak activity on 𝛃3 subtype
1.Cardio vascular
Heart: ↓HR, Force of contraction. A-V conduction
Cardiac work and oxygen consumption are reduced.
Propranolol block vasodilatation and fall in BP evoked by isoprenaline and enhance the rise in BP caused
by Adr.
2. Respiratory tract.
Increased bronchial resistance 𝛃-2 blockade.
3. CNS.
Behaviour changes, forgetfulness, increased dreaming and nightmares.
Anti-anxiety effect (peripheral action of propranolol)
4. Metabolic.
Blocks adrenergically mediated lipolysis.
Inhibits glygenolysis in heart, skeletal muscle, liver.
May reduce carbohydrate tolerance (decrease insulin release)
13. 5. Skeletal muscle.
Inhibits adrenergically proved tremor (𝛃2 blockade)
Attenuate exercise capacity.
6. Eye
Reduced secretion of aqueous humor and intra ocular tension.
7. Uterus
Relaxation of uterus in response to isoprenaline and selective 𝛃2 agonist is blocked by propranolol.
DOSE: 10mg BD to 160mg QID oral, 2-5mg I.v parentral.
Pharmacokinetic: Propranolol is well absorbed orally. But has low availability due to first pass
metabolism in liver.
14. SOTALOL
Nonselective 𝛃 blocker with low lipid solubility. It has additional cardiac rectifier k+ channel
blocking and class 3 antiarrhythmic property.
TIMOLOL
It is the 𝛃 blocker preferred for topical use in the eye for glaucoma. Orally it is a potent 𝛃
blocker- has been used in hypertension, angina and prophylaxis of myocardial infarction.
METOPROLOL
It is the prototype of cardio-selective 𝛃1 blockers. Nearly 50 times higher dose is needed to
block isoprenaline induced vasodilatation.
It worsens asthma. Some measures of inverse agonistic activity on 𝛃1 receptors has also
been demonstrated.
It is preferred in diabetics receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemics. Also used orally for
hypertension, angina and CHF, I.V injection in myocardial infarction.
First pass metabolism of metoprolol is less marked than propranolol, but 90% or more is
ultimately hydroxylated by CYP2D6 before excretion.
15. ATENOLOL
It is a relatively selective 𝛃1 blocker having low lipid solubility. It is incompletely absorbed orally,
but first pass metabolism is not significant.
Because of long duration of action, once daily dose is sufficient.
Used in hypertension and angina.
ACEBUTOLOL
It is a cardioselective agent with significant partial agonistic and membrane stabilizing properties.
Effect on resting heart rate is less.
It is rapidly metabolized to an active metabolite diacetolol which is primarily excreted by kidney
and has longer t1/2 (8-12hrs).
BISOPROLOL
A cardioselective 𝛃 blocker lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Suitable for once daily
administration in angina, hypertension and CHF.
16. ESMOLOL
It is ultrashort acting 𝛃1 blocker devoid of partial agonistic or membrane stabilizing actions.
It is inactivated by esterases in blood, plasma t1/2 is < 10min. Action disappears 15-20min
after terminating I.V infusion.
Rapid onset, short lasting fall in BP attends I.V infusion of esmolol.
Used to terminate supraventricular tachycardia, episodic arterial fibrillation or flutter,
arrhythmias during anaesthesia, to reduce HR and BP during and after cardiac surgery and in
early treatment of myocardial infarction.
CELIPROLOL
It is a selective 𝛃1 blocker having additional weak 𝛃2 agonistic activity which reduces
vascular resistance and holds promise of safety in asthamatics.
NEBIVOLOL
this highly selective 𝛃1 blocker also acts as a NO donor, produces vasodilatation and has the
potential to improve endothelial function, which may delay atherosclerosis.
Has rapid onset of action. Used in hypertension and CHF