Chapter 12 Lecture Access to Health Thirteenth Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ending Tobacco Use © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN? • Describe the rate of tobacco use in the United States and on college campuses. • Explain the social and political issues involved in tobacco use. • Describe how the chemicals in tobacco products affect the body. • Explain the health risks of smoking and using smokeless tobacco, and the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN? • Describe the various quitting strategies, including those aimed at ending the body's addiction to nicotine. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. United States Tobacco Use • About 70 million Americans age 12 and older report using tobacco products at least once a month. • In 2010, 21.5 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women were current smokers. • Every day, 1,000 people under age 18 become daily smokers. • More than 20 percent of Americans are former smokers. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Advertising • An estimated $36 million per day is spent on advertising and promoting tobacco products. • Tobacco companies target children and teenagers with tobacco products that have candy, fruit, or alcohol flavorings. • Advertisements in woman's magazines imply that smoking is the key to financial success, independence, and social acceptance. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Financial Costs to Society • Tobacco use causes over $193 billion in annual health-related economic losses. – Medical costs are $96 billion. – Indirect costs are $97 billion. • The economic cost is estimated to be about $3,100 per smoker per year. • These costs far exceed the tax revenue from cigarette sales. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tobacco Addiction • Nicotine addiction: Tolerance to nicotine develops almost immediately and causes nicotine poisoning. • Behavioral dependence: Psychological dependence results in comfort. • Weight control: Nicotine is an appetite depressant and elevates metabolism. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. College Students and Tobacco Use • Despite heavy promotion by the tobacco industry, U.S. college students are smoking less. • College students say they smoke to relax, to reduce stress, or to control weight gain. • Students who smoke regularly do want to quit. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in the Past Month among College Students © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Women and Smoking: Catching Up to the Men • Smoking among women differs by race and ethnicity: – Non-Hispanic white women, 19.6 percent; African American women, 17.1 percent; Hispanic women, 9 percent – Asia -American women, 4.3 percent – Native American/Alaskan Native women, 36 ...

1. Chapter 12 Lecture
Access to Health
Thirteenth Edition
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ending
Tobacco Use
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?
• Describe the rate of tobacco use in the United States
and on college campuses.
• Explain the social and political issues involved in tobacco
use.
• Describe how the chemicals in tobacco products affect
the body.

2. • Explain the health risks of smoking and using smokeless
tobacco, and the dangers of environmental tobacco
smoke.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?
• Describe the various quitting strategies,
including those aimed at ending the body's
addiction to nicotine.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
United States Tobacco Use
• About 70 million Americans age 12 and older report
using tobacco products at least once a month.
• In 2010, 21.5 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women
were current smokers.
• Every day, 1,000 people under age 18 become daily

3. smokers.
• More than 20 percent of Americans are former smokers.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Advertising
• An estimated $36 million per
day is spent on advertising and
promoting tobacco products.
• Tobacco companies target
children and teenagers with
tobacco products that have
candy, fruit, or alcohol
flavorings.
• Advertisements in woman's
magazines imply that smoking
is the key to financial success,
independence, and social
acceptance.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Financial Costs to Society
• Tobacco use causes over $193 billion in annual
health-related economic losses.
– Medical costs are $96 billion.
– Indirect costs are $97 billion.
• The economic cost is estimated to be about
$3,100 per smoker per year.
• These costs far exceed the tax revenue from
cigarette sales.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco Addiction
• Nicotine addiction: Tolerance to nicotine
develops almost immediately and causes
nicotine poisoning.
• Behavioral dependence: Psychological

5. dependence results in comfort.
• Weight control: Nicotine is an appetite
depressant and elevates metabolism.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
College Students and Tobacco Use
• Despite heavy promotion by the tobacco
industry, U.S. college students are smoking less.
• College students say they smoke to relax, to
reduce stress, or to control weight gain.
• Students who smoke regularly do want to quit.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking
in the Past Month among College Students
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Women and Smoking: Catching Up to the
Men
• Smoking among women differs by race and
ethnicity:
– Non-Hispanic white women, 19.6 percent;
African American women, 17.1 percent;
Hispanic women, 9 percent
– Asia -American women, 4.3 percent
– Native American/Alaskan Native women, 36
percent
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Women and Smoking: Catching Up to the
Men
• Less educated women are more likely to smoke,
and more affluent women are less likely to
smoke.
• An estimated 174,000 women die each year of

7. tobacco-related diseases.
• Women who die of a smoking-related disease
lose, on average, 14.5 years of potential life.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Social Smoking
• Many college students identify themselves as
"social smokers"—those who smoke when they
are with people rather than when they are alone.
• Social smoking in college or only at other social
occasions can lead to a complete dependence
on nicotine and thus to all the same health risks
as smoking regularly.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reasons Why College Students Smoke

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Points of View—Smoking on College &
University Campuses: Should It Be Banned?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Effects of Tobacco
• Nicotine is a chemical
stimulant and is highly
addictive.
• Cigarette smoke is a complex
mix of chemicals and gases
produced by burning tobacco
and its additives.
• Tar is condensed particulate
matter from smoke that
accumulates in the lungs.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Effects of Tobacco
• Phenols are chemical irritants in smoke that may

9. combine with other chemicals to contribute to
the development of lung cancer.
• The cleansing function of the lungs' cilia is
impaired by nicotine.
• Carbon monoxide is a gas found in cigarette
smoke; it binds at oxygen receptor sites in the
blood.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lung Damage from Chemicals in
Tobacco Smoke
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco Products
• Filtered and nonfiltered cigarettes are the most

10. common forms of tobacco available today.
• Clove cigarettes are about 40 percent ground
cloves, 60 percent tobacco.
• Menthol cigarettes have higher carbon
monoxide concentrations than do regular
cigarettes.
• Cigars contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco Products
• Pipes and hookahs are promoted as safe
alternatives to cigarettes.
– They are not safer.
– They are particularly popular among college
students.
• Hookah smoking carries the same risk as

11. smoking cigarettes and also the risk of
transmitting infectious diseases.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco Products
• Bidis are small hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes
that produce three times more carbon monoxide
and nicotine and five times more tar than
conventional cigarettes.
• Smokeless tobacco:
– Chewing tobacco
– Dipping tobacco
– Snuff
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is Chewing Tobacco as Harmful as Cigarette
Smoking?
• This young cancer

12. survivor began using
smokeless tobacco at
age 13; by age 17 he
was diagnosed with
squamous cell
carcinoma and has
undergone surgery to
remove neck
muscles, lymph
nodes, and his
tongue to beat his
cancer.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Health Hazards of Tobacco Products
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
– Platelet adhesiveness
• Stroke
• Respiratory disorders
– Chronic bronchitis
– Emphysema

13. • Sexual dysfunction
• Gum disease
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Effects of Smoking on the Body and Health
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Correlation between Tobacco Consumption
and Lung Cancer Deaths in the United
States
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Should You Care?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco-Related Cancers
• Lung cancer is directly linked to cigarette smoking.
– It is the cause of cancer deaths in the United States.

14. – It may take 10 to 30 years to develop.
• Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by white
patches inside the mouth due to chewing tobacco.
• Tobacco is linked to other cancers.
– Pancreatic
– Kidney
– Bladder
– Layrnx
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Leukoplakia can appear on the tongue or in the mouth.
Leukoplakia
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Disease
• Over one third of all tobacco-related deaths
occur from heart disease.

15. • Smokers are 2 to 4 times as likely to suffer
strokes.
• The risk of dying from a heart attack falls by half
after 1 year without smoking.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Respiratory Disorders
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
– Chronic bronchitis
– Chronic emphysema
• There is no known cure for emphysema, and the
damage is irreversible. Approximately 80
percent of all cases of emphysema are related to
cigarette smoking.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Problems

16. • Smoking can cause male impotence.
– Smokers are two times more likely to suffer
from some form of impotence, which may
indicate oncoming cardiovascular disease.
• Female smokers have an increased risk of
infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous
abortion, and stillbirth.
– Their babies are at risk for sudden infant
death syndrome (SIDS), cleft palate, or cleft
lip.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
• Mainstream smoke is that which is drawn through
tobacco while inhaling.
• Sidestream, or secondhand, smoke is that which is
emitted from the burning end of a cigarette or exhaled by
a smoker.
• Involuntary or passive smokers breathe smoke from

17. someone else's smoking product.
• More than 53 percent of U.S. children age 3 to 11
years—or 22 million children—are exposed to ETS.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Risks from Environmental Tobacco Smoke
• Sidestream smoke contains more carcinogenic
substances than mainstream smoke.
– It contains 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5
times more carbon monoxide, 50 times more
ammonia.
• ETS is responsible for 3,400 lung cancer deaths,
46,000 coronary and heart deaths, and higher
risk of deaths in newborns (SIDS).
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco Use Prevention Policies

18. • It has been more than 40 years since the
government began warning that tobacco use
was hazardous to health.
• Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of 1998
– Tobacco industry to pay states $206 billion
over 25 years
– Various measures to support antismoking
education and advertising to be taken
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco causes serious injury to your heart and lungs, but when
you quit, your
body immediately starts to recover and repair the damage. Over
time, the
body's repair processes reduce a former smoker's risk of heart
disease and
cancer; after 10 years, lung cancer risk is comparable to those
of nonsmokers,
and after 15 years, heart disease risk is the same.
Will Quitting Reverse the Damage That Has

19. Already Been Done?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quitting
• Breaking the nicotine addiction:
– Withdrawal
• Nicotine replacement products:
– Nicotine gum
– Nicotine patch
– Nasal spray
– Nicotine inhaler
– Buproprion (Zyban)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Benefits of Quitting
• According to the American Cancer Society,
many tissues damaged by smoking can repair
themselves.

20. • As soon as smokers stop, the body begins the
repair process. Within 8 hours, carbon monoxide
and oxygen levels return to normal, and
"smoker's breath" disappears.
• After 1 year of not smoking, the risks for lung
cancer and stroke decrease.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
When Smokers Quit
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Breaking the Nicotine Addiction
• The road to quitting may include antismoking
therapy.
– Operant conditioning pairs smoking with an
external stimulus. When the stimulus is
removed, the hope is that smoking will cease.
– Self-control therapy aims at identifying the
situations associated with smoking and then

21. teaching skills needed to resist smoking.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tips for Quitting Smoking
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory
• Go online to the Live It! section of
www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the
"Are You Nicotine Dependent?" assessment.
• If you are a smoker, list the health hazards that
you risk because of smoking and the benefits
you would gain from quitting. Which list is longer,
and is it worth it to continue smoking?

22. • If you are a nonsmoker, are you doing
everything you can to promote a nonsmoking
environment?
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle