FOR KV SCIENCE STUDENTS

1. INVESTEGATORY PROJECT
BIOLOGY
MADE BY –RAHUL PATEL
CLASS -12 C

2. TOPIC-
CIGARETTE
SMOKING

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project. Primarily I
would thank god for being able to complete this project with
success. Then I would like to thank my principal Mrs. Vinita
Sharma and physics teacher MrS Khanna , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project
and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project. Last but not the least I would
like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.

4. CERTIFICATE
 This is to certify that Master/ miss
________________________ of class XII C of
Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Shahibaug Ahmedabad has
completed the Investigatory/ Research Project on
______________________________________ in
Biology under the guidance of Mrs Khanna, PGT
(Biology) and Mrs. Vinita Sharma, Principal during the
academic year 2017-18 for AISSC Physics Practical
Examination 2017-18

Mrs .B. Khanna
Mrs. Vinita
Sharma
 (PGT –Biology)
(Principal)
Internal Examiner
External Examiner

5. Abstract
 A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a
cylinder of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end
and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end,
which is held in or to the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder
may be used as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are
filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and other additives. The
term cigarette, commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can
apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cloves or
cannabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size,
use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white,
though other colors are occasionally available. Cigars are typically
composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco. Rates of cigarette smoking
vary widely, and have changed considerably over the course of
history - since cigarettes were first widely used in the mid-20th
century. While rates of smoking have over time leveled off or
declined in the developed world, they continue to rise in developing
nations. Cigarettes like other tobacco products do carry serious
health effects with them. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive
chemical in tobacco and therefore cigarettes, is addictive. About half
of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on
average 14 years of life.

6. Smoking
 In the early times, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty
much anywhere — even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over
the place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for
our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public
places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise
on TV, radio, and in many magazines. Almost everyone knows that
smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can
shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a
smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still
lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction. Once You Start, It's
Hard to Stop. Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco
contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other
addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to the
nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to feel
normal. People start smoking for a variety of different reasons.
Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members
or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco
user’s start before they're 18 years old. Most adults who started
smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted. That's
why people say it's just so much easier to not start smoking at all.

7. How smoking affects your
health?
 There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The body doesn't need
tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and exercise. And many of the
chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons that
can kill in high enough doses. The body is smart. It goes on the defense
when it's being poisoned. First-time smokers often feel pain or burning in the
throat and lungs, and some people feel sick or even throw up the first few
times they try tobacco. The consequences of this poisoning happen
gradually. Over the long term, smoking leads people to develop health
problems like heart disease, stroke, emphysema, and many types of cancer -
including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer. People who smoke also
have an increased risk of infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. These
diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they can be fatal.
Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose bone
density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes
older people to become bent over and their bones to break more easily.
Smokers also tend to be less active than nonsmokers because smoking
affects lung power. Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact
sexual health in both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other
hormone-based methods of birth control increase their risk of serious health
problems, such as heart attacks, if they smoke.

8. CONSEQUENCES
 The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term health
problems aren't the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the other toxins in
cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body quickly, which means
that teen smokers experience many of these problems: • Bad skin. Because
smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen and nutrients from
getting to the skin - which is why smokers often appear pale and unhealthy.
Studies have also linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of
skin rash called psoriasis. • Bad breath. Cigarettes leave smokers with a
condition called halitosis, or persistent bad breath. • Bad-smelling clothes
and hair. The smell of stale smoke tends to linger - not just on people's
clothing, but on their hair, furniture, and cars. And it's often hard to get the
smell of smoke out. • Reduced athletic performance. People who smoke
usually can't compete with nonsmoking peers because the physical effects of
smoking impair sports performance. • Greater risk of injury and slower
healing time. Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so
common sports injuries, such as damage to tendons and ligaments will heal
more slowly in smokers than nonsmokers. • Increased risk of illness. Studies
show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis, and pneumonia than
nonsmokers. And people with certain health conditions, like asthma, become
sicker if they smoke because teens who smoke as a way to manage weight
often light up instead of eating, their bodies also lack the nutrients they need
to grow, develop, and fight off illness properly.

9. Infections
 Many cancer-causing chemicals from cigarette smoke
travel throughout a smoker's bloodstream to reach the
organs of the body and damage the immune response.
Carbon monoxide is carried through the body by
smoke, interfering with oxygen levels. Less oxygen
reaches the brain, heart, muscles and other organs.
Lung function is reduced because of the narrowing of
the lung airways and excess mucus in the lungs. Lung
irritation and damage result from invading substances,
leading to lung infection. Blood pressure and heart rate
are affected negatively by smoking chemicals carried
through the blood. The immune system does not work
as well and smokers become more prone to infections,
such as pneumonia and influenza. It takes smokers
longer than nonsmokers to get over illnesses.

10. Lung Tissue
 Smoking can cause the body's immune system to attack lung
tissue and result in severe respiratory disorders, according to
research at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Health
scientists examined mice to study the link between cigarette
exposure, the immune system and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorder (COPD), a serious lung disease
characterized by emphysema and severe inflammation of the
lung tissue. After lung cells were damaged from cigarette
smoke in the lab research, the cells signaled the immune
system when the damaged cells needed to be destroyed. The
research shows that smoking actually activates certain parts
of the immune system, which works against the lungs and
attacks the tissue; it was reported in the March 2009 issue of
the "Journal of Clinical Investigation." The researchers found
a strong correlation between cellular stress signals, activation
of the immune system and development of diseases similar to
COPD.

11. Signs of Addiction
 The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need to have a
particular drug or substance. However, many other signs can
suggest a possible addiction, such as changes in mood or weight
loss or gain. (These also are signs of other conditions too, though,
such as depression or eating disorders. Signs that you or someone
you know may have a cigarette addiction include:
 Psychological signals:
• Use of drugs or alcohol as a way to forget problems or to relax.
• Withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and friends.
• Loss of interest in activities that used to be important.
• Problems with schoolwork, such as slipping grades or absences.
• Changes in friendships, such as hanging out only with friends
who use drugs.
• Spending a lot of time figuring out how to get cigarette.
• Stealing or selling belongings to be able to afford cigarette.
• Failed attempts to stop taking cigarette or drinking.

12. How to quit smoking?
 There are many different methods that have
successfully helped people to quit smoking,
including:
 • Quitting smoking cold turkey.
 • Systematically decreasing the number of
cigarettes you smoke.
 • Reducing your intake of nicotine gradually
over time.
 • Using nicotine replacement therapy or non-
nicotine medications to reduce withdrawal
symptoms.
 • Utilizing nicotine support groups.

14. Medication therapy
 Smoking cessation medications can ease
withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings,
and are most effective when used as part of
a comprehensive stop smoking program
monitored by your physician. Talk to your
doctor about your options and whether an
anti-smoking medication is right for you.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved options are:
 Nicotine Replacement Therapy
 Non-Nicotine Medication