This document discusses the history and health effects of smoking. It begins with the origins of tobacco use among Native Americans and its spread to Europe. It then discusses the addictive properties of nicotine and how cigarettes effectively deliver nicotine to the brain. The document outlines the various health risks of smoking such as increased risk of lung cancer, COPD, and heart disease. It also discusses challenges with smoking cessation and methods that can be used to help people quit smoking such as nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion, and varenicline. The document concludes by discussing approaches to harm reduction for smokers unable or unwilling to quit.
Nicotine is highly addictive and found in tobacco. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine reaches the brain within seconds and is distributed throughout the body rapidly, causing stimulation and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term smoking is associated with many serious health issues like cancer, heart disease, and emphysema. While smoking rates have declined due to public health campaigns, tobacco use prevention and treatment programs could be expanded further.
Physiological effects of smoking on the respiratory system & all other system...martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
smoking can damage all human body systems in a really bad manner ....this study explains all about these by system wise
please comment
thank you
The document discusses the harmful effects of tobacco use and nicotine addiction. It states that tobacco kills over 440,000 Americans each year and that smoking causes numerous diseases that harm nearly every organ in the body. Nicotine is highly addictive and causes changes in the brain's reward pathways that compel continued tobacco use and make quitting difficult. Other chemicals in tobacco smoke, like acetaldehyde, may also contribute to addiction. The document outlines the medical risks of tobacco use including various cancers, lung and heart disease, and negative effects on pregnancy and fetal development. It emphasizes that there are no safe forms of tobacco and that nicotine replacement therapies are safer options for treating addiction.
Nicotine is highly addictive and tobacco use causes more death and disease than any other medical condition. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease and other harmful health effects. Despite public awareness of the health risks, tobacco use remains widespread due to the addictive properties of nicotine and the reinforcement of smoking behavior. Smoking cessation and avoidance of secondhand smoke are critical to reducing the enormous health burden of tobacco use.
This document summarizes the health effects of smoking. It states that smoking is a learned habit that is culturally established, and is the leading cause of avoidable illness and death worldwide. Smoking causes over 60 million deaths between 1950-2000 in developed countries, and tobacco-caused deaths are expected to increase to 10 million per year by 2030, most occurring in developing countries. Half of regular smokers will eventually be killed by their habit.
Smoking tobacco can have serious health consequences. It contains nicotine, a highly addictive stimulant, as well as over 7,000 toxic chemicals that are linked to cancer and cardiovascular disease. Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death worldwide, killing over 8 million people annually. Treatment for nicotine addiction includes behavioral interventions, nicotine replacement therapies like patches and gum, and relapse prevention programs. The goal is to help smokers quit and sustain abstinence from tobacco.
Smoking the biggest killer by dr.ijaz alamIjaz Bukhari
Tobacco smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco worldwide. Cigarette smoke contains over 19 known carcinogens like benzopyrene and acrolein that can cause genetic mutations by binding to DNA. Tobacco also contains the highly addictive stimulant nicotine. Smoking is linked to many diseases and health issues, killing over 500,000 people per year in the United States alone. In Pakistan, at least 273 people die daily from tobacco-related causes, and smoking rates are rising despite declines elsewhere. The government needs to increase anti-smoking campaigns and regulation of tobacco to educate the public and reduce smoking's tremendous health impacts.
This is a presentation on Cigarette smoking and its ill effects
which contains the reason for smoking , why it is addictive and the short term and long term side effects of cigarette smoking.
Nicotine is highly addictive and found in tobacco. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine reaches the brain within seconds and is distributed throughout the body rapidly, causing stimulation and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term smoking is associated with many serious health issues like cancer, heart disease, and emphysema. While smoking rates have declined due to public health campaigns, tobacco use prevention and treatment programs could be expanded further.
Physiological effects of smoking on the respiratory system & all other system...martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
smoking can damage all human body systems in a really bad manner ....this study explains all about these by system wise
please comment
thank you
The document discusses the harmful effects of tobacco use and nicotine addiction. It states that tobacco kills over 440,000 Americans each year and that smoking causes numerous diseases that harm nearly every organ in the body. Nicotine is highly addictive and causes changes in the brain's reward pathways that compel continued tobacco use and make quitting difficult. Other chemicals in tobacco smoke, like acetaldehyde, may also contribute to addiction. The document outlines the medical risks of tobacco use including various cancers, lung and heart disease, and negative effects on pregnancy and fetal development. It emphasizes that there are no safe forms of tobacco and that nicotine replacement therapies are safer options for treating addiction.
Nicotine is highly addictive and tobacco use causes more death and disease than any other medical condition. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease and other harmful health effects. Despite public awareness of the health risks, tobacco use remains widespread due to the addictive properties of nicotine and the reinforcement of smoking behavior. Smoking cessation and avoidance of secondhand smoke are critical to reducing the enormous health burden of tobacco use.
This document summarizes the health effects of smoking. It states that smoking is a learned habit that is culturally established, and is the leading cause of avoidable illness and death worldwide. Smoking causes over 60 million deaths between 1950-2000 in developed countries, and tobacco-caused deaths are expected to increase to 10 million per year by 2030, most occurring in developing countries. Half of regular smokers will eventually be killed by their habit.
Smoking tobacco can have serious health consequences. It contains nicotine, a highly addictive stimulant, as well as over 7,000 toxic chemicals that are linked to cancer and cardiovascular disease. Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death worldwide, killing over 8 million people annually. Treatment for nicotine addiction includes behavioral interventions, nicotine replacement therapies like patches and gum, and relapse prevention programs. The goal is to help smokers quit and sustain abstinence from tobacco.
Smoking the biggest killer by dr.ijaz alamIjaz Bukhari
Tobacco smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco worldwide. Cigarette smoke contains over 19 known carcinogens like benzopyrene and acrolein that can cause genetic mutations by binding to DNA. Tobacco also contains the highly addictive stimulant nicotine. Smoking is linked to many diseases and health issues, killing over 500,000 people per year in the United States alone. In Pakistan, at least 273 people die daily from tobacco-related causes, and smoking rates are rising despite declines elsewhere. The government needs to increase anti-smoking campaigns and regulation of tobacco to educate the public and reduce smoking's tremendous health impacts.
This is a presentation on Cigarette smoking and its ill effects
which contains the reason for smoking , why it is addictive and the short term and long term side effects of cigarette smoking.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are dried and processed for smoking, chewing or snuffing. It contains over 5000 toxic substances including nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar. Tobacco use is a major global health issue and is the leading cause of preventable death. It increases the risk of various cancers, heart disease, lung disease and problems in pregnancy. India has implemented legislation to control tobacco, including bans on advertising and smoking in public places, as well as health warnings on packaging. Individuals are encouraged to take a pledge to never use tobacco and encourage others to do the same.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document notes that nicotine is highly addictive and explains the physical, mental, and social factors that contribute to tobacco addiction. It discusses reasons to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so. Finally, it provides tips and strategies for quitting, as well as addressing common concerns people have about the quitting process.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document covers nicotine addiction and reasons for tobacco use, as well as the significant health and economic costs of smoking. Finally, it discusses strategies and health benefits for quitting smoking.
This document provides information about smoking and the health effects of quitting smoking. It begins with definitions of smoking and cigarettes, explaining the many harmful chemicals cigarettes contain. It then discusses the significant health risks of smoking, including increased risks of various cancers, heart disease, and other illnesses. The document outlines reasons for quitting smoking at any age, as well as the short-term and long-term health benefits of quitting, such as reduced cancer and heart disease risks over time. Finally, it provides tips on how to quit smoking, including using a quit date, support groups, nicotine replacement therapies, medication, and coping with relapse.
Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and is a leading cause of cancer and heart disease worldwide. Smoke contains carcinogens like PAHs that cause DNA mutations and cancer. Various methods like measuring breath CO and cotinine levels can help identify smokers and monitor success in quitting. Pharmacological aids like NRT, bupropion, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation when combined with counseling. Doctors should encourage patients to use these aids to improve chances of successfully quitting smoking.
Tobacco is a plant that is consumed in various forms worldwide, with dried leaves mainly smoked in cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and shisha. Tobacco use causes over 5 million deaths annually and is the leading preventable cause of death. Smokeless tobacco products like chewing tobacco and dipping tobacco are also harmful, increasing risks of cancer, heart disease, addiction, and oral health issues. Education about tobacco's dangers and quitting techniques can help reduce tobacco consumption.
The document discusses the topic of snuff (tobacco). It begins by defining snuff and describing its native origins in America. It then discusses the history of snuff use and how it spread from Native Americans to Europeans. The document outlines the various harmful chemicals and health effects of smoking snuff, including addiction to nicotine and increased risk of various cancers and heart and lung diseases. It describes the psychological and social reasons for smoking. Finally, it discusses the stages of quitting smoking and provides tips on how to quit.
This document discusses methods of tobacco cessation. It begins with an introduction to tobacco use as the leading preventable cause of death globally. It then covers the history of tobacco, forms of tobacco used in India, and the health effects of tobacco use. Barriers to cessation like nicotine addiction and lack of support are examined. The document outlines goals of cessation programs like long term abstinence. It discusses behavioral management, pharmacotherapies, and counseling approaches. India's tobacco control laws aiming to restrict advertising and smoking in public are also summarized.
Tobacco has been used for a very long time in the Americas and some of the adjacent countries due to its intense effects on the central nervous system and the feeling of excitement brought about by it. Tobacco is a type of agricultural crops that contains a chemical that is required for the production of cigarettes and chewed tobacco products. Within the tobacco leaf, there is a specific chemical known as nicotine, which is an ingredient that leads to addiction and causes tobacco abuse. This is why many people who smoke cigarette (intake of nicotine) will get addicted and will not easily quit tobacco use, thus developing a condition known as tobacco abuse or tobacco dependence. Tobacco abuse or tobacco dependence can be defined as an addiction to the use of tobacco products due to the intake of nicotine substance. For this reason, nicotine is the chemical that is responsible for the cause of this addiction or abuse. There is no safe level of tobacco use. Our body will become dependent on nicotine psychologically or physically. Once you start using tobacco, you will find it very difficult to stop using it. This is because the body has developed a tolerance to the effects of nicotine. In addition, tobacco use cannot be stopped abruptly as it will interrupt with the normal body functions for someone who relies on it to kick start the day.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the US, with cigarette smoking resulting in over 480,000 premature deaths annually. Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco that stimulates the brain's reward system. Long term tobacco use leads to changes in the brain that cause addiction. Smoking causes various forms of cancer as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pregnant women who smoke also risk problems for their babies such as premature birth and low birthweight. Quitting smoking improves health outcomes, though it can be difficult due to withdrawal symptoms. Effective treatments include medication and counseling.
Smoking Habit. Physiopathology and preventionALSMIMVP
This document summarizes the history of smoking from its origins to modern understanding of its health risks and addictive properties. It traces the shift from viewing tobacco as medicinal to recognizing smoking as the world's leading cause of preventable death. Key findings include that smoking is strongly linked to cancer and other diseases, nicotine is highly addictive similar to heroin and cocaine, and overcoming smoking addiction is difficult due to withdrawal symptoms and social/psychological factors. Prevention efforts now aim to reduce smoking initiation and encourage cessation.
Why are Cigarettes Bad for You? igarettes are small cylinders of finely cut t...Sofia Alice
Cigarettes, often referred to as cancer sticks or death sticks, are one of the deadliest consumer products on the market today. Despite widespread awareness of their harmful effects, millions of people continue to smoke, often underestimating the risks associated with this habit.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, including hundreds that are toxic and around 70 that cause cancer. The major toxic components are found in the particulate phase, including nicotine, which is highly addictive. Smoking causes serious health risks like cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, infertility and pregnancy complications. Quitting smoking reduces these health risks over time.
The document discusses the harms of smoking tobacco. It notes that tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive, as well as other toxic substances like carbon monoxide and benzapyrene. Regular tobacco use can lead to numerous health issues, including various cancers, bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, and others. It recommends avoiding tobacco use and educating people about the health risks of smoking.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
The document discusses nicotine and tobacco use. It defines nicotine as a toxic and addictive alkaloid found in tobacco. It then describes different routes of nicotine administration including smoking, oral consumption, and nasal inhalation. The effects of nicotine on the body and brain are explained, including increased heart rate and the release of dopamine and endorphins which produce pleasurable feelings. Statistics on tobacco addiction and the health risks of smoking are also presented.
1) Tobacco was introduced to Europe in the 16th century and there are now over 1 billion smokers worldwide. Smoking causes over 8 million deaths per year projected to rise to 12% of all deaths by 2020.
2) Tobacco smoke contains over 500 compounds including nicotine and tars. Cigarette smoke is acidic whereas cigar and pipe smoke is alkaline, affecting how nicotine is absorbed and the associated health risks.
3) Smoking causes diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as various cancers. It is estimated smoking will cause over 450 million deaths between 2000-2050, around half between ages 30-69.
The document discusses the health risks of tobacco use. It states that all tobacco products contain chemicals that are dangerous and harmful to a person's health. Tobacco use is linked to various cancers, lung disease, and heart disease. It can also cause short-term effects like bad breath and long-term effects on multiple body systems. The most significant health risks include cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke.
Rethinking nicotine: illusions, delusions and some conclusionsClive Bates
presentation to the UK E-cigarette Summit on 9 December 2022. Looks at how our approach to nicotine must evolve from a "tobacco harm reduction" to treating nicotine like a socially acceptable recreational stimulant with minimal harm.
PREGNANCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.pptxAshraf Shaik
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The uterus grows enormously and its shape changes from globular to spherical. Other changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin and cutaneous changes, weight gain, respiratory alkalosis, and hormonal changes mediated by the placenta and pituitary gland. These changes help provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth.
This document provides information on diagnosing pregnancy through various stages. In the first trimester, signs may include missed period, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. HCG levels can be detected in blood and urine from 8-11 days after conception. Ultrasound can visualize the gestational sac from 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, signs include quickening, abdominal growth, and fetal movement felt externally from 20 weeks. Anatomy scan at 18-20 weeks evaluates fetal development. In the third trimester, signs include increased size, lightening, and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height corresponds to weeks until 36 weeks. Differential diagnosis includes conditions that cause abdominal swelling.
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are dried and processed for smoking, chewing or snuffing. It contains over 5000 toxic substances including nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar. Tobacco use is a major global health issue and is the leading cause of preventable death. It increases the risk of various cancers, heart disease, lung disease and problems in pregnancy. India has implemented legislation to control tobacco, including bans on advertising and smoking in public places, as well as health warnings on packaging. Individuals are encouraged to take a pledge to never use tobacco and encourage others to do the same.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document notes that nicotine is highly addictive and explains the physical, mental, and social factors that contribute to tobacco addiction. It discusses reasons to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so. Finally, it provides tips and strategies for quitting, as well as addressing common concerns people have about the quitting process.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document covers nicotine addiction and reasons for tobacco use, as well as the significant health and economic costs of smoking. Finally, it discusses strategies and health benefits for quitting smoking.
This document provides information about smoking and the health effects of quitting smoking. It begins with definitions of smoking and cigarettes, explaining the many harmful chemicals cigarettes contain. It then discusses the significant health risks of smoking, including increased risks of various cancers, heart disease, and other illnesses. The document outlines reasons for quitting smoking at any age, as well as the short-term and long-term health benefits of quitting, such as reduced cancer and heart disease risks over time. Finally, it provides tips on how to quit smoking, including using a quit date, support groups, nicotine replacement therapies, medication, and coping with relapse.
Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and is a leading cause of cancer and heart disease worldwide. Smoke contains carcinogens like PAHs that cause DNA mutations and cancer. Various methods like measuring breath CO and cotinine levels can help identify smokers and monitor success in quitting. Pharmacological aids like NRT, bupropion, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation when combined with counseling. Doctors should encourage patients to use these aids to improve chances of successfully quitting smoking.
Tobacco is a plant that is consumed in various forms worldwide, with dried leaves mainly smoked in cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and shisha. Tobacco use causes over 5 million deaths annually and is the leading preventable cause of death. Smokeless tobacco products like chewing tobacco and dipping tobacco are also harmful, increasing risks of cancer, heart disease, addiction, and oral health issues. Education about tobacco's dangers and quitting techniques can help reduce tobacco consumption.
The document discusses the topic of snuff (tobacco). It begins by defining snuff and describing its native origins in America. It then discusses the history of snuff use and how it spread from Native Americans to Europeans. The document outlines the various harmful chemicals and health effects of smoking snuff, including addiction to nicotine and increased risk of various cancers and heart and lung diseases. It describes the psychological and social reasons for smoking. Finally, it discusses the stages of quitting smoking and provides tips on how to quit.
This document discusses methods of tobacco cessation. It begins with an introduction to tobacco use as the leading preventable cause of death globally. It then covers the history of tobacco, forms of tobacco used in India, and the health effects of tobacco use. Barriers to cessation like nicotine addiction and lack of support are examined. The document outlines goals of cessation programs like long term abstinence. It discusses behavioral management, pharmacotherapies, and counseling approaches. India's tobacco control laws aiming to restrict advertising and smoking in public are also summarized.
Tobacco has been used for a very long time in the Americas and some of the adjacent countries due to its intense effects on the central nervous system and the feeling of excitement brought about by it. Tobacco is a type of agricultural crops that contains a chemical that is required for the production of cigarettes and chewed tobacco products. Within the tobacco leaf, there is a specific chemical known as nicotine, which is an ingredient that leads to addiction and causes tobacco abuse. This is why many people who smoke cigarette (intake of nicotine) will get addicted and will not easily quit tobacco use, thus developing a condition known as tobacco abuse or tobacco dependence. Tobacco abuse or tobacco dependence can be defined as an addiction to the use of tobacco products due to the intake of nicotine substance. For this reason, nicotine is the chemical that is responsible for the cause of this addiction or abuse. There is no safe level of tobacco use. Our body will become dependent on nicotine psychologically or physically. Once you start using tobacco, you will find it very difficult to stop using it. This is because the body has developed a tolerance to the effects of nicotine. In addition, tobacco use cannot be stopped abruptly as it will interrupt with the normal body functions for someone who relies on it to kick start the day.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the US, with cigarette smoking resulting in over 480,000 premature deaths annually. Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco that stimulates the brain's reward system. Long term tobacco use leads to changes in the brain that cause addiction. Smoking causes various forms of cancer as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pregnant women who smoke also risk problems for their babies such as premature birth and low birthweight. Quitting smoking improves health outcomes, though it can be difficult due to withdrawal symptoms. Effective treatments include medication and counseling.
Smoking Habit. Physiopathology and preventionALSMIMVP
This document summarizes the history of smoking from its origins to modern understanding of its health risks and addictive properties. It traces the shift from viewing tobacco as medicinal to recognizing smoking as the world's leading cause of preventable death. Key findings include that smoking is strongly linked to cancer and other diseases, nicotine is highly addictive similar to heroin and cocaine, and overcoming smoking addiction is difficult due to withdrawal symptoms and social/psychological factors. Prevention efforts now aim to reduce smoking initiation and encourage cessation.
Why are Cigarettes Bad for You? igarettes are small cylinders of finely cut t...Sofia Alice
Cigarettes, often referred to as cancer sticks or death sticks, are one of the deadliest consumer products on the market today. Despite widespread awareness of their harmful effects, millions of people continue to smoke, often underestimating the risks associated with this habit.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, including hundreds that are toxic and around 70 that cause cancer. The major toxic components are found in the particulate phase, including nicotine, which is highly addictive. Smoking causes serious health risks like cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, infertility and pregnancy complications. Quitting smoking reduces these health risks over time.
The document discusses the harms of smoking tobacco. It notes that tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive, as well as other toxic substances like carbon monoxide and benzapyrene. Regular tobacco use can lead to numerous health issues, including various cancers, bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, and others. It recommends avoiding tobacco use and educating people about the health risks of smoking.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
The document discusses nicotine and tobacco use. It defines nicotine as a toxic and addictive alkaloid found in tobacco. It then describes different routes of nicotine administration including smoking, oral consumption, and nasal inhalation. The effects of nicotine on the body and brain are explained, including increased heart rate and the release of dopamine and endorphins which produce pleasurable feelings. Statistics on tobacco addiction and the health risks of smoking are also presented.
1) Tobacco was introduced to Europe in the 16th century and there are now over 1 billion smokers worldwide. Smoking causes over 8 million deaths per year projected to rise to 12% of all deaths by 2020.
2) Tobacco smoke contains over 500 compounds including nicotine and tars. Cigarette smoke is acidic whereas cigar and pipe smoke is alkaline, affecting how nicotine is absorbed and the associated health risks.
3) Smoking causes diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as various cancers. It is estimated smoking will cause over 450 million deaths between 2000-2050, around half between ages 30-69.
The document discusses the health risks of tobacco use. It states that all tobacco products contain chemicals that are dangerous and harmful to a person's health. Tobacco use is linked to various cancers, lung disease, and heart disease. It can also cause short-term effects like bad breath and long-term effects on multiple body systems. The most significant health risks include cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke.
Rethinking nicotine: illusions, delusions and some conclusionsClive Bates
presentation to the UK E-cigarette Summit on 9 December 2022. Looks at how our approach to nicotine must evolve from a "tobacco harm reduction" to treating nicotine like a socially acceptable recreational stimulant with minimal harm.
PREGNANCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.pptxAshraf Shaik
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The uterus grows enormously and its shape changes from globular to spherical. Other changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin and cutaneous changes, weight gain, respiratory alkalosis, and hormonal changes mediated by the placenta and pituitary gland. These changes help provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth.
This document provides information on diagnosing pregnancy through various stages. In the first trimester, signs may include missed period, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. HCG levels can be detected in blood and urine from 8-11 days after conception. Ultrasound can visualize the gestational sac from 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, signs include quickening, abdominal growth, and fetal movement felt externally from 20 weeks. Anatomy scan at 18-20 weeks evaluates fetal development. In the third trimester, signs include increased size, lightening, and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height corresponds to weeks until 36 weeks. Differential diagnosis includes conditions that cause abdominal swelling.
1. An episiotomy is a surgically planned incision made in the perineum during the second stage of labor to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate delivery while minimizing perineal tearing.
2. It is most commonly done for primigravid women, those with a rigid perineum, or those requiring forceps delivery or breech birth.
3. The incision is usually mediolateral, extending from the midline outwards, and is repaired in three layers after delivery to restore anatomy and function.
The document describes various obstetric instruments and their uses:
- Simple rubber catheters are used to empty the bladder during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum. Foley catheters provide continuous bladder drainage in cases like eclampsia.
- Sims' speculum and Cusco's speculum are used to inspect the cervix and vagina. Forceps like Allis tissue forceps gently hold tissues during procedures.
- Dilators like Hawkin-Ambler and Hegar's dilators are used to widen the cervical canal before evacuation procedures. Ovum forceps and uterine curettes remove products of conception.
- Vacuum aspiration cannulas of various sizes are
This document discusses obstructed labor and prolonged labor. Obstructed labor is defined as labor where there is poor or no progress despite uterine contractions, and is caused by issues with the pelvis, fetus, or other maternal conditions. Prolonged labor is labor lasting over 18 hours. Both can cause maternal and fetal complications like rupture, infection, asphyxia, and death if not properly managed. Management involves general supportive care, monitoring labor progress, and obstetric interventions like medications, instrumental delivery, or c-section depending on the stage of labor and specific issues present.
This document discusses paraneoplastic syndromes, which are clinical disorders associated with but not directly caused by malignant tumors. It provides examples of various paraneoplastic syndromes involving the endocrine system, hematologic system, skin, kidneys, lungs and other organs. It also discusses neurological manifestations such as opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, limbic encephalitis, cerebellar degeneration and others. Evaluation and treatment of the underlying malignancy is important for managing paraneoplastic syndromes.
Lung abscess is defined as necrosis of pulmonary tissue and formation of cavities containing necrotic debris or fluid, usually caused by microbial infection. It commonly results from aspiration of oropharyngeal contents colonized with anaerobic bacteria. Patients often present with nonspecific symptoms like fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Physical exam may reveal consolidation and signs of any associated pleural effusions or pneumothoraces. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy, though surgery was historically used. Failure to treat lung abscess is associated with poor clinical outcomes.
The document discusses physiology and management of the normal postpartum period (puerperium). It defines puerperium as the 6-week period following childbirth when the body returns to a non-pregnant state. The puerperium involves involution of the uterus and other reproductive organs. It describes the stages of puerperium and changes that occur in the uterus, cervix, vagina, breasts and other organs during this period. Key signs like lochia, after pains, constipation and breast changes are also summarized.
This document provides information on uterovaginal prolapse including anatomy, supports of the uterus, types of prolapse, degree of uterine descent, aetiology, symptoms, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, examination, complications, prevention, and management. The three main levels of uterine support are described as the upper, middle, and lower tiers. Genital prolapse is defined as the descent of one or more genital organs through the pelvic floor. The POPQ system is introduced for assessing prolapse. Childbirth is a primary risk factor for prolapse due to trauma, and prevention focuses on proper techniques during labor and repair of tears. Treatment includes pessaries, pelvic floor exercises, and various surgical procedures depending
The document discusses the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which is used to detect infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It describes how the test works, involving injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) intradermally and checking for induration 48-72 hours later. Positive results typically show induration of 10mm or more, though interpretation depends on risk factors like BCG vaccination or exposure. Proper administration and reading of the test is important to avoid false negatives or positives.
This document discusses pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), which refers to blood clots (thrombi) traveling from deep veins to the lungs. Most clots originate in the lower extremities. Risk factors include inherited conditions, surgery, trauma, immobilization, cancer and pregnancy. PE can cause hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, D-dimer testing, chest imaging like CT pulmonary angiogram (gold standard), ventilation-perfusion scanning and echocardiogram. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like right heart strain.
Status asthmaticus is a severe exacerbation of asthma that is unresponsive to initial treatment. It involves both an early bronchospastic component and later inflammatory response leading to airway obstruction. Treatment goals are to reverse airway obstruction, correct hypoxemia, and prevent complications. Mainstay treatments include nebulized beta-2 agonists, systemic steroids, theophyllines, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Impulse oscillometry testing can objectively monitor response to treatment. With aggressive treatment, prognosis is generally good except when combined with other conditions.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a small, aerobic bacillus. Symptoms include a prolonged cough lasting over 3 weeks, coughing up sputum or blood, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear and culture, and the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and India has a high burden of cases.
1) Pneumoconiosis refers to lung diseases caused by inhaling mineral dust including coal workers' pneumoconiosis and silicosis.
2) Silicosis results from inhaling crystalline silica and presents as nodular lesions in the lungs. High risk jobs include mining, sandblasting, and foundry work.
3) Asbestosis is pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhaling asbestos fibers which can lead to complications like mesothelioma and lung cancer decades later. Asbestos was commonly used in insulation and construction.
This document discusses respiratory failure, which occurs when the respiratory system fails in gas exchange. It outlines the components of the respiratory system and centers in the brainstem that control breathing. There are four types of respiratory failure described based on gas exchange abnormalities: hypoxemic, hypercapnic, perioperative, and respiratory failure in shock. Diagnosis involves arterial blood gas analysis and evaluating for underlying causes. Treatment focuses on supporting oxygenation and ventilation, treating specific causes, and mechanical ventilation if needed.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and treatment. PH is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure over 25 mmHg at rest. It is classified into 5 groups, with Group 1 being pulmonary arterial hypertension. The pathophysiology involves vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, right heart catheterization, and ruling out other causes. Treatment includes diuretics, anticoagulants, oxygen, and PAH-specific therapies, with the goal of improving functional status and survival.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) control efforts in India, including:
1. India has a high TB burden and accounts for over 1/5 of global incidence, with an estimated 1.98 million new cases annually.
2. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched in 1997 to expand the internationally recommended DOTS strategy across India.
3. RNTCP's objectives include achieving and maintaining an 85% cure rate and 70% case detection among new sputum-positive patients.
This document discusses the harmful effects of smoking on the lungs. It begins by describing the healthy human respiratory system and how smoking damages the lungs. Photos show a clear visual difference between healthy lungs and smoker's lungs. The rest of the document then outlines how smoking specifically harms parts of the lungs like the alveoli, damages the body's ability to clean and repair the lungs, and leads to reduced oxygen intake. It also lists many of the over 4000 chemicals found in cigarettes that are known to cause cancer and other serious health issues. The document emphasizes that quitting smoking can significantly improve health over time, even if some damage is permanent.
This document discusses pleural effusions, including their causes, characteristics, diagnosis and evaluation. Key points:
- Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on their mechanism of formation and fluid chemistry. Common causes include heart failure, pneumonia, malignancy and pulmonary embolism.
- Diagnosis involves chest imaging, diagnostic thoracentesis and fluid analysis to determine if the fluid is an exudate or transudate based on pleural fluid to serum ratios of protein and LDH. Additional fluid tests provide clues to specific causes.
- Pleural fluid characteristics like glucose, pH and cell differentials provide diagnostic information and indicate need for drainage in some cases like parapneumonic effusions
This document provides an overview of approach and management of interstitial lung disease (ILD). It discusses common features of ILD, differentiating idiopathic from known causes such as environmental, drugs, radiation. It describes diagnostic evaluation including imaging patterns and lung biopsy if needed. Specific ILD types are outlined including idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, connective tissue disease-related ILD, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pneumoconioses. Rare ILD, treatment approaches, and prognostic factors are also summarized.
4. Native Americans discovered the use of the tobacco plant,
Nicotiana tabacum, during antiquity.
By the time Columbus arrived in America, tobacco use was
widespread throughout the western hemisphere and was well
integrated into Native American cultures.
Production of tobacco and its trade represented a major
economic activity in the pre-ColumbianAmericas.
Early European explorers learned of the tobacco plant from
Native Americans, and by the mid-seventeenth century
tobacco was widely used in Europe.
History of cigarette
5.
6. Nicotine is a potent euphoriant
Nicotine also has number of other effects on the central nervous
system(CNS).
nicotine can improve task performance and attention time by
measurable degrees in non habituated individuals and may have
beneficial effects on cognition.
Nicotine can also ameliorate anxiety and depression and induce a
sense of well-being while causing a state of arousal.
nicotine can attenuate pain.
Unfortunately, nicotine is also highly addictive.
9. NICOTINE ADDICTION
Nicotine exerts its biologic effects on “nicotinic” receptors, a
subset of cholinergic receptors whose endogenous ligand is
acetylcholine.
(alpha4)(beta2) receptor is believed to be most important in
the addicting effects of nicotine.
10. Smoking is a particularly effective means of delivering
nicotine to induce psychoactive effects.
When the drug is inhaled into the lungs its lipid solubility
allows it to be rapidly absorbed across the alveolar surface
into the pulmonary capillary blood.
This results in a very rapid increase in nicotine levels in
arterial circulation.
Consequently, at the level of receptors in the brain, nicotine
concentration rises very rapidly following inhalation of a
cigarette.
This type of pharmacodynamics maximizes not only the
psychoactive potential of nicotine, but is also important in its
addictive potential.
11. Reasonsto Smoke
Some want to act cool or act like
someone special or dangerous
They want to get attention
They are curious about cigarettes
Peer pressure
They are stressed or nervous
12. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
ASPECTS OFSMOKING
Experience a child has with the initial attempts at smoking appears
to be important, as is an individual’s attitude toward smoking (i.e.,
the “image” of the smoker, peer pressure, parental cigarette use, and
availability.
Use of tobacco products has become well integrated into modern
cultures worldwide.
Tobacco is a multi–billion dollar industry.
tobacco is a crucial cash crop in an agricultural economy.
In addition, the manufacture, distribution, marketing, and sale of
tobacco products employ many individuals worldwide.
Taxation on tobacco products has become an important means for
the support of many governments. Thus, any changes in tobacco
usage are likely to have economic impacts well beyond any health
effects.
13. MASTER SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
was signed into effect in 1998.
It served as a measure to recuperate what states had lost through
Medicaid expenditures due to smoking-related illnesses and as a
measure to fine the tobacco industry for deceitful actions.
Four major United States tobacco companies awarded 46 states $206
billion dollars to be paid over 25 years.
States have failed to use the funding for tobacco control causes
,instead using it to fill budget deficits or support other state programs.
14.
15. SMOKING AS A PUBLIC HEALTH
PROBLEM
number of deaths attributed to cigarette smoking in the United States
has been estimated to be in excess of 400,000 annually.
becoming more common in the developing world, where smoking
prevalence has been increasing.
tobacco smoke contains compounds that can disrupt DNA, causing
both mutations and altering gene expression, bind to and disrupt
proteins, and alter cellular lipids.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Smoking & COPD
Heavy smokers are at greater risk of developing COPD.
Low doses are also likely hazardous, as symptoms of bronchitis
and increased risk for COPD have been associated with passive
smoke exposure.
Expiratory airflow in cigarette smokers decreases twice as fast in
smokers (40 ml/y) than nonsmokers (20 ml/y).
COPD is a major risk factor for acute cardiac events with even
minor decrements in lung function being associated with
increased cardiac risk.
23. Emphysema likely develops from lung damage, which can be
a result of direct injury from oxidants in cigarette smoke, and
the action of oxidants released by inflammatory cells
recruited into the lung as a result of smoke exposure.
Smoke-generated oxidants may also disrupt the anti-
protease protective mechanisms of the lung, creating a milieu
more susceptible to protease-induced damage.
When damage induced by smoking is not balanced by
appropriate repair mechanisms, emphysema may result
24.
25. Inflammation induced by cigarette smoke appears capable of
stimulating both acute production of secretions and inducing
long-term anatomic changes in the airway.
Changes such as goblet cell metaplasia may predispose to a
hypersecretory state.
Others,such as peribronchial fibrosis, may result in airflow
obstruction.
26. MALIGNANCY & SMOKING
Risk for developing lung cancer is increased about 20-fold in
smokers compared to nonsmokers.
lung cancer risk increases with amount smoked and, most
importantly, with the duration of smoking.
The increased risk of lung cancer among passive smokers
again is suggestive that even low-dose exposures to
cigarette smoke carry significant risk.
Both tumor initiators and tumor promoters are present in
cigarette smoke.
27.
28. SMOKING CESSATION
Comprehensive tobacco control programs, including bans on
advertising ,restriction of sales to minors, and increased price for
cigarettes, also appear to be having an effect in reducing
smoking.
BehavioraLApproaches
A sense of empowerment and control over the behavior is vital to
making and succeeding in a quit attempt.
Individual and group counseling, education, aversive
conditioning, psychotherapy, transcendental meditation, sensory
deprivation, hypnosis, and desensitization
29. STAGES OF SMOKING
CESSATION
Precontemplation Smokers are not interested in
quitting smoking and will likely
be non responsive to direct
intervention
Contemplation considering quitting smoking and
may be receptive to a physician’s
advice about the risks and
benefits of quitting
Preparation smokers are actively preparing to
quit.
Action encompasses both initial
abstinence and the 6-month post
cessation period
Maintenence Commences after the 6-month
abstinence period
30. Pharmacologic Treatment
Nicotine Replacement Therapies
tablets, polacrilex (gum), transdermal systems
,nasalspray ,inhalers, and nicotine toothpicks.
Buproprion
an antidepressant.
act by potentiating dopaminergic and noradrenergic
signaling.
currently recommended dose is 150 mg daily for 3 days
followed by 150 mg twice daily.
The quit date should be after a week of therapy so that
blood levels areestablished.
31.
32.
33. clonidine and nortriptyline, are supported by guidelines for
“off-label” use as secondary agents.
Varenicline is an (alpha4)3(beta2)2 receptor partial agonist
that has looked promising.
Nicotine vaccines
antibodies bind nicotine reversibly.
By slowing the delivery of nicotine to the brain, the
vaccine would distort the pharmacokinetics of a cigarette.
34. two critical factors required for successful abstinence are that
smokers must have a reason for quitting and the ability to
quit.
37. Tobacco Withdrawal Period
first 3 days of abstinence
peak during the first 72 hours, and then
gradually subside over a 3-to4-week period.
These symptoms can include restlessness,
anxiety, difficulty concentrating, irritability, frustration,
depression, and almost unrelenting craving for cigarettes.
38. Health Benefits of Smoking
Cessation
rapid reduction in acute myocardial events.
reduction in complications of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
risk for the development of lung cancer appears to decrease
gradually following cessation.
improvement in lung function.
significant improvement in FEV1 in the first year following
cessation.
39. HARM REDUCTION
Controversial approach for smokers who are unwilling or
unable to quit
the health consequences may be partially addressed by
reducing the exposure to smoke derived toxins.
(1)administration of agents to counteract the effects of
cigarette smoking;
(2) smoking reduction; and
(3) development of a less toxic cigarette.