Sustainable Aviation Cleaner Quieter Smarter

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION
Cleaner Quieter Smarter

Topics Covered
 Environnemental Consideration: Aviation Green
house Gas Emissions
 Energy: Enhancing Energy, Water Use efficiency
and Waste Management in Airports
 LEED and Sustainable Solutions
 Social Aspects

Aviation Green house Gas Emissions
 Outline
 Drivers for Reducing GHG Emissions
 Overview of Airport GHG Emissions
 Methodology for GHG Estimation
 GHG Mitigation Programs
Noe Aurelle

Drivers for Reducing GHG Emissions
 Market Drivers
 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Credits
(REC and EEC)
1 REC = 1 MWh from renewable energy
Noe Aurelle

 Market Drivers
(REC and EEC)
 Cap and Trade Regulations and Carbon Offsets
1 carbon offset = 1T of CO2 avoided
Noe Aurelle

 Market Drivers
(REC and EEC)
 Cap and Trade Regulations and Carbon Offsets
 Non-Market Drivers
 Passenger environmental consciousness
 Energy efficiency and cost savings
Noe Aurelle

Airport Carbon and Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Emissions
 Three different scopes
 Scope 1: Direct emissions from airport-owned or controlled sources
 Scope 2: Indirect emissions from the consumption of purchased energy
 Scope 3: Indirect emissions that the airport does not control (but can
influence)
Noe Aurelle

Methodology for GHG Estimation
 Inventory of Available Data
 Creation of GHG Inventory Database
 Manipulation of Data/Equations
 CI x Uc = ACI , ACI x U = C
 Emissions Comparison
 Identification of Target Areas
Noe Aurelle

GHG Mitigation Programs
 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Programs
 Voluntary Airport Low Emissions (VALE)
Noe Aurelle

 Zero Emissions Vehicle and Infrastructure Pilot (ZEV)
Noe Aurelle

 Zero Emissions Vehicle and Infrastructure Pilot (ZEV)
 Airport Carbon Accreditation
Noe Aurelle

References
 Sustainability Feasibility: A Framework for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Mitigation for Midsized U.S. Airports - Andrew Monsalud ; Denny Ho ; and
Jasenka Rakas, M.ASCE 2012
 Voluntary Airport Low Emission Program Version 7 – US DOT FAA 2010
 U.S. Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Plan - International Civil
Aviation Organization, June 2012
Noe Aurelle

Enhancing Energy, Water Use
efficiency and Waste
Management in Airports
16
Simon Boitard

Outline
 Introduction
 Water Efficiency
 Energy Efficiency and Impacts on the
Atmosphere
 Materials and Resources
 Conclusion
17
Simon Boitard

Introduction
 Growing concerns for sustainability and
environmental considerations
 Compliance with Green regulations
 How to improve energy & natural resource use
efficiency?
3
Simon Boitard

Water Efficiency
 Establish a water use Baseline
 Retroactive Water Efficiency
 Indoor Water Efficiency
Double Eagle II Airport, Albuquerque, NM
19
Simon Boitard

Water Efficiency (cont’d)
 Rain Harvesting for non-irrigation aspects
London Heathrow International Airport, UK
 Water efficient Vehicle Washing
20
Simon Boitard

Energy Efficiency
 Refrigerant Management
 Utility Meter Data
 Retroactive Energy Optimization
Efficient lighting system
Reliable lighting control system
Energy Star Equipment
Boston Logan International Airport
21
Simon Boitard

Energy Efficiency (cont’d)
 Existing Building Comissioning
 On and Off-site Renewable Energy
Boston Logan International Airport
22
Simon Boitard

Material and Resources
 Waste Management
Study on waste practices
Waste reduction and recycling program
San Francisco International Airport
 Materials
Local
Recycled Materials
23
Simon Boitard

Conclusion
 Many practices and products available to
improve energy efficiency of airports
 Most of the time: simple and cheap
 Some airports are drivers in this field
 LEED certification
24
Simon Boitard

LEED USE AT AIRPORTS
VAMSI Kodedala

 Local, national, and international recognition and credibility for innovation in
design and construction and operations and maintenance of Airport facilities.
 Demonstrates concern for sustainability issues to local community
 Attracts business partners and airlines with strong corporate sustainability
commitments
 Fits into organizational sustainability strategy
 It gives an Opportunity to benchmark airport projects against each other
analysis
TYPES OF AIRPORT PROJECTS THAT MOST OFTEN PURSUE LEED:
• General aviation terminals
• FAA(Federal Aviation Authority) airport traffic control towers
• Terminal redevelopment programs
WHY AIRPORTS PURSUE LEED:
Airport Pavement
Management Program. (n.d)
VAMSI Kodedala

COMPLEXITIES AND THE INTERFACE WITH LEED
 Multiple entities with ownership of different parts of a project
 Multiple LEED certifications across one project
 Environmental regulatory process, record of decision requirements, and community
expectations
 Climate adaptation and flood risk interface with LEED certification; LEED currently does not
adequately cover climate adaptation approaches
 Specialized building types/configurations that do not exactly fit with LEED: hangars, cargo
handling facilities, parking structures
 Inherent location of airports outside the urban core leads to connectivity disadvantages,
landscape/wildlife issues, and storm water restrictions
 Multiple teams applying LEED to different projects/different parts of a project, leading to an
inconsistent approach in gathering and analyzing sustainability data
THESE OBSERVATIONS OF LEED LIMITATIONS APPLY TO LEED VERSIONS 2.2 AND 2009; LEED
CATEGORIES ARE REFERENCED AS CREDITS OR CREDIT REQUIREMENTS.
CMAA Hangar/Office
Building. (n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

LEED FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (BD&C) AT
AIRPORTS
 Categories that are considered:
 Sustainable sites
 Development density
 Bicycle connectivity
 Open space
 Pavement
 Lighting/Landscaping/shade requirements
 Energy and Atmosphere
 Materials and resources
 Indoor Air Quality
CMAA FBO Terminal
Building. (n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

LEED FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS AT AIRPORTS
 Tenant Control
 Energy Performance Prerequisite and Process Loads
LEED CAMPUS APPROACH AT AIRPORTS:
 The campus interface within LEED online v2.2 - 4 would make it very difficult if not
impossible for multiple entities to pursue individual building
 This would be particularly problematic if competing entities were constructing similar
projects within one campus.
 The campus approach is a novel and potentially useful approach for airports if
implemented in a way that preserves individual project confidentiality and anonymity
The airport industry got an opportunity to engage with the USGBC to hopefully address at
least some of the barriers listed above and promote even more widespread adoption of the
rating system across airports
 Sustainable Airports Workgroup (SAW)was working with the mission to promote continuous
sustainability improvements at airports
CMAA FBO Terminal
Building. (n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

CHATTANOOGA AIRPORT’S NEW CORPORATE FLIGHT
CENTER IS FIRST AVIATION TERMINAL IN THE WORLD TO BE
LEED PLATINUM CERTIFIED
 The Chattanooga Airport’s new energy-efficient 9,000 square foot corporate flight
center (FBO) terminal facility was recently awarded platinum certification for the
U.S. Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design(LEED®) green building certification program.
 Some of the features:
 Building Materials – minimum of 26% recycled content
 Ceilings and Millwork – bamboo (rapidly renewable resource)
 Counters – 80% recycled content
 Construction Waste – 95% recycled
 Flooring – recycled carpet and tile
 HVAC – high efficiency units
 Low Flow Fixtures – water savings
 Energy cost savings – 52% of standard code
Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport.
(n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CARD
VAMSI Kodedala

The aircraft hangar on the West Side Aviation Campus-
LEED GOLD CERTIFICATION
 The aircraft hangar co-located on the West Side Aviation Campus was also certified by
the U.S. Green Building Council as a LEED gold facility. The hangar also contains
numerous sustainable features, including:
 All steel beams in the structure and the sheeting contain recycled materials
 95% of all construction waste was recycled
 Contains a high energy efficiency infrared system
 Unique day lighting structure with windows in the hangar facility
CMAA Hangar/Office
Building. (n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

CHATTANOOGA AIRPORT’S SOLAR FARM
 The solar farm is located on the southwest corner of the airfield, in an 4.5-
acre area unusable for aviation purposes. project launched in 2011
 Phase I, a one megawatt solar farm, consists of 3,948 solar panels with 60
cells each, generating 255 watts per panel
 Phase II, a 1.1 megawatt solar farm, added 3,542 panels with 72 cells each,
generating 310 watts per panel
 The two phases together produce approximately 85 percent of the airport's
energy needs.
CMAA Hangar/Office
Building. (n.d.).
VAMSI Kodedala

GRAPH SHOWING AMOUNT OF ENERGY GENERATED
VAMSI Kodedala

INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES AND SOLUTIONS FOR
AVIATION
 Improving fuel efficiency through Air Traffic Management
 Optimizing Flight and Fight paths
 Integrating ATM Airborne Technologies
Sustainable Aviation Technology Directions
to Enable a Better World-Allen Adler. N.d
VAMSI Kodedala

DEVELOPING TECHNIQUES
 Researching next generation materials
 Example: Next generation composites
 Result: Reduces weight, which reduces fuel use and emissions
 Designing aerodynamic improvements
 Example: Advanced wing design, raked wing tip
 Result: Reduces drag which reduces fuel use and emissions
 Researching improved propulsion systems
 Example: Integrating new, more efficient engines
 Result: Reduces fuel consumption and emissions and lowers noise
 Researching less energy-intensive electric systems
 Example: Reducing pneumatic systems
 Result: Improving electrical efficiency improves fuel efficiency
Sustainable Aviation Technology Directions to
Enable a Better World-Allen Adler. N.d
VAMSI Kodedala

CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES RECYCLING
VAMSI Kodedala

Alternative Energy
 Use of Solar cells: For alternate use as electricity
 Fuel cells :
 No hazardous emissions; less noise
 Potential use for secondary aircraft power systems
 Boeing's Sustainable biofuel strategy
 600+ million gallons per year of bio content
 5–10 feedstock and fuel production projects
Sustainable Aviation Technology
Directions to Enable a Better World-
Allen Adler. N.d
VAMSI Kodedala

QUIETER AND EFFICIENT BOEING’S FLIGHTS
787 DREAMLINER
The 787 designed to deliver:
 20%* Reduction in fuel and CO2
 28% Below 2008 industry limits for NOx
 60%* Smaller noise footprint
787-8 DREAMLINER
The 747-8 designed to deliver:
 Double digit reduction in fuel and CO2
 28% Below 2008 industry limits for NOx
 30%* Smaller noise footprint
737 MAX
The 737 MAX designed to deliver:
 13* Reduction in fuel and CO2
 Exceeds IACO Chapter 4 noise standards
VAMSI Kodedala

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL COLLABERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES IN AVAIATION
VAMSI Kodedala

Social
Impacts and Sustainable Solutions in Aviation
Akshaykumar

Outline
 Social Impacts
 Uniform Act
 Case Study: France Airport – The Controversy
 Sustainable Planning of Airports
 Conclusion – The Ultimate Goal
Akshaykumar

Positive Impacts: Social benefits
 Aviation broadens people’s leisure and cultural experiences via wide choice/affordable access to
destinations across the globe
 Improves living standards and alleviates poverty through tourism
 Often serves as the only means of transportation to remote areas promoting social inclusion
 Contributes to sustainable development by:
 Facilitating tourism and trade
 Generating economic growth
 Creating jobs
 Increasing tax revenues
 Facilitates the delivery of emergency and humanitarian aid relief
 Swift delivery of medical supplies, organs for transplantation
Akshaykumar

Air transport supports
8.3 million jobs
and $7 billion in GDP
in North America
Akshaykumar
AVIATION
BENEFITS
BEYOND
BORDERS

Negative Impact:
 Community Impact : Compensation for resettlement, in
the communities affected by aviation.
 Relocation of housing units and/or businesses;
 Disruption of established communities;
 Disruption of orderly, planned development; and
 Property value change : The study found a decrease in
property values linked to the dBA increase in noise level.
 Eg: Aviation impacts and property values in the
case of Thailand's Suvarnabhumi Airport for
application to the possible improvement of
compensation.
 ENHANCE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
 WebTrak is a proven solution, implemented at over
30 airports. WebTrak enables airports to:
 engage positively with the local community;
 demonstrate awareness of its environmental
impact;
 build community trust; ultimately resulting in
a happier community
Level of aviation impacts to respondents after Suvarnabhumi Airport operational
phase. X axis implies impact factors affected to respondents after Suvarnabhumi
operational phase. Y axis implies level of each impact factor affected to respondents
after Suvarnabhumi operational phase. Source: Analyzed from survey results after
Suvarnabhumi Airport operational phase, 2009.
Akshaykumar

Uniform Act
 The Federal Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition
Policies Act of 1970 (the Uniform Act) and the implementing regulations (49
CFR Part 24), also provide for the fair relocation of homeowners and business
owners impacted by an airport development project.
 The FAA Advisory Circular, Land Acquisition and Relocation Assistance for
Airport Improvement Program Assisted Projects (Advisory Circular 150/5100-
17) provides land acquisition and relocation guidance for airport sponsors in
accordance with the Uniform Act and the 49 CFR Part 24.
Akshaykumar

Threats To Wildlife
And Farmland:
Akshaykumar

“Miracle on the Hudson.”
In this file photo from Jan. 15, 2009, airline passengers wait to be rescued on the wings of a US Airways Airbus
320 jetliner that safely ditched in the frigid waters of the Hudson River in New York, after a flock of Canada
geese knocked out both its engines.
Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After
US Airways Flight 1549
Airbus A320‐214, N106US
Weehawken, New Jersey
January 15, 2009
FAA Wildlife Strike Database:
The FAA Wildlife Strike Database contains records of
reported wildlife strikes since 1990.
Strike reporting is voluntary.
Therefore, this database only represents
the information we have received from airlines,
airports, pilots, and other source
Akshaykumar

FAA Wildlife Strike Database Gallery
Akshaykumar

 Bird Strike Committee USA (BSC USA) is a volunteer organization whose mission is
to promote wildlife strike awareness and reporting, with the fundamental goal of
mitigating wildlife hazards to aviation. BSC USA holds an annual conference where
information is exchanged through presentations, exhibitors and networking, and is
an active participant at other aviation meetings in the USA and globally.
 Bird and other wildlife strikes to aircraft are estimated to cause over $900 million
in damage to U.S. civil and military aviation annually. Furthermore, these strikes
put the lives of aircraft crew members and their passengers at risk: over 250
 The Federal Aviation Administration provides both regulatory safety standards and
guidance for mitigating wildlife hazards that relate to aviation safety.
 CFR 139.337 – Wildlife Hazard Management
Akshaykumar

FAA - Aggressive Research Program
 The goal of the program is to mitigate wildlife strikes with aircraft by providing
practical solutions as well as timely, critical information to pilots and airport managers.
 The critical information will consist of:
 Specific information regarding land use, wildlife detection methods and wildlife
management techniques that can be readily used by airport managers,
 GIS-based information systems that will integrate various elements such as
migratory paths, land use configuration, and real-time detection of wildlife. Such
tools are envisioned to be accessible via the Internet by pilots and airport
managers to assess wildlife strike risks at any time of the year.
 The research work can be categorized into the following areas:
 Habitat Management
 Detection Methods
 Wildlife Control Techniques
 Systems Integration
Akshaykumar

Case Study:
Project - New Notre-Dame-Des-Landes Airport, France
 PROJECT START: 1965
 PROJECT TYPE: New airport
 LOCATION: Nantes, France
 ESTIMATED INVESTMENT: €580m
 COMPLETION: IN PROGRESS (construction due
to begin in 2012)
 SPONSOR: Aeroport Grandouest, Ministry for
ecology and sustainable development, Conseil
d’Etat, Chambre de commerce et d'industrie
de Nantes
 CONTRACTORS: ADPI, Aéroports de Paris
Akshaykumar
The takeover of 2,000 hectares (ha) of agricultural
land for this project demonstrates one of the ways
in which large corporations are currently both
seizing physical land and also the power over how it
is used.
This takeover, which is achieved through a revolving-
door configuration between government and
corporations, embodies the problem of arable lands
being diverted to industrial and urban uses.

Case Study:
Project - New Notre-Dame-Des-Landes Airport, France
 The plan to build the Grand Ouest airport north
of the city of Nantes have been going on for
more than 40 years.
 First designed in 1967, the project has been
the subject of debate ever since.
 The issue took a new turn in 2008 with the
granting of building permission, and in 2011,
with the publicity surrounding farmers
squatting on the land in protest.
 Local farmers and activists have been united in
the resistance against this outdated airport
project
 ADECA (l’Association de Défense des
Exploitants Concernés par l’Aéroport)
 The citizens’ initiative, ACIPA (Association
Citoyenne Intercommunale des
Populations concernées par le projet
d’Aéroport de Notre Dame des Landes),7
created in 2000
Akshaykumar

Last-ditch attempt to prevent construction
 Thousands of demonstrators gathered at
the site of a controversial planned
airport in western France in a last-ditch
attempt to prevent construction.
 Protesters, who have been camped out
in the so-called ZAD (acronym for “Zone
to Defend) at Notre-Dame-des-Landes
near the city of Nantes are determined
not to let the bulldozers move in.
 Planting wooden stakes in the ground to
the chants of “stakes not planes”,
organizers said more than 40,000
protesters (12,800 according to the
police) had pledged not to back down.
Akshaykumar

Sustainable Planning of Airports:
Akshaykumar

Conclusion :
 Aviation is a fast growing sector of the economy. It is associated with a number of social and economic benefits and a range
of environmentally damaging consequences.
 It is also associated with a significant and growing contribution to the global inventory of greenhouse gases which are thought
to be implicated in climate change.
 The development of demand management in aviation should be associated with a full package of measures:
 An environmental charge based on emissions
 The ending of all subsidies and tax exemptions
 More stringent noise and emission standards for aircraft and for geographical areas around airports
 More research and best practice guidance on substitution
 Better levels of local environmental data and environmental monitoring to inform local populations about air and noise
quality
 These measures should be introduced in an incremental fashion to give the industry and consumers time to adjust to the
changes. Incrementalism is already built into the environmental charge but will need development in the area of standards.
 Following the Federal and State laws and Regional and Local codes and ordinances have established mandatory sustainability
requirements for planning, design and construction projects.
Akshaykumar

Reference:
 ACEMAV–BIOTOPE (2002) Expertise écologique dans le cadre du projet d’aéroport Notre-
Dame-des-Landes.
 DDE de Loire-Atlantique, rendu définitif septembre 2002.
 Collectif SUDAV (2011) ‘le greenwashing metropolitain’, in C’est quoi c’tarmac? Projet
d’aéroport au nord de
 Nantes : Profits, mensonges et résistances. Paris: No Pasaran.
 Kempf, H. (2012) ‘Notre-Fric-des Landes’, Le Monde, 4 November.
 La Via Campesina (2012) ‘The Land belongs to those who cultivate it’, Rome, April. Available
at: http://
 viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27?start=63/.
 Ody, M. and Dreyer, N. (2012) ‘L’appel de deux jeunes paysans à tout ce qui a un nom dans
le «mouvement
 social»’, October. Available at : http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/liliane-guillerm/241012/
 lappel-de-deux-jeunes-paysans-tout-ce-qui-un-nom-dans-le-mouvement/.
Akshaykumar

Thank You
Sustainable Aviation Symposium 2017

Sustainable Aviation Cleaner Quieter Smarter

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