This document summarizes and compares several key distribution schemes for establishing secure communication in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the Eschenauer-Gligor basic probabilistic key predistribution scheme and extensions like the q-composite scheme. It also covers threshold-based schemes by Du et al. and Liu and Ning that improve network resilience. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches and notes that resource-constrained sensors require efficient key management schemes to enable secure communication.
Generate an Encryption Key by using Biometric Cryptosystems to secure transfe...IOSR Journals
The document describes a proposed method for generating an encryption key from biometric cryptosystems to securely transfer data over a network. It involves extracting minutiae points from a fingerprint scan, generating a cryptographic key from the biometric template, and using an RSA encryption algorithm with the biometric-derived private key. A public key is also calculated based on ridge and furrow patterns in the fingerprint scan. The goal is to uniquely generate encryption keys for each individual using their biometric fingerprint information to add an extra layer of security beyond traditional encryption techniques.
SOM-PAD: Novel Data Security Algorithm on Self Organizing Map cscpconf
Data security is one of major challenges in the recent literature. Cryptography is the most
common phenomena used to secure data. One main aspect in cryptography is creating a hard to
guess cipher. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is one of the machine learning techniques
widely employed in several fields based on its characters, depending on the application area.
One of these fields is data security. The state of art in this paper is the use of self organizing
map (SOM) algorithm concept as a core idea to construct a pad; this pad is used to generate the
cipher at one end. At the other end of communication the same process is synchronized to
generate the same pad as the deciphering key. The security of the proposed model depends on
the complex nature of ANN's. The algorithm could be categorized under symmetric
cryptography, merging both stream and block cipher. A modified version of the same algorithm
also presented employs permutation and variable SOM neighborhoods. The proposal can be
applied over several file formats like videos, images, text files, data benchmarks, etc as show in
experimental results
Bluetooth technology is an emerging wireless networking standard, which is based on chip that provides short-range wireless frequency hopping communication. Now, Bluetooth technology is mainly applied to the communication between mobile terminal devices, such as palm computers, mobile phones, laptops and so on. However, the phenomenon of data-leaking frequently arises in using the Bluetooth technology for data transfer. To enhance the security of data transmission in Bluetooth communication, a hybrid encryption algorithm based on DES and RSA is proposed. The currently used encryption algorithm employed by the Bluetooth to protect the confidentiality of data during transport between two or more devices is a 128-bit symmetric stream cipher called E0. The proposed hybrid encryption algorithm, instead of the E0 encryption, DES algorithm is used for data transmission because of its higher efficiency in block encryption, and RSA algorithm is used for the encryption of the key of the DES because of its management advantages in key cipher. Under the dual protection with the DES algorithm and the RSA algorithm, the data transmission in the Bluetooth system will be more secure. This project is extended with triple des in place of des to enhance more security.
The document summarizes research on preserving source location privacy in wireless sensor networks. It proposes using computer-based image recognition to analyze traffic patterns and detect modified data packets. The key points are:
1) Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks that can reveal the location of data sources. Existing solutions have limitations like increased energy use.
2) The paper proposes using computer-based image recognition to analyze traffic and identify packets whose delivery was delayed, indicating modification by an attacker.
3) If the attacking node is identified, it would be removed from the network. This approach aims to effectively preserve source location privacy against traffic analysis attacks.
Review on Encrypted Image with Hidden Data Using AES AlgorithmEECJOURNAL
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact where communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Steganography becomes more important as more people join the cyberspace revolution. . In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. Steganography include an array of secret communication methods that hide the message from being seen or discovered. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganography techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a large secret message to be hidden. This project report intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. In addition to this our project also adds security to both the data hidden and the image that carries the information. Security is provided by Encrypting the data that is sent in the image and again encrypting the image that carries the information using AES algorithm. This encryption of the data and image thus provides double security layer.
Secure key exchange and encryption mechanism for group communication in wirel...graphhoc
This document proposes a key exchange and encryption mechanism for securing communication in ad hoc wireless networks. It involves organizing nodes in a spanning tree topology, where each node only exchanges keys with authenticated neighbors to avoid expensive global rekeying. The mechanism uses the MAC address as an additional "message specific key" to encrypt data before forwarding. It summarizes related work on ad hoc network security and key management. Simulation results using NS2 show the spanning tree construction and packet transfer between nodes. The approach aims to improve security through dual encryption with neighborhood and message specific keys.
A key management approach for wireless sensor networksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
Enhancing the Security in WSN using Three Tier Security ArchitectureAM Publications,India
Security is the main issue while setting up the WSN network for node communication. This report describes the efficient mechanism for achieving the security between node communications by creating three tier security architecture. This system implements three tier architecture with the use of two polynomial pools having sensor nodes, mobile sinks and some access points that are also sensor nodes, to get better security. Two pools are common mobile polynomial pool and common static polynomial pool. Mobile sinks and access point carries keys from common mobile polynomial pool were as, access points and sensor nodes carries keys from common static polynomial pool. Communication gets established from mobile sink to access point then from access point to sensor node that shows three tier architecture Authentication is the main aspect of the system, that is achieved by pairwise key predistribution methods and authentication of the nodes with the use of polynomial keys. Here, Mobile sink replication attack is implemented against the network. The malicious node, it is blocked. If it wants to communicate within the network then it needs to capture large no of keys from both the pools for authentication. But as the sufficient keys are not available with it, it cannot communicate with the other nodes in the network
Generate an Encryption Key by using Biometric Cryptosystems to secure transfe...IOSR Journals
The document describes a proposed method for generating an encryption key from biometric cryptosystems to securely transfer data over a network. It involves extracting minutiae points from a fingerprint scan, generating a cryptographic key from the biometric template, and using an RSA encryption algorithm with the biometric-derived private key. A public key is also calculated based on ridge and furrow patterns in the fingerprint scan. The goal is to uniquely generate encryption keys for each individual using their biometric fingerprint information to add an extra layer of security beyond traditional encryption techniques.
SOM-PAD: Novel Data Security Algorithm on Self Organizing Map cscpconf
Data security is one of major challenges in the recent literature. Cryptography is the most
common phenomena used to secure data. One main aspect in cryptography is creating a hard to
guess cipher. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is one of the machine learning techniques
widely employed in several fields based on its characters, depending on the application area.
One of these fields is data security. The state of art in this paper is the use of self organizing
map (SOM) algorithm concept as a core idea to construct a pad; this pad is used to generate the
cipher at one end. At the other end of communication the same process is synchronized to
generate the same pad as the deciphering key. The security of the proposed model depends on
the complex nature of ANN's. The algorithm could be categorized under symmetric
cryptography, merging both stream and block cipher. A modified version of the same algorithm
also presented employs permutation and variable SOM neighborhoods. The proposal can be
applied over several file formats like videos, images, text files, data benchmarks, etc as show in
experimental results
Bluetooth technology is an emerging wireless networking standard, which is based on chip that provides short-range wireless frequency hopping communication. Now, Bluetooth technology is mainly applied to the communication between mobile terminal devices, such as palm computers, mobile phones, laptops and so on. However, the phenomenon of data-leaking frequently arises in using the Bluetooth technology for data transfer. To enhance the security of data transmission in Bluetooth communication, a hybrid encryption algorithm based on DES and RSA is proposed. The currently used encryption algorithm employed by the Bluetooth to protect the confidentiality of data during transport between two or more devices is a 128-bit symmetric stream cipher called E0. The proposed hybrid encryption algorithm, instead of the E0 encryption, DES algorithm is used for data transmission because of its higher efficiency in block encryption, and RSA algorithm is used for the encryption of the key of the DES because of its management advantages in key cipher. Under the dual protection with the DES algorithm and the RSA algorithm, the data transmission in the Bluetooth system will be more secure. This project is extended with triple des in place of des to enhance more security.
The document summarizes research on preserving source location privacy in wireless sensor networks. It proposes using computer-based image recognition to analyze traffic patterns and detect modified data packets. The key points are:
1) Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks that can reveal the location of data sources. Existing solutions have limitations like increased energy use.
2) The paper proposes using computer-based image recognition to analyze traffic and identify packets whose delivery was delayed, indicating modification by an attacker.
3) If the attacking node is identified, it would be removed from the network. This approach aims to effectively preserve source location privacy against traffic analysis attacks.
Review on Encrypted Image with Hidden Data Using AES AlgorithmEECJOURNAL
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact where communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Steganography becomes more important as more people join the cyberspace revolution. . In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. Steganography include an array of secret communication methods that hide the message from being seen or discovered. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganography techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a large secret message to be hidden. This project report intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. In addition to this our project also adds security to both the data hidden and the image that carries the information. Security is provided by Encrypting the data that is sent in the image and again encrypting the image that carries the information using AES algorithm. This encryption of the data and image thus provides double security layer.
Secure key exchange and encryption mechanism for group communication in wirel...graphhoc
This document proposes a key exchange and encryption mechanism for securing communication in ad hoc wireless networks. It involves organizing nodes in a spanning tree topology, where each node only exchanges keys with authenticated neighbors to avoid expensive global rekeying. The mechanism uses the MAC address as an additional "message specific key" to encrypt data before forwarding. It summarizes related work on ad hoc network security and key management. Simulation results using NS2 show the spanning tree construction and packet transfer between nodes. The approach aims to improve security through dual encryption with neighborhood and message specific keys.
A key management approach for wireless sensor networksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
Enhancing the Security in WSN using Three Tier Security ArchitectureAM Publications,India
Security is the main issue while setting up the WSN network for node communication. This report describes the efficient mechanism for achieving the security between node communications by creating three tier security architecture. This system implements three tier architecture with the use of two polynomial pools having sensor nodes, mobile sinks and some access points that are also sensor nodes, to get better security. Two pools are common mobile polynomial pool and common static polynomial pool. Mobile sinks and access point carries keys from common mobile polynomial pool were as, access points and sensor nodes carries keys from common static polynomial pool. Communication gets established from mobile sink to access point then from access point to sensor node that shows three tier architecture Authentication is the main aspect of the system, that is achieved by pairwise key predistribution methods and authentication of the nodes with the use of polynomial keys. Here, Mobile sink replication attack is implemented against the network. The malicious node, it is blocked. If it wants to communicate within the network then it needs to capture large no of keys from both the pools for authentication. But as the sufficient keys are not available with it, it cannot communicate with the other nodes in the network
Key Management Scheme for Secure Group Communication in WSN with Multiple Gr...csandit
Security is one of the inherent challenges in the area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). At
present, majority of the security protocols involve massive iterations and complex steps of
encryptions thereby giving rise to degradation of quality of service. Many WSN applications are
based on secure group communication. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme for secure
group key management with simultaneous multiple groups. The scheme uses a key-based
approach for managing the groups and we show that membership change events can be
handled with less storage, communication and computation cost. The scheme also offers
authentication to the messages communicated within and among the groups.
A Literature Review of Some Modern RSA Variantsijsrd.com
This document provides a literature review of modern variants of the RSA cryptosystem. It discusses several variants proposed in other research papers that aim to address weaknesses in the original RSA algorithm, such as improving security against fault-based attacks. The document analyzes the merits and drawbacks of each variant, such as increased computation time or improved security levels. It concludes that RSA remains very popular for encryption and decryption due to its strong security with large key sizes, and more research is still needed to develop variants with even stronger security.
This document discusses the implementation of a hybrid cryptography algorithm combining DES and IDEA. It begins by providing background on encryption, key escrow schemes, and the need for stronger algorithms. It then separately describes DES and IDEA, including their structure, performance analysis, and types of cryptanalysis attacks they are susceptible to. The document proposes a new hybrid algorithm combining DES and IDEA to improve security and integrity.
Neural Cryptography for Secret Key ExchangeIJMTST Journal
The goal of any cryptography system is the exchange of information among the intended user without any leakage of information to other who may have unauthorized access to it. A common secret key could be created over a public channel accessible to any opponent. Neural networks can be used to generate common secret key. In case of neural cryptography, both the communicating networks receive an identical input vector, generate an output bit and are trained based on the output bit. The two networks and their weights vectors exhibit a new phenomenon, where the networks synchronize to a state with identical time-dependent weights. The generated secret key over a public channel is used for encryption and decryption of the message or information send over the channel.
This document describes a proposed technique for information security that uses a hybrid of DES and RSA encryption along with LSB steganography. The message is first encrypted with DES, then the DES keys are encrypted with RSA. The hybrid encrypted result is then embedded into an image file using LSB steganography. This combines the strengths of cryptography and steganography for improved security of transmitted data. The encryption time is faster than previous techniques and brute force attacks on this technique would be very difficult.
Efficient security approaches in mobile ad hoc networks a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secured key distribution techniques in wireless sensor networks 150429171406pradip patel
The document discusses secured key distribution techniques in wireless sensor networks. It proposes a certificate-less key management protocol (CL-EKM) that allows for key generation by unauthorized nodes, improving security even if authorized nodes are compromised. The CL-EKM protocol supports node mobility through cluster-based management of keys. It evaluates the protocol's performance based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption. The CL-EKM protocol is shown to improve security while reducing energy consumption compared to alternatives that require keys to be generated only by authorized nodes.
Research on key predistribution scheme of wireless sensor networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a novel key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of key management in wireless sensor networks. It then describes the proposed scheme which has three phases: setup, direct key establishment, and path key establishment. The setup phase generates a large key pool and distributes keys to each sensor node. Direct key establishment allows sensor nodes to discover if they share keys directly. Path key establishment establishes keys through intermediate nodes if direct sharing fails. Performance analysis shows the scheme has higher local connectivity and stronger resilience against node capture attacks compared to previous schemes.
New approach in symmetric block cipher security using a new cubical techniqueijcsit
Cryptography is a security technique that must be applied in both communication sides to protect the data during its transmission through the network from all kinds of attack. On the sender side, the original data will be changed into different symbols or shapes by using a known key; this is
called encryption. On the other communication side, the decryption process will be done and the data will be returned to its former shape by using the agreed key. The importance of cryptography is to fulfil the communication security requirements. Real time applications (RTA) are vulnerable for the moment because of their big size. However, some of the current algorithms are not really
appropriate for use with these kinds of information. In this paper, a novel symmetric block cipher cryptography algorithm has been illustrated and discussed. The system uses an 8x8x8 cube, and each cell contains a pair of binary inputs. The cube can provide a huge number of combinations that can produce a very strong algorithm and a long key size. Due to the lightweight and fast technique used in this idea, it is expected to be extremely rapid compared to the majority of current algorithms, such as DES and AES.
File transfer using cryptography techniquesmiteshkumar82
The document discusses implementing IT auditing mechanisms for cloud computing applications to ensure security. It proposes using checklists based on cloud computing deployment and service models to audit the lifecycle of cloud applications like customer relationship management. The goal is to present implications for large enterprises and achieve desired security levels by designing and implementing IT auditing techniques. Practical investigations show IT auditing can assure security, regulations, and compliance for enterprise applications in the cloud.
File transfer with multiple security mechanismShubham Patil
The system enhances the security and the data confidentiality between the users and receiver by the two-layer encryption mechanism and the QR code for verification. The system consists of three main components which are very important to providing the security between sender and receiver while transmitting the data
RSA and RC4 Cryptosystem Performance Evaluation Using Image and TextYekini Nureni
This document compares the performance of the RSA and RC4 encryption algorithms. An application was developed to encrypt text and image files of varying sizes (10-200KB) using RSA and RC4. The encryption time (TE) for each algorithm on each file size was measured and recorded. The results showed that RC4 had significantly faster encryption times than RSA for all file sizes, both for text and image files. However, RSA is considered more securely than RC4. In conclusion, while RSA is more secure, RC4 has better performance and faster encryption/decryption speeds compared to RSA.
An Efficient Key Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks using poly...Deepti Dohare
The document proposes a key distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks based on polynomials. It has the advantages of both probabilistic and deterministic schemes by providing full connectivity like deterministic schemes while also being resilient to node capture like probabilistic schemes. The scheme involves initially distributing symmetric polynomials to nodes. After establishing keys with neighbors, nodes erase their polynomials. To add new nodes, a set of polynomials is given and keys are established by exchanging encrypted values with neighbors. The scheme has low communication and space overhead compared to other approaches.
Securing the Data Communication between the Neighboring Sensor Nodes using Bi...IJMTST Journal
Privacy of data is one of the most important concept in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are used in many areas likewise in tracking and monitoring of some events. Each sensor node has one private key and an assigned id. We are providing data confidentiality between the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network using bilinear pairing (diffie-hellman algorithm). Sharing of data between those neighbouring nodes is also secured with the concept of shared secret key(symmetric key cryptography). Content privacy and context privacy can be obtained and the threats regarding to it can be overcomed. Data is encrypted between the nodes using those shared secret keys. We are providing security for the data between the neighbouring nodes in wireless sensor networks.
Encryption is a technique that transforms a code from an understandable into an incomprehensible code. Many methods can be applied to an encryption process. One such method is RSA. RSA works by appointing on byte values. The value is obtained from character conversion to ASCII code. This algorithm is based on the multiplication of two relatively large primes. Applications of the RSA algorithm can be used in data security. This research provides RSA algorithm application on data security system that can guarantee data confidentiality. RSA algorithm is known as a very secure algorithm. This algorithm works with the number of bits in the search for prime numbers. The larger the bits, the less chance of ciphertext can be solved. The weakness of this method is the amount of ciphertext capacity will be floating in line with the number of prime numbers used. Also, to perform the process of encryption and decryption, RSA requires a relatively long time than other algorithms. The advantage of RSA is that complicated ciphertext is solved into plaintext.
Data Security via Public-Key Cryptography in Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
This document discusses using public-key cryptography for data security in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an abstract that introduces public-key infrastructure for sensor networks to allow services like digital signatures. It then provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses their limitations, including limited resources and vulnerability of nodes. It reviews different techniques for distributing public keys, including public announcement, publicly available directories, using a public-key authority, and public-key certificates. It analyzes whether a public-key infrastructure is feasible for sensor networks given their constraints. The document concludes by discussing potential public-key schemes that could work for wireless sensor networks.
Review on key predistribution schemes in wireless sensor networksijassn
A wireless sensor network consist distributed sensors which are used to monitor physical or environmental
conditions like temperature, sound, pressure and so on. Wireless sensor network are used in future in many
applications like military, investigation teams, researches and so on. Security is the main issue in wireless
sensor network. Sensor network arrange several types of data packets, packets of routing protocols and
packets of key management protocols. Key management is the most effective method for providing better
security against several types of attacks. This paper discusses the various key pre-distribution approaches
along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Deal with attacks over cognitive radio networks authenticationognitive radioAhmad Sharifi
The document is a research paper published in the International Journal of Computer Technology and Applications in November-December 2012. It discusses research conducted by Saeideh Taheri and others on an unspecified topic related to computer technology and applications. The paper was published in volume 3, issue 6 of the journal, spanning pages 2027 to 2032.
Key Management Scheme for Secure Group Communication in WSN with Multiple Gr...csandit
Security is one of the inherent challenges in the area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). At
present, majority of the security protocols involve massive iterations and complex steps of
encryptions thereby giving rise to degradation of quality of service. Many WSN applications are
based on secure group communication. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme for secure
group key management with simultaneous multiple groups. The scheme uses a key-based
approach for managing the groups and we show that membership change events can be
handled with less storage, communication and computation cost. The scheme also offers
authentication to the messages communicated within and among the groups.
A Literature Review of Some Modern RSA Variantsijsrd.com
This document provides a literature review of modern variants of the RSA cryptosystem. It discusses several variants proposed in other research papers that aim to address weaknesses in the original RSA algorithm, such as improving security against fault-based attacks. The document analyzes the merits and drawbacks of each variant, such as increased computation time or improved security levels. It concludes that RSA remains very popular for encryption and decryption due to its strong security with large key sizes, and more research is still needed to develop variants with even stronger security.
This document discusses the implementation of a hybrid cryptography algorithm combining DES and IDEA. It begins by providing background on encryption, key escrow schemes, and the need for stronger algorithms. It then separately describes DES and IDEA, including their structure, performance analysis, and types of cryptanalysis attacks they are susceptible to. The document proposes a new hybrid algorithm combining DES and IDEA to improve security and integrity.
Neural Cryptography for Secret Key ExchangeIJMTST Journal
The goal of any cryptography system is the exchange of information among the intended user without any leakage of information to other who may have unauthorized access to it. A common secret key could be created over a public channel accessible to any opponent. Neural networks can be used to generate common secret key. In case of neural cryptography, both the communicating networks receive an identical input vector, generate an output bit and are trained based on the output bit. The two networks and their weights vectors exhibit a new phenomenon, where the networks synchronize to a state with identical time-dependent weights. The generated secret key over a public channel is used for encryption and decryption of the message or information send over the channel.
This document describes a proposed technique for information security that uses a hybrid of DES and RSA encryption along with LSB steganography. The message is first encrypted with DES, then the DES keys are encrypted with RSA. The hybrid encrypted result is then embedded into an image file using LSB steganography. This combines the strengths of cryptography and steganography for improved security of transmitted data. The encryption time is faster than previous techniques and brute force attacks on this technique would be very difficult.
Efficient security approaches in mobile ad hoc networks a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DATA SECURITY USING PRIVATE KEY ENCRYPTION SYSTEM BASED ON ARITHMETIC CODINGIJNSA Journal
Problem faced by today’s communicators is not only security but also the speed of communication and size of content.In the present paper, a scheme has been proposed which uses the concept of compression and data encryption. In first phase the focus has been made on data compression and cryptography. In the next phase we have emphasized on compression cryptosystem. Finally, proposed technique has been discussed which used the concept of data compression and encryption. In this first data is compressed to reduce the size of the data and increase the data transfer rate. Thereafter compress data is encrypted to provide security. Hence our proposed technique is effective that can reduce data size, increase data transfer rate and provide the security during communication.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secured key distribution techniques in wireless sensor networks 150429171406pradip patel
The document discusses secured key distribution techniques in wireless sensor networks. It proposes a certificate-less key management protocol (CL-EKM) that allows for key generation by unauthorized nodes, improving security even if authorized nodes are compromised. The CL-EKM protocol supports node mobility through cluster-based management of keys. It evaluates the protocol's performance based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption. The CL-EKM protocol is shown to improve security while reducing energy consumption compared to alternatives that require keys to be generated only by authorized nodes.
Research on key predistribution scheme of wireless sensor networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a novel key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of key management in wireless sensor networks. It then describes the proposed scheme which has three phases: setup, direct key establishment, and path key establishment. The setup phase generates a large key pool and distributes keys to each sensor node. Direct key establishment allows sensor nodes to discover if they share keys directly. Path key establishment establishes keys through intermediate nodes if direct sharing fails. Performance analysis shows the scheme has higher local connectivity and stronger resilience against node capture attacks compared to previous schemes.
New approach in symmetric block cipher security using a new cubical techniqueijcsit
Cryptography is a security technique that must be applied in both communication sides to protect the data during its transmission through the network from all kinds of attack. On the sender side, the original data will be changed into different symbols or shapes by using a known key; this is
called encryption. On the other communication side, the decryption process will be done and the data will be returned to its former shape by using the agreed key. The importance of cryptography is to fulfil the communication security requirements. Real time applications (RTA) are vulnerable for the moment because of their big size. However, some of the current algorithms are not really
appropriate for use with these kinds of information. In this paper, a novel symmetric block cipher cryptography algorithm has been illustrated and discussed. The system uses an 8x8x8 cube, and each cell contains a pair of binary inputs. The cube can provide a huge number of combinations that can produce a very strong algorithm and a long key size. Due to the lightweight and fast technique used in this idea, it is expected to be extremely rapid compared to the majority of current algorithms, such as DES and AES.
File transfer using cryptography techniquesmiteshkumar82
The document discusses implementing IT auditing mechanisms for cloud computing applications to ensure security. It proposes using checklists based on cloud computing deployment and service models to audit the lifecycle of cloud applications like customer relationship management. The goal is to present implications for large enterprises and achieve desired security levels by designing and implementing IT auditing techniques. Practical investigations show IT auditing can assure security, regulations, and compliance for enterprise applications in the cloud.
File transfer with multiple security mechanismShubham Patil
The system enhances the security and the data confidentiality between the users and receiver by the two-layer encryption mechanism and the QR code for verification. The system consists of three main components which are very important to providing the security between sender and receiver while transmitting the data
RSA and RC4 Cryptosystem Performance Evaluation Using Image and TextYekini Nureni
This document compares the performance of the RSA and RC4 encryption algorithms. An application was developed to encrypt text and image files of varying sizes (10-200KB) using RSA and RC4. The encryption time (TE) for each algorithm on each file size was measured and recorded. The results showed that RC4 had significantly faster encryption times than RSA for all file sizes, both for text and image files. However, RSA is considered more securely than RC4. In conclusion, while RSA is more secure, RC4 has better performance and faster encryption/decryption speeds compared to RSA.
An Efficient Key Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks using poly...Deepti Dohare
The document proposes a key distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks based on polynomials. It has the advantages of both probabilistic and deterministic schemes by providing full connectivity like deterministic schemes while also being resilient to node capture like probabilistic schemes. The scheme involves initially distributing symmetric polynomials to nodes. After establishing keys with neighbors, nodes erase their polynomials. To add new nodes, a set of polynomials is given and keys are established by exchanging encrypted values with neighbors. The scheme has low communication and space overhead compared to other approaches.
Securing the Data Communication between the Neighboring Sensor Nodes using Bi...IJMTST Journal
Privacy of data is one of the most important concept in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are used in many areas likewise in tracking and monitoring of some events. Each sensor node has one private key and an assigned id. We are providing data confidentiality between the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network using bilinear pairing (diffie-hellman algorithm). Sharing of data between those neighbouring nodes is also secured with the concept of shared secret key(symmetric key cryptography). Content privacy and context privacy can be obtained and the threats regarding to it can be overcomed. Data is encrypted between the nodes using those shared secret keys. We are providing security for the data between the neighbouring nodes in wireless sensor networks.
Encryption is a technique that transforms a code from an understandable into an incomprehensible code. Many methods can be applied to an encryption process. One such method is RSA. RSA works by appointing on byte values. The value is obtained from character conversion to ASCII code. This algorithm is based on the multiplication of two relatively large primes. Applications of the RSA algorithm can be used in data security. This research provides RSA algorithm application on data security system that can guarantee data confidentiality. RSA algorithm is known as a very secure algorithm. This algorithm works with the number of bits in the search for prime numbers. The larger the bits, the less chance of ciphertext can be solved. The weakness of this method is the amount of ciphertext capacity will be floating in line with the number of prime numbers used. Also, to perform the process of encryption and decryption, RSA requires a relatively long time than other algorithms. The advantage of RSA is that complicated ciphertext is solved into plaintext.
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Review on key predistribution schemes in wireless sensor networksijassn
A wireless sensor network consist distributed sensors which are used to monitor physical or environmental
conditions like temperature, sound, pressure and so on. Wireless sensor network are used in future in many
applications like military, investigation teams, researches and so on. Security is the main issue in wireless
sensor network. Sensor network arrange several types of data packets, packets of routing protocols and
packets of key management protocols. Key management is the most effective method for providing better
security against several types of attacks. This paper discusses the various key pre-distribution approaches
along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Deal with attacks over cognitive radio networks authenticationognitive radioAhmad Sharifi
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GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that was designed to be secure with strong authentication and encryption of over-the-air transmissions. However, due to the ubiquitous wireless medium, GSM networks are more susceptible to security attacks than wired networks. The document discusses GSM security features including encryption algorithms like A5 and key lengths. While GSM provided improvements over analog networks, the encryption used has been broken and more secure algorithms are needed given the hundreds of millions of users.
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Key Establishment using Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request Mechanism f...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Key Management Approach For Wireless Sensor NetworksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
A Key Management Approach For Wireless Sensor NetworksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
A Trust Conscious Secure Route Data Communication in MANETSCSCJournals
The document proposes a mechanism for establishing trust-based secure routes for data communication between mobile nodes in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It aims to dynamically increase the trust level between nodes from low to high using proxy nodes. When nodes need to securely communicate, they will generate dynamic secret session keys either directly or through proxy nodes using message digest and Diffie-Hellman protocols. The mechanism is implemented on reactive routing protocols and finds routes through trusted intermediate nodes that share secret keys. This may result in non-optimal routes but guarantees security. It also describes how a new node can join and how trusted nodes can act as proxies to help other nodes establish shared keys.
A NEW KEY ESTABLISHMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Traditional key management techniques, such as public key cryptography or key distribution center (e.g., Kerberos), are often not effective for wireless sensor networks for the serious limitations in terms of computational power, energy supply, network bandwidth. In order to balance the security and efficiency, we propose a new scheme by employing LU Composition techniques for mutual authenticated pairwise key establishment and integrating LU Matrix with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman for anonymous pathkey establishment. At the meantime, it is able to achieve efficient group key agreement and management. Analysis shows that the new scheme has better performance and provides authenticity and anonymity for sensor to establish multiple kinds of keys, compared with previous related works.
A Modified Pair Wise Key Distribution Schemes and There Effect On Network Per...IJERA Editor
Key distribution schemes has always played a pivotal role in the security of wireless sensor networks. In this research work we focus mainly on the security aspect of WSN . We have developed a modified key distribution scheme which uses the concepts of post as well as pre distribution scheme and thus he proved to be a better alternative then the rest of two schemes. Simulation study has been carried out using matlab. The effort turned out to be fruitful s our modified scheme showed less dead nodes per round of data transfer as compared to post deployment scheme.
AN EFFICIENT KEY AGREEMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESSSENSOR NETWORKS USING THIRD PAR...ijasuc
This document summarizes a key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks that uses third party nodes to assist with pair-wise key establishment between sensor nodes. The proposed scheme has several advantages over existing approaches, including high local connectivity between sensor nodes, low memory usage, and resilience against node capture. It utilizes third party nodes, which are additional nodes deployed only to assist with key establishment and do not perform other network functions like sensing or routing. The scheme distributes secret shares to sensor nodes, allows nodes to discover local neighbors, and establishes secure channels in a way that improves performance metrics like connectivity, security, memory efficiency, and computational overhead compared to other key agreement methods.
Significant Storage on Sensor Storage Space, Energy Consumption and Better Se...ijasuc
This document presents a routing-driven key establishment scheme for hybrid sensor networks that aims to significantly reduce storage space, energy consumption, and improve security. The scheme utilizes elliptic curve cryptography to efficiently establish shared keys only between sensor nodes that communicate with each other, based on the routing pattern. It is argued that previous key establishment schemes required storing keys for all neighbor pairs, regardless of actual communication, wasting resources. The proposed scheme clusters the network with high-end sensors as heads, and generates keys based on intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing to optimize key usage and management. Analysis shows the new scheme provides better security with reduced overhead compared to other approaches.
Hierarchical Key Agreement Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networksidescitation
This document proposes a hierarchical key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks that uses both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Specifically, it uses probabilistic key pre-distribution for sensor nodes within clusters to establish secure communication with low computational overhead. It uses identity-based asymmetric key distribution between cluster heads and the base station to achieve secure communication with low communication overhead. The goal is to balance security, resilience, and resource overhead of the key management protocol for the constrained sensor nodes. It provides mathematical background on bilinear pairings and elliptic curves needed to implement the identity-based cryptographic techniques.
The document describes a pairwise key establishment scheme for ad hoc networks. It proposes using cellular automata rules to dynamically establish shared keys between two nodes. Each node sends either a cellular automata rule or the initialization parameters to the other node. The receiving node then uses the rule and parameters along with cellular automata computations to independently derive the shared key. This allows keys to be established dynamically without transmitting the actual keys or requiring an online server. The scheme aims to provide secure communication through pairwise key establishment while being computationally efficient and not relying on predistributed keys.
Network coding combined with onion routing for anonymous and secure communica...IJCNCJournal
This paper presents a novel scheme that provides high level of security and privacy in a Wireless Mesh
Network (WMN). We combine an approach of Network Coding with multiple layered encryption of onion routing for a WMN. An added superior feature provides higher level of security and privacy. Sensitive network information is confined to 1-hop neighborhood which is available anyways in a wireless medium with nodes using a bivariate polynomial. The only routing information divulged to a relay node is about next hop. No plain text is ever transmitted and all data can only be decrypted by its source and destination.Prior work finds it difficult to enforce encryption with network coding without divulging in complete
routing information,hence losing privacy and anonymity. We compare our scheme with other existing approach for several networks. The preliminary results show this work to provide superior security and anonymity at low overhead cost.
Random Key Pre-distribution Schemes using Multi-Path in Wireless Sensor Networksijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new key pre-distribution and multi-path routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. The paper begins with an introduction that describes the importance of security in wireless sensor networks and challenges with key management. It then reviews existing key pre-distribution and routing schemes. The document proposes a new hexagon-based multi-path routing algorithm combined with a key pre-distribution scheme. It describes the details of the algorithm and compares its performance to other schemes through simulations. The results show the proposed scheme achieves better security, efficiency and message delivery compared to previous works.
REVIEW ON KEY PREDISTRIBUTION SCHEMES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijassn
A wireless sensor network consist distributed sensors which are used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pressure and so on. Wireless sensor network are used in future in many applications like military, investigation teams, researches and so on. Security is the main issue in wireless sensor network. Sensor network arrange several types of data packets, packets of routing protocols and packets of key management protocols. Key management is the most effective method for providing better security against several types of attacks. This paper discusses the various key pre-distribution approaches along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses secure data sharing in cloud storage using a key-aggregate cryptosystem (KAC) which allows efficient delegation of decryption rights for any set of ciphertexts. KAC produces constant size ciphertexts and allows any set of secret keys to be aggregated into a single key encompassing the power of the keys being aggregated. This aggregate key can then be sent to others for decryption of the ciphertext set while keeping files outside the set confidential.
IRJET- - Implementation of a Secured Approach using Dynamic Key Managemen...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a secure authentication approach for wireless sensor networks using dynamic key management and zero knowledge protocols. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and security issues. It then describes related work on key predistribution and dynamic key management schemes. A proposed algorithm is described that uses a rekeying mechanism, zero knowledge authentication without directly transmitting secret keys, and dynamic keys that change for each authentication. Simulation results on networks of up to 25 nodes show the approach is efficient and can authenticate nodes while preventing attacks like cloning.
This document proposes a key distribution mechanism for secure communication in ad-hoc networks. It combines identity-based and threshold cryptography to efficiently distribute keys while respecting the constraints of ad-hoc networks. At network formation, participating nodes will generate a master public key for an identity-based cryptosystem in a distributed manner, while sharing the master secret key using threshold cryptography. This allows all network members to use their identity as their public key and obtain the corresponding secret key by interacting with a threshold of nodes.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new secure routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called Authenticate and Secure Routing Protocol (AMSRP). The protocol uses a hybrid cryptography approach that combines symmetric (AES) and asymmetric (RSA) cryptography. It aims to securely transmit data between nodes in a MANET by authenticating nodes and ensuring the integrity of important routing information. The protocol is implemented and evaluated using the AODV reactive routing protocol to discover and maintain routes between nodes. Simulation results show that the hybrid cryptography approach can securely transmit data between nodes while authenticating nodes and maintaining routing integrity in the MANET.
Analyzing and Securing Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks through ...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Networks are gaining popularity in various fields and areas. But these nodes are vulnerable as they are open networks and easily accessible. The major challenge is to have a secure data transmission between the nodes. To establish a secure transmission, we require a security scheme like a cryptographic algorithm, but this also requires a secure key distribution between nodes. The WSN’s have constraints like limited area, power and memory which restrict all the categories of cryptographic algorithm. Depending upon the criteria’s and constraints, cryptographic algorithm like Elliptic Curve Cryptography ECC is best suitable for WSN’s environment. ECC has a smaller key size, high security and less computation time which makes the node an efficient crypto system. In order to protect the security of data, we propose a novel secure transmission strategy based on Cryptography. In this design, we acquire sensitive information securely so as to make use of the advantage of encryption. Our approach deal with the weakness of limitation in sensor node resources and the security threats, it is suitable for stream data in sensor nodes. The simulation experiments also demonstrate that this approach is effective in transmitting sensitive data covertly with the characteristics of lower energy consumptions and invisibility. This paper describes the implementation of ECC cryptosystem for WSN for secure key and data transmission between the nodes. Shahid Ishaq | Rashmi Raj "Analyzing & Securing Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks through Cryptography Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30328.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30328/analyzing-and-securing-data-transmission-in-wireless-sensor-networks-through-cryptography-techniques/shahid-ishaq
Analytical Study On Artificial Neural NetworkKristen Carter
This document analyzes the use of artificial neural networks in cryptography. It discusses how neural networks can be used for secret key exchange and encryption. Specifically, it examines how synchronizing two neural networks through mutual learning can generate a secret key that is then used to encrypt and decrypt messages. The document also reviews various soft computing techniques like fuzzy logic that can be integrated with neural networks for cryptography applications. It concludes that artificial neural networks have potential for building more secure and effective cryptographic systems by overcoming some of the drawbacks of traditional approaches.
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Survey of the end to end secure communication in ADHOC networks
1. ISSN 2319 – 1953
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Applications and Management Studies
IJSRCSAMS
Volume 1, Issue 3 (NOVEMBER 2012) www.ijsrcsams.com
Survey of End to End Secure Communication in
Adhoc Networks
Ahmad Sharifi#1
, Saeideh Taheri*2
, Mohsen Khosravi@3
,G.Praveen Babu^4
#
School ofInformation Technology,Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
*
Computer Engineering Department, Iran University of Science & Technology,Tehran,Iran
@
Faculty of Information and Communication Technolog, International Islamic university Malaysia (IIUM)
^
School ofInformation Technology,Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
1
ahmadsharifi@ieee.org
2
sa_taheri@vu.iust.ac.ir
3
mohsen.khosravi@live.iium.edu.my
4
pravbob@jntuh.ac.in
Abstract— several algorithms are proposed which uses the basic
scheme by predistributing random keys into nodes. The
drawback is that one pair wise key may be shared by multiple
links. Chan et al. presented two schemes. In their q-composite
scheme, multiple keys are required to establish a secure link,
which makes a trade-off between connectivity and security. In
their random pair wise-key scheme, a unique pair wise key is
assigned to each node and every one of a random set. This
scheme provides high security but poses an upper bound on
network size. Du et al. proposed the pair wise key predistribution
scheme based on both the basic scheme and Blom’s scheme, from
which it inherits the threshold property. On the contrary, our
scheme utilizes Blom’s scheme more smoothly.
Keywords— Wireless, Authentication, Sensor network, Trust
management
I. INTRODUCTION
Du et al. and Liu and Ning independently proposed to
utilize deployment knowledge to improve the performance of
key establishment. Our scheme outperforms Du’s deployment
knowledge scheme in terms of connectivity and security. Liu
and Ning’s polynomial-based key predistribution scheme also
has the threshold property for the use of bivariate polynomials,
which is a special form of Blom’s scheme. As we mentioned,
our scheme utilizes the deployment knowledge in a smoother
way. Different from all of these, Zhu et al. presented LEAP by
introducing a weaker model, which assumes that there exists a
short time interval within which nodes can establish pair wise
keys securely. However, this time interval is often very hard
to estimate accurately. Once it is overestimated, all links may
be compromised.
Probabilistic Key Sharing discussed most of the proposed
symmetric key cryptography protocols for establishing a pair
wise shared key between two nodes make use of an on-line
key server. Mitchell and Piper proposed a solution based on
probabilistic key sharing that does not depend on such an on-
line server. However, the storage complexity imposed on each
participant in their scheme seems to be unaffordable in the
context of ad hoc networks.
The probabilistic keying scheme in our protocol is similar
to schemes that have been used by other researchers.
Eschenauer and Gligor introduced a key management scheme
based on probabilistic key sharing for distributed sensor
networks (DSN) with central key servers (e.g., base stations).
Chan et al. extended this scheme by presenting three new
mechanisms for key establishment in sensor networks based
on the framework of probabilistic key predeployment,
including a mechanism for pair wise shared key establishment
called multipath key reinforcement. Our work differs from the
previous ones in several aspects.
First, in our scheme, a node can deduce the set of keys it
shares with any other node (which may be an empty set) only
based on the latter’s identity. In contrast, the approaches
require each node to exchange the ids of the keys it possesses
with its neighbours. Thus, our approach trades computation
for communication, which is desirable in ad hoc networks.
Second, Eschenauer and Gligor proposed using the
predeployed keys for encrypting all communication between
nodes. A session key between two nodes can also be
established using a logical path secured by the predeployed
keys. However, it seems that the established session key might
not be exclusively known to the two nodes involved, because
each predeployed key is known to several nodes. In contrast,
we propose using the predeployed keys for establishing a
shared pair wise key that is exclusively known to two nodes
with overwhelming probability.
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II. KEY SCHEMES
We note that the multipath key reinforcement scheme
shares some similarities with our scheme in that both the
schemes use the idea of secret sharing; however, our scheme
differs from theirs in the following aspects. First, their scheme
uses multiple physically disjoint paths between two nodes in
establishing a pair wise key, while our scheme can use a
single physical path as long as the shares are transmitted over
multiple logically disjoint paths. Second, we present a detailed
security and performance analysis of the idea of combining
probabilistic key sharing and secret sharing, and also present
an algorithm for deciding the number of secret shares to be
used for establishing a pair wise key based on the desired
level of security.
III. THRESHOLD SECRET SHARING
There has been a great deal of research on threshold secret
sharing Shamir and its applications. In one direction, Gong
proposed an approach in which threshold secret sharing is
used for increasing the availability of authentication services.
Our work bears the similarity that we also utilize secret
sharing techniques to establish pair wise keys. Unlike Gong’s
scheme, however, our scheme does not use any single on-line
key server. In another relevant direction, researchers have
extensively investigated the interplay of network connectivity
and secure and reliable communication (e.g., Dolev, Delev et
al., Franklin and Wright, Desmedt and Wang). We refer the
reader to Bagchi et al. For an overview and recent result in
this regard.
Network, Node and Security Assumptions First, we assume
network links are bidirectional, i.e., if node A can hear node B,
B can also hear A. This is true when all the nodes use
omnidirectional antennas and have equal power levels. Second,
we aim to provide solutions for low-end devices. The
resources of a node such as power, storage, computation and
communication capacity, are relatively constrained, making
public key techniques impractical. We assume that every node
has space for storing hundreds of bytes or a few kilobytes of
keying materials, depending on the security requirements.
Third, we do not assume a central key server exists in the
formed network, whereas it may exist off-line to initiate the
nodes prior to the formation of the network.
Fourth, we assume that if a node is compromised, all the
information it holds will also be compromised. We do not
distinguish between a compromised node and an attacker.
Moreover, all the compromised nodes may try to eavesdrop
on other nodes’ communications and collude to launch attacks
by sharing their keying materials.
IV.KEY DISTRIBUTION
Our pair wise key establishment protocol is based on two
techniques – probabilistic key sharing and threshold secret
sharing. Before the deployment of a network, i.e., during a
key pre-distribution phase, every node is loaded with a (small)
fraction of keys out of a large pool of keys by a key server.
Note that this phase occurs before the deployment of the
network, and the key server stays off-line after finishing this
phase. Keys are allocated to each node using a probabilistic
scheme that enables every pair of nodes to share one or more
keys with certain probability. The keys directly shared
between any two nodes can thus be used to encrypt messages
exchanged between them. Even if two nodes do not share any
keys directly, our probabilistic key sharing scheme enables
them to communicate securely using logical paths obtained
via a logical path discovery process[1].
To be concrete, consider two nodes u and v that wish to
communicate privately. u and v may already share one or
more keys from the pool of keys after the key predistribution
phase. However, these keys are not known exclusively to u
and v because every key in our key pool may be allocated to
multiple nodes; hence, they cannot be used for encrypting any
message that is private to u and v. Thus the goal of our
algorithm is to establish a key, S, that is known exclusively to
u and v. The basic idea underlying the establishment of such a
key S is as follows: The sender node splits S into multiple
shares using an appropriate secret sharing scheme. The sender
then transmits to the recipient node all these shares, using a
different logical path for each share. The recipient node then
reconstructs S after it receives all (or a certain number of) the
shares.
V. SENSOR NODES
Sensor networks are ideal candidates for applications such
as military target tracking, home security monitoring, and
scientific exploration in dangerous environments. Typically, a
sensor network consists of a potentially large number of
resource constrained sensors, which are mainly used to collect
data (e.g. temperature) from the environment, and a few
control nodes, which may have more resources and may be
used to control the sensors and/or connect the network to the
outside world (e.g. a central data processingServer). Sensors
usually communicate with each other through wireless
communication channels. Sensor networks may be deployed
in hostile environments, especially in military applications. In
such situations, the sensors may be captured, and the
data/control packets may be intercepted and/or modified.
Therefore, security services such as authentication and
encryption are essential to maintain the network operations.
However, due to the resource constraints on the sensors, many
security mechanisms such as public key cryptography are not
feasible in sensor networks. Indeed, providing security
services in sensor networks is by no means a trivial problem;
it has received a lot of attention recently [1].
A fundamental security service is the establishment of a
symmetric, pair wise key shared between two sensors, which
is the basis of other security services such as encryption and
authentication. Several key predistribution techniques have
been developed recently to address this problem. Eschenauer
and Gligor proposed the basic probabilistic key predistribution,
in which each sensor is assigned a random subset of keys from
a key pool before the deployment of the network. By doing
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Volume 1, Issue 3 (NOVEMBER 2012) www.ijsrcsams.com
this, two sensors can have a certain probability to share at
least one key. Chan et al. developed the q-composite key
predistribution and the random pair wise keys schemes. The q-
composite key predistribution scheme is based on the basic
probabilistic scheme, but it requires two sensors share at least
q predistributed keys to establish a pair wise key. The random
pair wise keys scheme pre distribute random pair wise keys
between a particular sensor and a random subset of other
sensors, and has the property that compromised sensors do not
lead to the compromise of pair wise keys shared between non-
compromised sensors. However, these approaches still have
some limitations. For the basic probabilistic and the q-
composite key predistribution, a small number of
compromised sensors may reveal a large fraction of pair wise
keys shared between non-compromised sensors. Though the
random pair wise keys scheme provides perfect security
against node captures, the maximum supported network size is
strictly limited by the storage capacity for pair wise keys and
the desired probability to share a key between two sensors.
Liu and Ning developed a framework to predistributepair wise
keys using bivariate polynomials and proposed two efficient
instantiations, a random subset assignment scheme and a grid-
based key predistribution scheme, to establish pair wise keys
in sensor networks.
Our second theme during this paper is thought-about
associate degree internal representation of this framework
however can do higher performance thanks to the specific
usage of location data. Recent advances in electronic and pc
technologies have paved the manner for the proliferation of
wireless detector networks (WSN). Detector networks
typically comprises an oversized variety of ultra-small
autonomous devices. every device, known as a detector node,
is battery battery-powered and equipped with integrated
sensors, processing capabilities, and short-range radio
communications. In typical application eventualities, detector
nodes square measure unfold every which way over the
preparation region beneath scrutiny and collect detector
information. samples of detector network comes embrace
SmartDust and WINS.
Sensor networks ar being deployed for a large kind of
applications, together with military sensing and pursuit,
atmosphere observation, patient observation and pursuit, good
environments, etc. once sensing element networks ar deployed
during a hostile atmosphere, security becomes extraordinarily
necessary, as they're vulnerable to differing kinds of malicious
attacks. for instance, associate individual will simply hear the
traffic, impersonate one in every of the network nodes1, or by
choice give deceptive data to different nodes. to supply
security, communication ought to be encrypted and echt.
associate open analysis drawback is the way to bootstrap
secure communications among sensing element nodes, i.e. the
way to discovered secret keys among human activity nodes?
VI. KEY MANAGEMENT
This key agreement drawback could be a a part of the key
management drawback, that has been wide studied generally
network environments. There ar 3 sorts of general key
agreement themes: trusted-server scheme, self-enforcing
theme, and key pre-distribution theme. The trusty-server
theme depends on a trusted server for key agreement between
nodes, e.g., Kerberos. this sort of theme isn't appropriate for
detector networks as a result of there's typically no trusty
infrastructure in detector networks. The self-enforcing theme
depends on uneven cryptography, like key agreement
mistreatment public key certificates. However, restricted
computation and energy resources of detector nodes usually
create it undesirable to use public key algorithms, like Diffie-
Hellman key agreement or RSA, as realized. The third form of
key agreement theme is vital pre-distribution, wherever key
info is distributed among all detector nodes before preparation.
If we all know that nodes ar additional seemingly to remain
within the same neighbourhood before preparation, keys are
often set a priori. However, attributable to the randomness of
the preparation, knowing the set of neighbours
deterministically may not be possible [5].
There exist variety of key pre-distribution schemes. A naive
resolution is to let all the nodes carry a master secret key. Any
try of nodes will use this international master secret key to
attain key agreement and acquire a brand new try wise key.
This theme doesn't exhibit fascinating network resilience: if
one node is compromised, the protection of the complete
detector network are compromised. Some existing studies
counsel storing the key in tamper-resistant hardware to cut
back the danger, however this will increase the price and
energy consumption of every detector. what is more, tamper-
resistant hardware won't perpetually be safe. Another key pre-
distribution theme is to let every detector carry N − one secret
try wise keys, every of that is thought solely to the present
detector and one in all the opposite N−1 sensors (assuming N
is that the total variety of sensors). The resilience of this
theme is ideal as a result of compromising one node doesn't
have an effect on the protection of communications among
alternative nodes; but, this theme is impractical for sensors
with a very restricted quantity of memory as a result of N may
be massive. Moreover, adding new nodes to a pre-existing
detector network is tough as a result of the prevailing nodes
don't have the new nodes’ keys.
The Eschenauer-Gligor theme has been delineated earlier
during this section. we'll provides a additional elaborated
description of this theme in Section II. supported the
Eschenauer-Gligor theme, Chan, Perrig, and Song projected a
q-composite random key pre-distribution theme. The
distinction between this theme and therefore the Eschenauer-
Gligor theme is that letter common keys (q nine 1), rather than
simply one one, ar required to ascertain secure
communications between a try of nodes. it's shown that, by
increasing the worth of letter, network resilience against node
capture is improved, i.e., associate offender needs to
compromise more nodes to realize a high chance of
compromised communication [3].
Du, Deng, Han, and Varshney projected a brand new key
predistribution theme, that well improves the resilience of the
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network compared to the present schemes. This theme
exhibits a pleasant threshold property: once the amount of
compromised nodes is a smaller amount than the edge, the
likelihood that any nodes apart from these compromised nodes
ar affected is near zero. This fascinating property lowers the
initial payoff of smaller scale network breaches to AN soul,
and makes it necessary for the soul to attack a big proportion
of the network. an identical methodology is additionally
developed by Liu and Ning.
The ideas delineated during this paper is applied to all or
any of the higher than pre-distribution schemes to additional
improve their performance. Blundo et al. projected many
schemes which permit any cluster of t parties to figure a
typical key whereas being secure against collusion between a
number of them. These schemes concentrate on saving
communication prices whereas memory constraints aren't
placed on cluster members. Perrig et al. projected SPINS, a
security design specifically designed for detector networks. In
SPINS, every detector node shares a secret key with the
bottom station. 2 detector nodes cannot directly establish a
secret key. However, they will use the bottom station as a sure
third party to line up the key.
Several other key distribution schemes have been proposed
for mobile computing, although they are not specifically
targeted at sensor networks. Tatebayashi, Matsuzaki, and
Newman consider key distribution for resource-starved
devices in a mobile environment. This work is further
improved by Park et al. Other key agreement and
authentication protocols include the one by Beller and Yacobi.
A survey on key distribution and authentication for resource-
starved devices in mobile environments is given. The majority
of these approaches rely on asymmetric cryptography, which
is not a feasible solution for sensor networks. Several other
methods based on asymmetric cryptography are also proposed:
Zhou and Hass propose a secure ad hoc network using secret
sharing and threshold cryptography. Kong et al. also propose
localized public-key infrastructure mechanisms, based on
secret sharing schemes.
VII. DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS
Distributed sensor networks have received a lot of attention
recently due to their wide application in military as well as
civilian operations. Example applications include target
tracking, scientific exploration, and monitoring of nuclear
power plants. Sensor nodes are typically low-cost, battery
powered, and highly resource constrained, and usually
collaborates with each other to accomplish their tasks [1].
Security services such as authentication and key
management are critical to secure the communication between
sensors in hostile environments. As one of the most
fundamental security services, pair wise key establishment
enables the sensor nodes to communicate securely with each
other using cryptographic techniques. However, due to the
resource constraints on sensor nodes, it is not feasible for
sensors to use traditional pair wise key establishment
techniques such as public key cryptography and key
distribution centre (KDC).
Eschenauer and Gligor proposed a probabilistic key
predistribution scheme recently for pair wise key
establishment. The main idea was to let each sensor node
randomly pick a set of keys from a key pool before
deployment so any two sensor nodes have a certain
probability of sharing at least one common key. Chan et al.
further extended this idea and developed two key
predistribution techniques: q-composite key predistribution
and random pair wise keys scheme [6]. The q-composite key
predistribution also uses a key pool but requires two sensors
compute a pair wise key from at least q predistributed keys
they share. The random pair wise keys scheme randomly picks
pairs of sensors and assigns each pair a unique random key.
Both schemes improve the security over the basic probabilistic
key predistribution scheme. However, the pair wise key
establishment problem is still not solved. For the basic
probabilistic and the q-composite key predistribution schemes,
as the number of compromised nodes increases, the fraction of
affected pair wise keys increases quickly. As a result, a small
number of compromised nodes may affect a large fraction of
pairwise keys. While the random pair wise keys scheme
doesn’t suffer from the above security problem, given a
memory constraint, the network size is strictly limited by the
desired probability that two sensors share a pair wise key and
the number of neighbour nodes that a sensor can communicate
with it.
VIII. RELATED WORKS
Some general key distribution and management approaches
aren't appropriate for wireless sensing element networks. First,
trivially storing in every node a combine wise key for each
different node poses a high memory demand unaffordable for
sensing element nodes. Second, on-line key distribution and
management offered by the bottom station is inefficient for
wireless sensing element networks owing to high
communication overhead. Third, public-key algorithms like
RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
square measure too high-ticket to current sensing element
nodes for prime energy consumption and computation
overhead. Experimental results from existing analysis show
that the execution time of public key- primarily based
operations, like cryptography and cryptography, is of the order
of seconds or perhaps ten seconds. Moreover, wireless sensing
element networks might not be able to offer the specified
public-key infrastructure (PKI) for key distribution. we've to
either distribute public keys into nodes through the bottom
station on-line, which can cause high communication
overhead, or predistribute public keys into nodes offline,
which can want some theme like what we have a tendency to
gift during this paper to boost its potency.
Fortunately, the bootstrapping problem can be solved by
key predistribution schemes that predistribute secret
information in nodes to help them establish secure links after
deployment. Eschenauer and Gligor proposed basic scheme by
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Volume 1, Issue 3 (NOVEMBER 2012) www.ijsrcsams.com
utilizing probabilistic key predistribution, which was
improved byChanet al. And Duet al. Recently, Duet al.And
Liu and Ning independently proposed to make use of
deployment knowledge to further improve the performance of
key establishment. Different from all these schemes, LEAP
proposed by Zhu et al. assumes a weaker model, that is, there
exists a short time interval within which nodes can establish
pair wise keys safely after deployment.
IX.PREDISTRIBIUTION SCHEME
Group-based preparation information implies that every
cluster of nodes reside solely among alittle native space,
which implies that almost all of the neighbours of every node
come back from its own cluster and neighbour teams.
Therefore, to attain a extremely connected network, the key
purpose is to maximise the likelihood that nodes from
identical cluster and neighbour teams share keys. For this
purpose, we have a tendency to divide the links of detector
networks into 2 sorts, in-group links and intergroup links,
reckoning on whether or not the concerned nodes area unit
from identical cluster or not, severally. consequently, we have
a tendency to build 2 styles of secret matrices A and B,
severally [8]. Our theme consists of key predistribution part
and key discovery part. Key Predistribution Phase: during this
part, we have a tendency to generate a worldwide public
matrix G and variety of secret A and B matrices. All teams
share the world matrix G, which implies each node of a gaggle
can choose a corresponding column from G. Meanwhile,
every cluster is assigned a singular secret matrix A, that is,
each node of {a cluster|a gaggle|a bunch} can choose its
corresponding row from the distinctive matrix A assigned to
its group. Thus, we have a tendency to guarantee that any 2
nodes from identical cluster will forever notice a combine
wise key [10].
Then, we tend to assign every cluster some variety of B
matrices to ensure that every combine of neighbour teams
shares a minimum of one common matrix B. a lot of exactly,
we tend to 1st choose some teams and assign every of them a
unique secret matrix B, wherever these teams ar known as
basic teams, and that we decision alternative nonbasic teams
traditional teams. Then, for every cluster (including basic and
traditional groups), we tend to assign it all of the B matrices
that are allotted to its neighbour basic teams, that ar the
essential teams among its neighbour teams. After that, every
node picks corresponding rows from some or all (depending
on totally different methods) of the B matrices that are allotted
to its cluster. At last, we tend to set all nodes an equivalent
transmission vary and deploy them in teams.
X. CONCLUSIONS
After deployment, each node first probes its neighbours.
Then, neighbour nodes exchange their group indexes, indexes
of B matrices, and columns of matrix G. If two neighbours
come from the same group, they derive the pair wise key from
the common matrix A and G. If they are not from the same
group, but share one or more common B matrices, they can
also find out the pair wise key from one shared matrix B and
the global matrix G. Then, the neighbours with pair wise keys
established will build a secure link between each other and
start to transmit data securely through the link. Meanwhile,
those neighbours sharing no pair wise keys will no longer
communicate with each other. Note: Some nodes that find no
pair wise keys between them may still exploit other methods
such as multihop path reinforcement to establish pair wise
keys indirectly. However, this discussion is out of the scope of
our paper and we only focus on how to establish pair wise
keys through one-hop links.
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