This document describes various common surgical instruments including needles, needle drivers, diathermy, blades, gauze, surgical retractors, scissors, forceps, clamps, sutures and their functions. Needles are used to place sutures with minimal trauma. Needle drivers hold needles during wound closure. Diathermy uses radio waves to precisely cut and coagulate tissue with limited blood loss. Blades, such as scalpels, make incisions. Gauze absorbs fluids and cleans wounds. Retractors hold incisions open during surgery. Scissors cut tissue and forceps handle tissue. Clamps grip, dissect, and retract tissue and blood vessels. Sutures repair cuts and close

1. Surgical instruments

2. Needles
• The surgical needle allows the placement of
the suture within the tissue, carrying the
material through with minimal residual
trauma.

3. Needle drivers
• A needle holder, also called needle driver or
needle forceps, is a surgical instrument similar
to a hemostat, used by doctors and surgeons
to hold and push a suturing needle when
performing wound closure, ligation and other
surgical procedures that require re-
anastomosis

5. Diathermy
• Diathermy is the use of high frequency alternate
polarity radio-wave electrical current to cut or
coagulate tissue during surgery. It allows for precise
incisions to be made with limited blood loss and is now
used in nearly all surgical disciplines.
• Surgical diathermy, also known as electrocautery is a
useful and common surgical technique for tissue
ablation. Here, an alternating current is passing
through a resistant metal wire electrode, generating
heat which is then applying to living tissue to achieve
the hemostasis or varying degrees of tissue
destruction.

7. Blades
• Scalpel is an essential dermatological tool
used “for making skin incisions, tissue
dissections, and a variety of surgical
approaches since the onset of 'modern'
surgery.” Scalpel blades come in different
sizes, identified by a blade number, and each
serving a different purpose.

9. Gauze
• Gauze sponges are disposable medical
supplies commonly used in medicine and
surgery. They are ordinarily made of gauze and
are used to absorb blood and other fluids as
well as clean wounds. When used in surgery,
they are called surgical sponges.

11. Surgical Retractor
• Surgical Retractor instruments are used to
hold an incision or wound open while a
surgeon works. The retractor could also be
used to hold tissues or organs out of the way
during a surgery.

12. Retractors

13. Scalpel holders
• What is the function of blade holder?
• The blade holder is mounted or integrated into the doctor
or roll cleaning structure. Its main purpose is to hold the
blade in place. The blade is the working portion of the
system that engages the roll surface to perform the
function of cleaning and removing water or contaminants
or the sheet from the roll surface
• What are the advantages of scalpel?
• Scalpel has advantages of easy to be used, precise incision
with well-defined margins, the healing is fast, and there is
no lateral tissue damage. While the disadvantages of
scalpel are need of giving anesthesia, bleeding that result in
inadequate visibility and the incision cut is not sterilized.

15. Scissors
• Surgeons use surgical scissors during an
operation in order to cut tissues at the surface
or inside the human body. The blades can be
either curved or straight. The effect of tissue
dissection is achieved when the sharpened
edges slide against each other when the bows
opposite to the joint are closed.

17. Forceps
• Tissue Forceps: Non-toothed forceps used for
fine handling of tissue and traction during
dissection. Adson Forceps: Forceps toothed at
the tip used for handling dense tissue, such as
in skin closures. Also called locking forceps,
these are ratcheted instruments used to hold
tissue or objects, or provide hemostasis.

20. Clamps
• Clamps are useful for gripping, dissecting,
occluding and retracting. They are of different
types such as hemostat clamps, aortic vascular
clamp, bulldog forceps and needle holders.
These clamps are mostly used to hold or grasp
tissue or blood vessels during surgery.

22. Suture
• ​​Sutures, also known as stitches, are sterile
surgical threads used to repair cuts. They are
also commonly used to close incisions from
surgery. Some wounds may require an
alternative method like metal staples instead
of sutures. It all depends on the wound.

25. THANKYOU