Sushmita RM Research Paper (FINAL)

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“ FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTE SMOKING
HABIT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS ”
Submitted By:-
SUSHMITA TRIPATHI
MSW 1st
Semester
Under the Guidance of
Dr. AMBALIKA SINHA
Associate Professor and Head of the Department
DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ALLAHABAD

SUSHMITA TRIPATHI (M.S.W. MNNIT) Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance from many
people and I am extremely fortunate that I have received all this along the completion of
my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance.
I respect and thank my project guide Dr. AMBALIKA SINHA for giving me an
opportunity to do the project work and provided all support and guidance which made me
complete the project.
I am extremely grateful to her for providing such a nice support and guidance.
I would not forget to mention the name of my batch mates and my senior research
scholar who guided me well in my project by providing all the necessary information for
developing a good system.
THANKING YOU
SUSHMITA TRIPATHI
Reg. No. 2016MW01
MSW 1st
SEM

INDEX
SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1.
Abstract 4
2. Introduction 5-9
3.
Review of Literature 10-13
4. Research Methodology 14-15
5.
Data Analysis and Interpretation 16-20
6. Results and Findings 21
7. Recommendation, Conclusion and
Limitation
22-23
8. References 24-25
9. Annexure 26-27

1. ABSTRACT
Cigarette Smoking has always been a burning issue about leaving a negative
impact on the society. Despite reductions in rates of cigarette smoking in recent
years, smoking remains an important public health concern. Cigarette smoking is
the leading cause of death worldwide. It is dangerous to health and well being of
not only the smoker but also the people around.
For this reason, it is necessary to study what causes people to smoke. The purpose
of this study was to represent a wide spectrum of approaches to understand the
risks and benefits (if any) of smoking. Previous research shows that factors
including risk perception, peer behaviour, and participation in other risky
behaviours correlate significantly with college students’ smoking.
This study aimed to describe cigarette-smoking behaviour among students at
MNNIT Allahabad by issuing a questionnaire. Current cigarette smokers were
defined as those students who currently smoke every day or on an almost regular
basis. Survey questions examined basic demographics and smoking history,
student perception of smoking-related health risks, and use of other products.
Relationship between smoking, peer smoking, alcohol consumption practices, and
stress level were analyzed and compared, wherever possible, with available data.
These researches findings can help in shaping the effort of communities to reduce
the negative consequences of cigarette smoking, assist health practitioners in
suggesting consumers and help individuals make well informed and aware about
decisions about smoking. Cigarette is toxic, with psychoactive properties and the
capability to cause dependence among consumers along with a variety of other
health conditions. Hence, the research is to analyse that what are the major effects
of the cigarette smoking on the society and as well as the consumers itself.

2. INTRODUCTION
Cigarette is a toxic substance and the leading cause of death worldwide. It is
dangerous to health and well being of those who smoke, and by extension, the
lives of those who live around them.
Hence, the research is to analyzed that what are the major effects of smoking on
the society as well as the consumer itself.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world
[1]. Cigarette use claims worldwide 5.4 million lives each year and globally during
the past 2 decades cigarette production has increased at an average of 2.2% per
year [2].
2.1 Smoking
Definition of Smoking
Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning cigarette encased in cigarettes,
pipes, and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of smoking only occasionally, usually
in a social situation or to relieve stress. A smoking habit is a physical addiction to
cigarette products. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a
psychological addiction, too, and one with serious health consequences.

Causes and symptoms
No one starts smoking to become addicted to nicotine. It isn't known how much
nicotine may be consumed before the body becomes addicted. However, once
smoking becomes a habit, the smoker faces a lifetime of health risks associated
with one of the strongest addictions known to man.
About 70% of smokers in India would like to quit; in any given year, however,
only about 3.6% of the country's smokers quit successfully.
Although specific genes have not yet been identified as of 2003, researchers think
that genetic factors contribute substantially to developing a smoking habit. Several
twin studies have proved the heritability for smoking. It is thought that some
genetic variations affect the speed of nicotine metabolism in the body and the
activity level of nicotinic receptors in the brain.
Effects on Health
Cigarette smoke contains a number of harmful substances, including poisons such
as Nicotine, various irritants, and carcinogenic compounds. Because cigarette
smokers usually inhale this smoke, they are much more subject to its harmful
effects than pipe and cigar smokers, who generally do not inhale. In pipe and cigar
smoking, however, there is some danger to the heart because of the nicotine that is
absorbed by the mouth.
There is also the possibility of cancer of the lips, tongue, and mouth. Statistically,
there is no question that non-smokers are far less subject to the diseases that affect
smokers. Passive smoke, that inhaled by individuals in close proximity to smokers,
can also cause respiratory problems.
Among the respiratory diseases closely related to cigarette smoking are lung
cancer, cancer of the larynx, chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema. Coronary artery
disease and hypertensive heart disease are also closely related to smoking, as are
Peptic Ulcers, Beurger’s Disease and Bladder Cancer. Still other diseases are
thought to be linked with smoking. The risk of incurring any of these diseases
increases with the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the length of each cigarette
consumed, and the length of time the smoking habit has persisted. In general,
heavy smokers as a group die younger than do non-smokers [10].

The negative health consequences of smoking are considerable and include cancers
of the lung and other organs, chronic lung disease, stroke and other cardiovascular
disease [4-6]. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to spontaneous abortions, low
birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome [7]. Involuntary exposure to
cigarette smoke also leads to serious health effects [8,9].
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases
and reduces the health of smokers in general [10,11]
Psychological Consequences and Cognitive Effects
While the physical health effects of smoking are well known, the psychological
effects are rarely discussed. As nicotine addiction is as much psychological in
nature as it is physical, this seems short-sighted, especially considering the fact
that the psychological addiction is generally much more difficult to overcome.
In large part, the psychological effects of smoking are directly linked to how
nicotine physically affects the brain.

Early cigarette use can cause improvement in reaction and processing times
because nicotine is a psychomotor stimulant. Even though this improved skill does
not last long, smokers notice it enough to continue to claim the enhancement from
cigarettes.
Smokers also claim that cigarettes are mood enhancing or have a calming effect.
There is research that shows smoking may indeed have a calming, rather than a
stimulating effect depending on the amount of nicotine in the bloodstream. In fact,
it has been shown that smokers alter the way they smoke (for example, longer or
shorter puffs) to achieve the desired effect.
It has also been shown that the impression of mood change can be due to short
term nicotine withdrawal. Such withdrawal can be happen any time a smoker goes
without cigarettes longer than they are used to, such as when they sleep. Thus, the
first cigarette of the day stops the withdrawal symptoms, thereby causing the
smoker to feel calmer.
The feelings of euphoria and calm coupled with the perceptions of performance
enhancement are at the root of psychological addiction to cigarettes. When a
person tries to quit smoking, the physical addiction is usually overcome within
fourteen days. However, the psychological desire for cigarettes can last for years,
and is especially prevalent in situations where reaching for a cigarette was
previously the normal reaction.
This is because smokers often see cigarettes as a cure all. When under stress,
inhalation of nicotine would enable the smoker to feel calm. When tired, cigarettes
would act as a stimulant to wake the smoker up. When a smoker was bored, they
would light up a cigarette as well. This attitude that smoking fixes everything
makes times of mental distress very difficult on the person trying to quit.
In addition, these people are faced with attempting to do things without the ritual
of lighting up. Human beings like rituals and order. Our brains are wired in such a
manner that we tend to do things in the same way all the time. When a step of that
process is removed, people tend to get confused and have difficulty
performing the task. When a smoker quits smoking, this problem occurs every
time they try to do something where they would have normally lit a cigarette, from
getting ready in the morning to winding down at night.
Because of the combined effect of these psychological factors, smokers who try to
quit often find that even after they have overcome the physical addiction they still
need help. Many people turn to acupuncture, hypnotherapy, or support groups for
assistance in dealing with the psychological dependency for cigarettes that could
very well plague them for life.

Effects on Society
Smoking has adverse effects on the society. Most of the people learn to smoke
influenced by others. Hence smokers are existing as a bad example and misleading
the younger generation. Sometimes smoking ban also creates clashes between the
public and the smoker when he/she smokes in the banned area.
Smoking is less socially acceptable now than ever. Today, almost all workplaces
have some type of smoking rules. Some employers even prefer to hire non-
smokers.
Studies show smoking employees cost businesses more because they are out sick
more. Employees who are ill more often than others can raise an employer's need
for costly short term replacement workers. They can increase insurance costs both
for other employees and for the employer, who often pays part of the workers'
insurance premiums. Smokers in a building also can increase the maintenance
costs of keeping odours down, since residue from cigarette smoke clings to
carpets, drapes, and other fabrics.
Landlords may choose not to rent to smokers since maintenance costs and
insurance rates may rise when smokers live in buildings. Friends may ask you not
to smoke in their homes or cars. Public buildings, concerts, and even sporting
events are largely smoke free. And more and more communities are restricting
smoking in all public places, including restaurants and bars. Like it or not, finding
a place to smoke can be a hassle. Smokers may also find their prospects for dating
or romantic involvement, including marriage, are largely limited to other smokers,
who make up less than 21% of the adult population.

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Al-Zahrani and Farsi (2007) documented that both parental and peer smoking
were important predictors of smoking. Living away from parents may subject the
students to a higher degree of peer influences compared to those living with
parents.
Koushki and Bustan (2006) reported the Theory of Triadic Influence stipulates
that factors from three different levels of contacts can influence youth smoking
onset: individual characteristics (Eg. age and gender), characteristics in the
immediate social environment surrounding youth (eg friends and family members)
and characteristics in the broader social environment surrounding youth (eg school
community).
Pednekar et al. in their study found that the incidence of oral cancers was 42%
higher among bidii smokers as compared with cigarette smokers.[15] Smokeless
cigarette use was associated with cancers of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx, digestive,
respiratory and intrathoracic organs. A study in North India showed a significant
association of chewing cigarette and oral cancer with direct relation between
quantity and duration of use.[16] India has one of the highest rates of oral cancer in
the world, with over 50% attributable to smokeless cigarette use.[17]
 The Indian government implemented the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco
Products Act (COTPA) in 2003 and ratified the WHO’s Framework
Convention on Cigarette Control in 2004 [23], as well as the Cable
Television Networks(Amendment) Act 2000 prohibiting cigarette advertising
in all state-controlled electronic media and publications, including cable
television.[24,25] Further, the Government has also included cigarette control
in the priorities of the ongoing National Rural Health Mission.[26]
Despite these programmes, the major challenge to success is effective
implementation of the provisions of COTPA, especially in enforcement of bans on
smoking in public places (which are known to raise cessation rates).[1,24] Most
importantly, these trends in smoking reflect the lack of substantial increases in
cigarette excise taxes, which have not kept up with the increased affordability of
cigarettes and bidis.[10]

W.H.O. Statistics about Cigarette Smoking in India

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 AIM OF THE RESEARCH
The assigned task was to conduct a survey on student’s personality in order to determine
the importance of ethics and values. The research is concerned with the systematic and
objective collection, analysis and evaluation of information about specific aspects related
to values and ethics.
The target of the research project was to spread awareness among people and
youth regarding the harmful effects of consuming alcohol from the perspective of
health as well as the family relations. The alcoholism have a great impact on the
society as well as on the juveniles’ and hence on their future, directly or indirectly.
Cigarette is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties that
has been widely used in many cultures for centuries. The harmful use of cigaratte
causes a large disease, social and economic burden in society.
4.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the study are as follows:
A. This study has been carried out in order to know the relation between the
psychological and societal pressures, and smoking.
B. In order to know that in what way ethics and values can be used to
enhance the personality of an individual.
C. In order to know the smoking and its impacts on the society.
4.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A. There is a significant effect of psychological stress on smoking.
B. There is a significant effect of societal pressure on smoking.

4.4 TYPE OF DATA USED
The type of data that has been collected is the primary data and this is the first
hand data that is been collected. The method used for the collection of data is
―questionnaire method‖. The questionnaire is a structured one and the words used.
2
VARIABLES OF THE STUDY
Independent variables Dependent Variables
Psychological Stress
Stress
Depression
Anger
Cigarette Smoking
Societal Pressure
Peer pressure
Unsuccessful Relationship
Family environment
Status Symbol
Psychological Pressure
Stress
Depression
Anger
Societal Pressure
Peer pressure
Unsuccessful Relationship
Family environment
Status Symbol
Cigarette Smoking
Society

5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The type of data that has been collected is the primary and secondary sources. The
method used for the collection of primary data is ―questionary method‖. The
secondary data is taken from the report of World Health Organisation (WHO).
SPSS v.24 has been used for data analysis.
Graphical Representation of the Demographic Data :
Interpretation: Out of the total sample of 30, about 70% people have smoked a
cigarette at least once in their life.

Interpretation: Out of the total of 30, Male were found to be more alcoholic as
compared to Female.
Interpretation: Out of the above four age groups i.e. 18-21, 22-25, 26-30, 31-35
years, the age group of 22-25 yrs. was found to be more frequent smokers.

Interpretation: Out of the total of 30, half of the students smoked for the first
time when they were 18-21 yrs. in age.
Interpretation: Out of the total of 30, majority of smokers were from the middle
class families, followed by the higher class fellows.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
H1: There is a significant correlation between Psychological Stress
and Cigarette Smoking.
Interpretation
The correlation value is .853. The positive value shows that there is direct
relationship between the psychological stress and cigarette smoking, i.e. when
psychological stress increases the cigarette smoking level also increases. As the
value is closer to 1, this means that the relationship between the variables is very
strong. Hence the alternate hypothesis is accepted.
H2: There is a significant correlation between Societal Pressure
Interpretation
relationship between the societal pressure and cigarette smoking, i.e. when societal
pressure increases the cigarette smoking level also increases. As the value is closer
to 1, this means that the relationship between the variables is very strong. Hence
the alternate hypothesis is accepted.

H3: There is a significant correlation between cigarette smoking
and its effects on society.
Interpretation
relationship between cigarette smoking and its effects on society, i.e. when
smoking increases, its effects on society also increases. As the value is closer to 1,
this means that the relationship between the variables is very strong. Hence the
alternate hypothesis is accepted.

6. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
H1: There is a significant correlation between Psychological Stress
Interpretation
relationship between the psychological stress and cigarette smoking, i.e.
when psychological stress increases the cigarette smoking level also
increases. As the value is closer to 1, this means that the relationship
between the variables is very strong. Hence the alternate hypothesis is
accepted.
H2: There is a significant correlation between Societal Pressure and
Cigarette Smoking.
Interpretation
relationship between the societal pressure and cigarette smoking, i.e. when
societal pressure increases the cigarette smoking level also increases. As
the value is closer to 1, this means that the relationship between the
variables is very strong. Hence the alternate hypothesis is accepted.
H3: There is a significant correlation between cigarette smoking and
its effects on society.
Interpretation
relationship between cigarette smoking and its effects on society, i.e. when
smoking increases, its effects on society also increases. As the value is
closer to 1, this means that the relationship between the variables is very
strong. Hence the alternate hypothesis is accepted.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS, CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION
The recommendations are particularly relevant to people who are highly dependent
on nicotine and groups where smoking prevalence is higher than average.
Examples include: people with mental illness, people from lower socioeconomic
groups and people from lesbian, gay and bisexual and trans-gendered groups. They
are also relevant to people who are less likely to use services focusing on abrupt
cessation.
Who should take action?
 National, sub-national and local organisations responsible for public health
and tackling cigarette use.
Some of the Government Organisations working for prevention on
cigarette smoking :
1. The National Organisation for Cigarette Eradication (NOTE) is
an Indian federation of 20 non-governmental organisations that was
founded during a meeting in Goa in 1992.
2. Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) is a campaigning public health
charity that works to eliminate the harm caused by cigarette.
3. Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) : The FCA is an alliance made up
of more than 350 organizations from more than 100 countries working on
the development, ratification, and implementation of the international
treaty, the Framework Convention on Cigarette Control (FCTC).
What action should they take?
 Raise public awareness of the harm caused by smoking and second hand
smoke. Provide information on how people who smoke can reduce the risk of
illness and death (to themselves and others) by using one or more licensed
nicotine-containing products. Explain that they could be used as a partial or
complete substitute for cigarette, either temporarily or in the long-term.
 Provide this information in a range of formats and languages for different
target groups.

Major Conclusions
1. Given their developmental stage, adolescents and young adults are
uniquely susceptible to social and environmental influences to use
cigarette. Prevention efforts must focus on both adolescents and young
adults because among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first
use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age (75%), with 99% of first use by
26 years of age.
2. The evidence is suggestive that cigarette use is a heritable trait, more so for
regular use than for onset. The expression of genetic risk for smoking
among young people may be moderated by small-group and larger social-
environmental factors. Overall, Cigarette smoking by youth and young
adults has immediate adverse health consequences, including addiction,
and accelerates the development of chronic diseases across the full life
course.
3. Advertising and promotional activities by cigarette companies have been
shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents
and young adults.
4. After years of steady progress, declines in the use of cigarette by youth and
young adults have slowed for cigarette smoking and stalled for smokeless
cigarette use.
5. Coordinated, multi-component interventions that combine mass media
campaigns, price increases including those that result from tax increases,
school-based policies and programs, and state-wide or community-wide
changes in smoke-free policies and norms are effective in reducing the
initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and young
adults.
6. The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship
between peer group social influences and the initiation and maintenance of
smoking behaviors during adolescence.
Limitations
1. People were not giving answers more relatively as they were uncomfortable
in sharing their smoking related facts.
2. Due to constraint of time, the study was limited to Allahabad city only.

8. REFERENCES
[1]. World Health Organization: The facts about smoking and health, 2006.
[2]. World Health Organization: WHO Report on the Global Cigarette
Epidemic. The MPOWER package. Geneva, 2008.
[3]. The World Bank: Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics
of Cigarette Control. Washington, D.C. : The World Bank; 1999.
[4]. Doll R. Fifty years of research on cigarette. J Epidemiol Biostat 2000;
5:321-329.
[5]. Viegi G, Scognamiglio A, Baldacci S, Pistelli F, Carrozzi L.
Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Respiration 2001; 68:4-19.
[6]. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cigarette smoke and
involuntary smoking. Lyon: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Agency for Research on
Cancer, World Health Organization, 2004.
[7]. DiFranza JR, Lew RA. Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy
complications and sudden infant death syndrome. J Fam Pract 1995;
40:385-394.
[8]. Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum: Passivrauchen - ein unterschätztes
Gesund-heitsrisiko. Heidelberg,2005.
[9]. US Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences
of Involuntary Exposure to Cigarette Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon
General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center
for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2006.
[10]. Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, Gupta P, Straif K. Smokeless cigarette and
cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:667–75.
[11]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences
of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General.
Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014
[accessed 2015 Dec 11].
[12]. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Cigarette
Epidemic, 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011 [accessed 2015
Dec 11]. (http://www.who.int/cigarette/global_report/2011/en/index.html)
[13]. Morbidity and Health Care. Vol. 1. Mumbai: IIPS; 2007. International
Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2007.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India; pp. 426–8.
[14]. Reddy KS, Gupta PC, editors. Report on Cigarette Control in India (New
Delhi, India) New Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare;
2004.)
[15]. Pednekar MS, Gupta PC, Yeole BB, Hébert JR. Association of cigarette
habits, including bidi smoking, with overall and site-specific cancer
incidence: Results from the Mumbai cohort study. Cancer Causes
Control. 2011; 22:859–68.
[16]. Goud ML, Mohapatra SC, Mohapatra P, Gaur SD, Pant GC, Knanna MN.
Epidemiological Correlates between Consumption of Indian Chewing
Cigarette and Oral Cancer. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990;6(2):219–22.

9.ANNEXURE
Questionnaire
“Factors influencing Cigarette
Smoking Among Students”
Dear Respondent,
I am a student of Masters in Social Work of Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad U.P. and working on my research project. This
survey is a part of my research project work and your response will be an
important contribution to this academic endeavour. It will be strictly used for
academic purpose and information given by you will be kept confidential.
1. Name ...................................... (Optional) City ...................................
2. Gender Male Female
3. Age 18-21 22-25 26-30 31-35 36 and above
4. Education Under
Graduate
Graduate Post
Graduate
5. Last College MNNIT Other
6. Annual Parental
Income
Less than 3
lakhs
3-6 lakhs 5-10 Lakhs 10 Lakhs and
above
07. You have ever smoked a cigarette.?
Yes……….. No………….
If your answer to the above question is yes only then answer the questions
given below:
08. The age at which you smoked for the first time. (in years)
15-20………….. 21-25…………. 26-30………….
31-35………….. 36 and above .................

Please rate the following statements on the scale of 1 to 5 by encircling your
choice:
1 2 3 4 5
Extremely
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Extremely
Agree
Sl.
No. Questions Response
9. Peer pressure is the reason behind your cigarette smoking. 1 2 3 4 5
10. Internal drive/addiction is the reason behind your cigarette
smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
11. Stress/depression/anger is the reason behind your cigarette
smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
12. Status symbol is the reason behind your cigarette
smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
13. Family environment/unsuccessful relationship is the
reason behind your cigarette smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
14. You are an occasional cigarette smoking. 1 2 3 4 5
15. You are an addicted cigarette smoking. 1 2 3 4 5
16. You smoke every day. 1 2 3 4 5
17. You smoke weekly. 1 2 3 4 5
18. You are always able to control your smoking habit
whenever you want to.
1 2 3 4 5
19. You have ever lost your self-control and put yourself in
trouble because of cigarette smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
20. Your smoking habit is spoiling your close relations 1 2 3 4 5
21. Your health is severely affected by cigarette smoking. 1 2 3 4 5
22. You are affected by conditional warning given with the
cigarette / narcotics advertisements.
1 2 3 4 5
23. You really want to get rid of cigarette smoking. 1 2 3 4 5
24. You have ever put anyone else in serious trouble because
of your addiction/when you were smoking.
1 2 3 4 5
25. You joined some organisation for leaving this habit 1 2 3 4 5
Sushmita Tripathi
[ Registration. No. : 2016MW01 ]
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad

Sushmita RM Research Paper (FINAL)

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