A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location at any time.The popular types of Sunshine Recorder are:
Campbell- stokes Recorder
Rotating Mirror Sunshine Recorder
Blake- Larsen Recorder
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes a pyranometer, which measures broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface using a thermopile sensor and glass dome. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct solar irradiance and requires solar tracking to keep it aimed at the sun. Both instruments adhere to ISO and WMO standards and are used in meteorology, climatology and solar energy studies. A sunshine recorder measures the amount of sunshine at a location using either the sun or a clock as a timescale.
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The two popular types are the Campbell-Stokes recorder, which uses a glass sphere to burn a trace on a card, and the Blake-Larsen recorder, which uses sensors to more accurately detect solar radiation and produce automated digital records and reports. The Blake-Larsen recorder has advantages over the Campbell-Stokes recorder in providing more accurate results without manual interpretation and can integrate with online weather recording systems. Information from sunshine recorders is useful for applications in meteorology, agriculture, tourism and assessing solar energy feasibility.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes a pyranometer, which measures broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface using a thermopile sensor and glass dome. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct solar irradiance and requires solar tracking to keep it aimed at the sun. Both instruments adhere to ISO and WMO standards and are used in meteorology, climatology and solar energy studies. A sunshine recorder measures the amount of sunshine at a location using either the sun or a clock as a timescale.
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The two popular types are the Campbell-Stokes recorder, which uses a glass sphere to burn a trace on a card, and the Blake-Larsen recorder, which uses sensors to more accurately detect solar radiation and produce automated digital records and reports. The Blake-Larsen recorder has advantages over the Campbell-Stokes recorder in providing more accurate results without manual interpretation and can integrate with online weather recording systems. Information from sunshine recorders is useful for applications in meteorology, agriculture, tourism and assessing solar energy feasibility.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
Solar Energy Storage:-
Methods of storage such as sensible, latent heat &
thermochemical storage,selection of method of storage,
properties of storage materials and different arrangements of
storages
Solar energy can be harnessed using a range of technologies to capture and convert sunlight into useful forms of energy. There are two main types of solar energy technologies - passive solar, which uses sunlight without active solar components, and active solar, which uses electro-mechanical devices to convert sunlight into electricity or to power machinery. Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, power generation, and other applications by using technologies like solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface depends on geographic factors like latitude and weather conditions.
This document describes a solar dryer created by a student named Amit Kumar. It discusses what a solar dryer is, the need for solar drying, the construction of the student's solar dryer project, how it works, and its advantages and limitations. The student's solar dryer uses a solar panel to power a motor that rotates a rod inside a black wooden chamber with a glass cover to dry substances efficiently using solar energy. It also functions as a filter. The document concludes that solar drying can help reduce food waste and losses for farmers in India where sunlight is abundant.
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
Types of collectors used in solar power installationlee shin
solar is one of the renewable energies which can be easily trapped and utilized for the home. collectors are the source to capture sun power. the slides here shows the some of the types of collectors
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyrheliometers, pyranometers, Eppley pyranometers, Yellott solarimeters, and sun shine recorders. Pyrheliometers measure direct/beam radiation using a sun tracking system, while pyranometers measure global radiation from the whole hemisphere using the temperature difference between hot and cold surfaces. Eppley pyranometers and Yellott solarimeters work on similar principles but use different sensor designs. Sun shine recorders measure the duration of bright sunshine using a spherical bowl that burns a trace on a card. Solar radiation data should specify if it is instantaneous or averaged measurements, the time period, radiation type (beam, diffuse
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy sources. It discusses various types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, and solar air heaters. Flat plate collectors are the most widely used and collect both beam and diffuse radiation without tracking. Concentrating collectors use reflective surfaces to achieve higher temperatures over 100°C. Solar air heaters are used to pre-heat air for applications like space heating and drying. The document provides details on the construction, working, advantages and applications of these different solar collector technologies.
The document discusses wind energy potential and offshore wind potential. It provides information on how wind is created due to differences in atmospheric pressure and heating from the sun. It also describes the basic working principle of wind turbines, how they convert kinetic energy from wind into electrical energy. Offshore wind potential in India is discussed, with the country having a long coastline and EEZ that provides good potential for offshore wind farms.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses solar ponds and their applications. It begins with an introduction to solar ponds, explaining that they are bodies of water that collect and store solar energy through restricting convection currents. It then describes the different types of solar ponds, including non-convecting and convecting, and provides examples. Applications of solar ponds discussed include process heating, desalination, and refrigeration. Advantages are their low cost and ability to use diffuse radiation. The document concludes that solar ponds can replace fossil fuels for thermal energy applications.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
1. The document presents information on focusing type solar collectors. It discusses different types of focusing collectors that use reflecting surfaces to concentrate solar radiation onto absorbing surfaces.
2. Key focusing collector types discussed include cylindrical parabolic collectors, central receiver collectors, and compound parabolic collectors. Concentration ratios can reach as high as 10,000x, allowing surfaces to reach temperatures over 450°C.
3. Advantages of focusing collectors include using less material for higher collection of radiation. However, disadvantages include only collecting beam radiation and additional maintenance needs to keep reflecting surfaces clean and efficient.
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The two popular types are the Campbell-Stokes recorder, which uses a glass sphere to burn a trace on a card, and the Blake-Larsen recorder, which uses sensors to more accurately detect solar radiation and produce automated digital records and reports. The Blake-Larsen recorder has advantages over the Campbell-Stokes recorder in providing more accurate results without manual interpretation and can integrate with online weather recording systems. Information from sunshine recorders is useful for applications in meteorology, agriculture, tourism and assessing solar energy feasibility.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
Solar Energy Storage:-
Methods of storage such as sensible, latent heat &
thermochemical storage,selection of method of storage,
properties of storage materials and different arrangements of
storages
Solar energy can be harnessed using a range of technologies to capture and convert sunlight into useful forms of energy. There are two main types of solar energy technologies - passive solar, which uses sunlight without active solar components, and active solar, which uses electro-mechanical devices to convert sunlight into electricity or to power machinery. Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, power generation, and other applications by using technologies like solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface depends on geographic factors like latitude and weather conditions.
This document describes a solar dryer created by a student named Amit Kumar. It discusses what a solar dryer is, the need for solar drying, the construction of the student's solar dryer project, how it works, and its advantages and limitations. The student's solar dryer uses a solar panel to power a motor that rotates a rod inside a black wooden chamber with a glass cover to dry substances efficiently using solar energy. It also functions as a filter. The document concludes that solar drying can help reduce food waste and losses for farmers in India where sunlight is abundant.
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
Types of collectors used in solar power installationlee shin
solar is one of the renewable energies which can be easily trapped and utilized for the home. collectors are the source to capture sun power. the slides here shows the some of the types of collectors
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyrheliometers, pyranometers, Eppley pyranometers, Yellott solarimeters, and sun shine recorders. Pyrheliometers measure direct/beam radiation using a sun tracking system, while pyranometers measure global radiation from the whole hemisphere using the temperature difference between hot and cold surfaces. Eppley pyranometers and Yellott solarimeters work on similar principles but use different sensor designs. Sun shine recorders measure the duration of bright sunshine using a spherical bowl that burns a trace on a card. Solar radiation data should specify if it is instantaneous or averaged measurements, the time period, radiation type (beam, diffuse
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy sources. It discusses various types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, and solar air heaters. Flat plate collectors are the most widely used and collect both beam and diffuse radiation without tracking. Concentrating collectors use reflective surfaces to achieve higher temperatures over 100°C. Solar air heaters are used to pre-heat air for applications like space heating and drying. The document provides details on the construction, working, advantages and applications of these different solar collector technologies.
The document discusses wind energy potential and offshore wind potential. It provides information on how wind is created due to differences in atmospheric pressure and heating from the sun. It also describes the basic working principle of wind turbines, how they convert kinetic energy from wind into electrical energy. Offshore wind potential in India is discussed, with the country having a long coastline and EEZ that provides good potential for offshore wind farms.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses solar ponds and their applications. It begins with an introduction to solar ponds, explaining that they are bodies of water that collect and store solar energy through restricting convection currents. It then describes the different types of solar ponds, including non-convecting and convecting, and provides examples. Applications of solar ponds discussed include process heating, desalination, and refrigeration. Advantages are their low cost and ability to use diffuse radiation. The document concludes that solar ponds can replace fossil fuels for thermal energy applications.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
1. The document presents information on focusing type solar collectors. It discusses different types of focusing collectors that use reflecting surfaces to concentrate solar radiation onto absorbing surfaces.
2. Key focusing collector types discussed include cylindrical parabolic collectors, central receiver collectors, and compound parabolic collectors. Concentration ratios can reach as high as 10,000x, allowing surfaces to reach temperatures over 450°C.
3. Advantages of focusing collectors include using less material for higher collection of radiation. However, disadvantages include only collecting beam radiation and additional maintenance needs to keep reflecting surfaces clean and efficient.
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The two popular types are the Campbell-Stokes recorder, which uses a glass sphere to burn a trace on a card, and the Blake-Larsen recorder, which uses sensors to more accurately detect solar radiation and produce automated digital records and reports. The Blake-Larsen recorder has advantages over the Campbell-Stokes recorder in providing more accurate results without manual interpretation and can integrate with online weather recording systems. Information from sunshine recorders is useful for applications in meteorology, agriculture, tourism and assessing solar energy feasibility.
The document describes a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder, which automatically records time and duration of sunlight. It consists of a precisely crafted glass sphere mounted in a metal bowl that focuses sunlight onto cards to trace the sun's path. The instrument must be carefully installed and levelled so that the traces remain parallel to lines on the cards throughout the year. Models are available for different latitude ranges and include accessories like replacement cards and a heating device to prevent ice formation. Proper installation involves aligning the instrument to the celestial equator and local meridian.
This document discusses environmental impacts and measurement of solar energy. It summarizes that solar power has minimal environmental impacts if sited properly but larger solar facilities can impact land and habitat if not sited well. It also discusses water use and hazardous materials associated with solar panel production. Methods for measuring solar radiation include pyrheliometers, pyranometers and radiometers which measure heat flux or thermoelectric forces from sunlight.
1. The document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy generation systems, with a focus on solar energy. It covers topics like principles of solar energy, applications of solar energy, and solar power generation.
2. Measurement of solar radiation is discussed, including devices like pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Common solar energy technologies are described, such as flat plate collectors, solar water heaters, photovoltaic systems, and solar collectors.
3. The key components and working principles of flat plate collectors are explained. Flat plate collectors are widely used due to their simple design, lack of moving parts, low maintenance needs, and relatively low cost.
This document provides information about conducting geological fieldwork, including necessary equipment, techniques, and documentation. It discusses field equipment such as hand lenses, compasses, GPS, and hammers. Measurement techniques like recording strike and dip are covered. Documentation methods like sketching observations, constructing graphic logs, and making geological maps are explained. The goal of fieldwork is to accurately observe and record geological features, structures, and samples to further scientific understanding.
The document discusses various topics related to solar energy and its applications. It describes the different types of solar radiation received on Earth's surface such as beam, diffuse and reflected radiation. It also discusses principles of measuring solar radiation using instruments like pyranometers, pyrheliometers and photovoltaic solarimeters. Various solar technologies are explained briefly, including solar photovoltaic cells, solar thermal collectors, solar cooking and solar pumping. Solar cells, their working mechanism and types are also summarized concisely.
This seminar discusses tools for measuring solar radiation and methods for optimizing building orientation and performing shadow analysis. It describes three common instruments for measuring solar radiation: pyranometers, pyrheliometers, and sunshine recorders. It then explains how pyranometers and pyrheliometers function and their applications. Building orientation optimization considers factors like solar heat gain, wind direction, and site conditions. Shadow analysis involves calculating shadows cast by surrounding objects to assess their impact on solar energy systems. A variety of manual and software tools can be used to perform shadow simulations and optimize building design for solar access.
This document outlines the key elements of weather that are measured, including temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, and cloudiness. It describes the instruments used to measure each element, such as thermometers for temperature, rain gauges for precipitation, wind vanes and anemometers for wind, hygrometers for humidity, barometers for pressure, a Campbell-Stokes recorder for sunshine, and estimation of cloud cover in oktas. It provides details on how each instrument is used and constructed to gather weather data.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. Jens
Martensson
Sunshine Recorder
• A sunshine recorder is a device that
records the amount of sunshine at a
given location at any time.
• The results provide information
about the weather and climate as
well as the temperature of a
geographical area.
• This information is useful
in metrology, science, agriculture,
tourism and other fields.
• It has also been called a heliograph.
2
3. Jens
Martensson
• The popular types of Sunshine Recorder are:
1. Campbell- stokes Recorder
2. Rotating Mirror Sunshine Recorder
3. Blake- Larsen Recorder
Types of Sunshine Recorder
3
5. Jens
Martensson
• It was invented by John Francis
Campbell in 1853 and modified in 1879
by Sir George Gabriel Stokes.
PRINCIPLE:
• It concentrates sunlight through a glass
sphere onto a recording card placed at
its focal point.
• The length of the burn trace left on the
card represents the sunshine duration.
Campbell- Stokes Recorder
5
6. Jens
Martensson
Construction:
• It consists of a glass sphere mounted
concentrically in a section of a spherical
bowl.
• The diameter of the bowl is such that
the sun rays are focused sharply on a
card held in grooves in the bowl.
Campbell- Stokes Recorder
6
7. Jens
Martensson
Working:
• When sunshine is present the glass
ball would focus the rays and burn a
hole through a strip of photosensitive
card. As the sun moves across the sky
a corresponding hole would be made
in the card.
• Different shaped strips of card are
used to account for the change in the
Sun’s position in the sky throughout
the year. Typically 3 shapes are
available.
• At the end of each day, the card
would be removed. The reader would
measure the burn holes. The length of
the holes made in the card would
indicate duration.
Campbell- Stokes Recorder
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8. Jens
Martensson
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Campbell- Stokes Recorder
• The major advantage of this type of
recorder is its simplicity and ease of use.
• There are no moving parts and it thus
requires very little maintenance.
Disadvantages
• Rain may cause the card to be torn
when removing it and thus making it
difficult to read.
• It is also susceptible to external, non-
weather factors such as dust, dirt or
dried bird droppings accumulating on
the glass sphere which requires frequent
inspection and cleaning.
Advantages
10. Jens
Martensson
• A rotating mirror is used to reflect
sunlight onto the photo sensor, and the
occurrence of sunshine is detected by
measuring the intensity of the light
received.
• The rotating mirror rotates once every
30 seconds.
• Once the instrument is set to an angle
corresponding to the latitude at the site
by adjusting the scale on the body at
installation, the double-surfaced mirror
reflects sunlight as required throughout
the year regardless of changes in the
sun’s elevation.
Rotating Mirror Sunshine Recorder
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12. Jens
Martensson
• Blake-Larsen Sun Recorder was
developed by Alan Blake (UK) and Ole
Jul Larsen (Denmark).
PRINCIPLE
• It detects sunshine duration as the
human eye would do by its design and
measuring principle.
• Light, reflected by the dome, passes
through a special filter unto the LUX-
sensor. (can separately measure infrared,
full-spectrum or human-visible light.)
• A scientifically deduced algorithm then
determines whether the sun is shining
or not.
Blake- Larsen Recorder
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13. Jens
Martensson
Advantages
• The system can produce results which
are far more accurate than, for example,
the Campbell Stokes recorder which
requires manual intervention and skilled
interpretation.
• It will also be much more affordable
than the methods used by professional
forecasters yet will give comparable
results.
Blake- Larsen Recorder
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