India has 10 biogeographic zones based on its diverse climate, terrain and ecosystems. The Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation. The Himalayan zone has unique biodiversity due to its high altitude and temperate forests. The Thar Desert and Rann of Kutch are hot and dry with adapted wildlife like wild asses. Semi-arid areas have thorn forests and bustard birds. The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot with high endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain have varied forests and agriculture. North-East India and islands also have distinctive ecosystems.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on climate, soil and biodiversity: 1) Trans-Himalaya, 2) Himalaya, 3) Desert, 4) Semi-arid, 5) Western Ghats, 6) Deccan Peninsula, 7) Gangetic Plain, 8) North-East India, 9) Islands, and 10) Coasts. These zones contain varied ecosystems from high mountain ranges and forests to river plains, deserts and coastal regions. Each zone has unique climatic conditions and supports different plant and animal species well-adapted to the local environment.
This document provides information on various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India through a presentation by Aditya Ranjan. It discusses that wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas where animals can live naturally, and India has over 442 such sanctuaries home to thousands of species. National parks are areas protected for conservation that allow recreation and education, and India's first was Jim Corbett National Park. The presentation then gives multi-paragraph descriptions of several prominent national parks in India, including their locations, features, and the wildlife found there.
Wildlife management - habit, habitat, territory & niche of animalsAnish Gawande
The document discusses various concepts related to animal behavior including habit, habitat, territory, niche, herbivores, carnivores, solitary animals, packs, and herds.
It defines habit as aspects of animal behavior or structure. Habitat is described as the physical area where a species lives, defined by factors like temperature and rainfall. Territory refers to the area an animal defends against others of its species. Niche is the role a species plays in its ecosystem, such as how it obtains energy.
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are discussed in detail. Examples of solitary animal behaviors and specific pack behaviors in species like wolves are provided. Herds are described
The Nearctic region includes North America north of the Tropic of Cancer, including Newfoundland, the Arctic Archipelago, and Greenland. This region is known for its diversity of salamanders and is considered the "headquarters of urodels". When North and South America joined through the Isthmus of Panama 3 million years ago, many animal species migrated between the continents. Animals from the north like llamas, tapirs, and pumas moved into South America, while armadillos, opossums, and porcupines moved northward. The Nearctic region shows great climatic variation from frozen ice sheets in Greenland to deserts in western North America. It contains several distinct sub-regions
India has high biodiversity due to its varied climate and ecosystems. It contains 7-8% of the world's recorded plant and animal species on only 2.4% of the world's land area. Biodiversity provides both direct and indirect values. Direct values include consumptive uses like food, fuel, and medicine as well as productive uses that provide timber, cotton, dyes, and rubber. Indirect values are ecosystem services like carbon fixation, pollination, water regulation, and erosion control. Maintaining biodiversity is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
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This document summarizes the major forest types found in India. It describes 5 main forest types - tropical forests, montane subtropical forests, temperate montane forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine forests. Each forest type is further divided into subtypes based on factors like climate, rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The document provides details on the characteristic features and locations of each forest subtype.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on climate, soil and biodiversity: 1) Trans-Himalaya, 2) Himalaya, 3) Desert, 4) Semi-arid, 5) Western Ghats, 6) Deccan Peninsula, 7) Gangetic Plain, 8) North-East India, 9) Islands, and 10) Coasts. These zones contain varied ecosystems from high mountain ranges and forests to river plains, deserts and coastal regions. Each zone has unique climatic conditions and supports different plant and animal species well-adapted to the local environment.
This document provides information on various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India through a presentation by Aditya Ranjan. It discusses that wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas where animals can live naturally, and India has over 442 such sanctuaries home to thousands of species. National parks are areas protected for conservation that allow recreation and education, and India's first was Jim Corbett National Park. The presentation then gives multi-paragraph descriptions of several prominent national parks in India, including their locations, features, and the wildlife found there.
Wildlife management - habit, habitat, territory & niche of animalsAnish Gawande
The document discusses various concepts related to animal behavior including habit, habitat, territory, niche, herbivores, carnivores, solitary animals, packs, and herds.
It defines habit as aspects of animal behavior or structure. Habitat is described as the physical area where a species lives, defined by factors like temperature and rainfall. Territory refers to the area an animal defends against others of its species. Niche is the role a species plays in its ecosystem, such as how it obtains energy.
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are discussed in detail. Examples of solitary animal behaviors and specific pack behaviors in species like wolves are provided. Herds are described
The Nearctic region includes North America north of the Tropic of Cancer, including Newfoundland, the Arctic Archipelago, and Greenland. This region is known for its diversity of salamanders and is considered the "headquarters of urodels". When North and South America joined through the Isthmus of Panama 3 million years ago, many animal species migrated between the continents. Animals from the north like llamas, tapirs, and pumas moved into South America, while armadillos, opossums, and porcupines moved northward. The Nearctic region shows great climatic variation from frozen ice sheets in Greenland to deserts in western North America. It contains several distinct sub-regions
India has high biodiversity due to its varied climate and ecosystems. It contains 7-8% of the world's recorded plant and animal species on only 2.4% of the world's land area. Biodiversity provides both direct and indirect values. Direct values include consumptive uses like food, fuel, and medicine as well as productive uses that provide timber, cotton, dyes, and rubber. Indirect values are ecosystem services like carbon fixation, pollination, water regulation, and erosion control. Maintaining biodiversity is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
http://movie-rulz.xyz/category/hollywood-movies/2016-english-movies/
http://movie-rulz.xyz/
http://movie-rulz.xyz/category/telugu-movies/2016-telugu-movies/
This document summarizes the major forest types found in India. It describes 5 main forest types - tropical forests, montane subtropical forests, temperate montane forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine forests. Each forest type is further divided into subtypes based on factors like climate, rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The document provides details on the characteristic features and locations of each forest subtype.
The document describes the fauna found in the Oriental region, which includes South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China. It is divided into 4 sub-regions: the Indian, Ceylon, Indo-China, and Indo-Malayan sub-regions. Each sub-region supports different types of fauna, including various mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In total, the region's fauna includes over 30 mammalian families and 66 bird families, and is dominated by species like carp, catfish, snakes, lizards, monkeys, rhinos, and elephants.
This document defines key terms related to rangelands and forage resources. It describes the different types of rangelands found in Nepal, including tropical, subtropical, temperate, subalpine, and alpine rangelands. It notes that rangelands make up approximately 12% of Nepal's land area and provides characteristics and examples of the vegetation found in each type of rangeland. The document also discusses the importance of livestock in Nepal's agro-ecosystem, noting they contribute over 50% to GDP and play a key role in agricultural production and soil fertility as well as providing economic, cultural and transportation benefits.
The document discusses the history and importance of wildlife conservation in Pakistan. It begins with the founding of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves in 1912 in London, which aimed to identify and protect areas for wildlife. It then describes the various ecosystems and species of plants and animals found across Pakistan, from mammals like the snow leopard and markhor, to insects and birds. The document emphasizes the economic, nutritional, recreational, scientific, and ecological benefits of wildlife for humans. However, threats from population growth, agriculture, hunting, and habitat loss have endangered many species and ecosystems in Pakistan. Strong laws and protected areas are needed to promote biodiversity and conserve Pakistan's valuable wildlife.
The document discusses elephant reserves in India. It notes that elephants require large areas and optimal forest conditions to survive. It outlines the goals of Project Elephant, launched in 1992, which are to protect elephants, their habitats, and corridors. Project Elephant aims to ensure the long-term survival of wild elephant populations through various conservation activities like habitat restoration, addressing human-elephant conflict, research, and awareness programs. It also lists the 28 elephant reserves across India where Project Elephant is being implemented.
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan.Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic plant and animal species that have experienced significant habitat loss. 35 hotspots have been identified that contain over 50% of the world's endemic plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates, despite representing only 2.3% of the Earth's land. Some key hotspots mentioned include the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Mediterranean Basin, Horn of Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands, Forests of Australia, Caucasus, and Mesoamerica. Each hotspot contains a high number of endemic species and has experienced extensive habitat
The Palearctic region is one of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It includes Europe, northern Africa, northern China, Russia, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan. The climate is mostly temperate, with both forested and open steppe lands. Zoologically, the region contains many families of mammals like rabbits, hedgehogs, and deer. It also has over 50 families of migratory birds but no parrots. Reptiles include turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes. Amphibians prominently feature newts and salamanders. Fish include carps, salmon, and eels, with carp being dominant.
The document summarizes insular fauna, or animal life on islands. It discusses the differences between continental islands and oceanic islands. Continental islands, like Great Britain and Japan, were once connected to mainland but are now separated by water. Their fauna is similar to the mainland. Oceanic islands, such as Galapagos and Krakatoa, have never been connected and have unique fauna adapted to island conditions, often with flightless birds and giant reptiles. It also describes the ancient islands of New Zealand and Madagascar, which have relic species and a high proportion of endemic fauna.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Australian zoogeographical region. It includes:
1) A definition of the region and its subregions which encompass Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and surrounding islands.
2) Descriptions of 3-4 representative species from major vertebrate groups found in the region, including the Queensland lungfish, emu, tuatara, and saltwater crocodile.
3) An overview of the region's biomes which are dominated by deserts and forests, and a note that the fauna is highly endemic and primitive compared to other regions.
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
This document summarizes threatened bird species in Central India. It discusses how birds are threatened by habitat destruction, agriculture expansion, industrialization, poaching, and climate change. It then describes the categories of threatened birds as defined by BirdLife International and IUCN, including critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concern. Statistics are provided on the number of birds in each category for the world and India. Key threatened birds of Central India are then outlined for each threatened category, along with the primary threats they face and ongoing conservation efforts.
Species are organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species into different categories based on extinction risk. The IUCN Red List evaluates thousands of species and subspecies to convey the urgency of conservation and help reduce extinction. Species are classified into groups including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated based on population decline, size, distribution and other risk factors.
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
This document summarizes human-wildlife conflict in the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. It defines human-wildlife conflict and introduces increasing issues with leopards, snakes, and rodents. The main causes of conflict are habitat loss, agricultural practices, insufficient prey, and poverty. Specific data is provided on livestock killed by leopards in the Machiara National Park region from 2013 and in Pir Lasora National Park from 2010. The document concludes by listing several references used in the report.
This document provides information about range management, including definitions of key terms like rangeland, forage, and browsing. It describes the major types of rangelands around the world, such as prairies, grasslands, steppes, and deserts. Examples are given of each type along with their characteristic vegetation. The document also discusses goods and services provided by rangelands, such as habitat for wildlife and plants, water, recreation, and grazing land for livestock industries.
Sikkim, India is a biodiversity hotspot located in the Eastern Himalayas, with 26% of India's total biodiversity despite being only 0.2% of the country's area. It contains a wide variety of flora and fauna ranging from tropical to alpine ecosystems, including over 4,000 plant species and representing 30% of Indian bird species. Rare animals found in Sikkim include the snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan black bear, blue sheep, and shapi. The red panda has been declared the state animal of Sikkim.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on geography, climate, vegetation and wildlife:
1) Trans-Himalayan region north of the Great Himalayas has sparse vegetation but the richest wild sheep and goat community and snow leopard.
2) Himalayas have very dense forests and grasslands and are home to monal, wild sheep, mountain goats, ibex, panda, and snow leopard.
3) Semi-arid areas between deserts and Western Ghats have thorn forests and support species like lions, birds, jackals, and buffaloes.
4) Western Ghats are one of the world's unique biological regions with high endemism
Zoo geographical region of wildlife distribution in indiaramkumarlodhi3
India has 10 zoo-geographic zones based on wildlife distribution: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Trans-Himalayan region contains sparse vegetation and wildlife adapted to high altitudes like snow leopards. The Western Ghats and North East regions have high biodiversity and endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain cover large areas and support diverse but common wildlife.
The document describes the fauna found in the Oriental region, which includes South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China. It is divided into 4 sub-regions: the Indian, Ceylon, Indo-China, and Indo-Malayan sub-regions. Each sub-region supports different types of fauna, including various mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In total, the region's fauna includes over 30 mammalian families and 66 bird families, and is dominated by species like carp, catfish, snakes, lizards, monkeys, rhinos, and elephants.
This document defines key terms related to rangelands and forage resources. It describes the different types of rangelands found in Nepal, including tropical, subtropical, temperate, subalpine, and alpine rangelands. It notes that rangelands make up approximately 12% of Nepal's land area and provides characteristics and examples of the vegetation found in each type of rangeland. The document also discusses the importance of livestock in Nepal's agro-ecosystem, noting they contribute over 50% to GDP and play a key role in agricultural production and soil fertility as well as providing economic, cultural and transportation benefits.
The document discusses the history and importance of wildlife conservation in Pakistan. It begins with the founding of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves in 1912 in London, which aimed to identify and protect areas for wildlife. It then describes the various ecosystems and species of plants and animals found across Pakistan, from mammals like the snow leopard and markhor, to insects and birds. The document emphasizes the economic, nutritional, recreational, scientific, and ecological benefits of wildlife for humans. However, threats from population growth, agriculture, hunting, and habitat loss have endangered many species and ecosystems in Pakistan. Strong laws and protected areas are needed to promote biodiversity and conserve Pakistan's valuable wildlife.
The document discusses elephant reserves in India. It notes that elephants require large areas and optimal forest conditions to survive. It outlines the goals of Project Elephant, launched in 1992, which are to protect elephants, their habitats, and corridors. Project Elephant aims to ensure the long-term survival of wild elephant populations through various conservation activities like habitat restoration, addressing human-elephant conflict, research, and awareness programs. It also lists the 28 elephant reserves across India where Project Elephant is being implemented.
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan.Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic plant and animal species that have experienced significant habitat loss. 35 hotspots have been identified that contain over 50% of the world's endemic plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates, despite representing only 2.3% of the Earth's land. Some key hotspots mentioned include the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Mediterranean Basin, Horn of Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands, Forests of Australia, Caucasus, and Mesoamerica. Each hotspot contains a high number of endemic species and has experienced extensive habitat
The Palearctic region is one of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It includes Europe, northern Africa, northern China, Russia, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan. The climate is mostly temperate, with both forested and open steppe lands. Zoologically, the region contains many families of mammals like rabbits, hedgehogs, and deer. It also has over 50 families of migratory birds but no parrots. Reptiles include turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes. Amphibians prominently feature newts and salamanders. Fish include carps, salmon, and eels, with carp being dominant.
The document summarizes insular fauna, or animal life on islands. It discusses the differences between continental islands and oceanic islands. Continental islands, like Great Britain and Japan, were once connected to mainland but are now separated by water. Their fauna is similar to the mainland. Oceanic islands, such as Galapagos and Krakatoa, have never been connected and have unique fauna adapted to island conditions, often with flightless birds and giant reptiles. It also describes the ancient islands of New Zealand and Madagascar, which have relic species and a high proportion of endemic fauna.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Australian zoogeographical region. It includes:
1) A definition of the region and its subregions which encompass Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and surrounding islands.
2) Descriptions of 3-4 representative species from major vertebrate groups found in the region, including the Queensland lungfish, emu, tuatara, and saltwater crocodile.
3) An overview of the region's biomes which are dominated by deserts and forests, and a note that the fauna is highly endemic and primitive compared to other regions.
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
This document summarizes threatened bird species in Central India. It discusses how birds are threatened by habitat destruction, agriculture expansion, industrialization, poaching, and climate change. It then describes the categories of threatened birds as defined by BirdLife International and IUCN, including critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concern. Statistics are provided on the number of birds in each category for the world and India. Key threatened birds of Central India are then outlined for each threatened category, along with the primary threats they face and ongoing conservation efforts.
Species are organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species into different categories based on extinction risk. The IUCN Red List evaluates thousands of species and subspecies to convey the urgency of conservation and help reduce extinction. Species are classified into groups including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated based on population decline, size, distribution and other risk factors.
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
This document summarizes human-wildlife conflict in the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. It defines human-wildlife conflict and introduces increasing issues with leopards, snakes, and rodents. The main causes of conflict are habitat loss, agricultural practices, insufficient prey, and poverty. Specific data is provided on livestock killed by leopards in the Machiara National Park region from 2013 and in Pir Lasora National Park from 2010. The document concludes by listing several references used in the report.
This document provides information about range management, including definitions of key terms like rangeland, forage, and browsing. It describes the major types of rangelands around the world, such as prairies, grasslands, steppes, and deserts. Examples are given of each type along with their characteristic vegetation. The document also discusses goods and services provided by rangelands, such as habitat for wildlife and plants, water, recreation, and grazing land for livestock industries.
Sikkim, India is a biodiversity hotspot located in the Eastern Himalayas, with 26% of India's total biodiversity despite being only 0.2% of the country's area. It contains a wide variety of flora and fauna ranging from tropical to alpine ecosystems, including over 4,000 plant species and representing 30% of Indian bird species. Rare animals found in Sikkim include the snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan black bear, blue sheep, and shapi. The red panda has been declared the state animal of Sikkim.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on geography, climate, vegetation and wildlife:
1) Trans-Himalayan region north of the Great Himalayas has sparse vegetation but the richest wild sheep and goat community and snow leopard.
2) Himalayas have very dense forests and grasslands and are home to monal, wild sheep, mountain goats, ibex, panda, and snow leopard.
3) Semi-arid areas between deserts and Western Ghats have thorn forests and support species like lions, birds, jackals, and buffaloes.
4) Western Ghats are one of the world's unique biological regions with high endemism
Zoo geographical region of wildlife distribution in indiaramkumarlodhi3
India has 10 zoo-geographic zones based on wildlife distribution: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Trans-Himalayan region contains sparse vegetation and wildlife adapted to high altitudes like snow leopards. The Western Ghats and North East regions have high biodiversity and endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain cover large areas and support diverse but common wildlife.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on climate and terrain: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, Northeast, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, ecosystems, flora and fauna. For example, the Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation, while the Western Ghats zone contains high biodiversity including many endemic species of plants, animals and amphibians. India's diverse biogeography is due to its wide range of elevations, soils, and microclimates across the country.
The document summarizes the major biogeographic zones of India. It describes the Trans Himalayan region along the northern border containing mountain ranges like the Karakoram. It also describes the Himalayan region containing diverse forests and wildlife adaptations. Other zones discussed include the Thar Desert, Western Ghats, Deccan Peninsula, Gangetic Plain, Coastal regions, North East India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Each zone is characterized by its biotic provinces, dominant biomes, and representative wildlife species.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIARajat Shukla
India has 10 biogeographical zones based on biological and geographic characteristics: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghat, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, terrains, and ecologies that support unique assemblages of flora and fauna. India is considered a megadiversity nation, hosting 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 15,000 flowering plants, 45,000 fauna, 350 mammals, 1,224 birds, and more. The Western Ghats and North East zones have especially high biodiversity.
India has high biological diversity due to its varied climate, topography and geology. It contains 6% of the world's known wildlife despite having only 2% of the world's landmass. India has 10 biogeographic zones and 26 biotic provinces. The zones range from cold, high Himalayan regions to coastal areas and islands. India's diverse ecosystems support over 45,000 plant species and 86,874 animal species. However, human activities like deforestation, exploitation, and pollution threaten India's rich biodiversity. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act aim to conserve endangered species and their habitats.
The document discusses the biogeographical classification of India. It divides India into 10 biogeographical zones based on characteristics like climate, vegetation and wildlife. These zones include the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Desert zone, Semi-arid zone, Western Ghat zone, Deccan plateau zone, Gangetic plain zone, North East zone, Coastal zone and Islands near the shoreline. Each zone has distinct climatic conditions, topography, flora and fauna. The classification aims to understand the distribution of species across different geographic regions of India.
Grass land ecosystems in india.
types of grasslands
uses of grassland
threats to grasslands
flora and fauna of grassland ecosystems
interesting facts
grassland ecosystem conservation
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
India has high biodiversity with over 47,000 plant and 89,600 animal species. Its natural vegetation includes tropical and dry deciduous forests, thorn forests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. Vegetation depends on factors like soil, temperature, sunlight, and precipitation. India's ecosystems support diverse wildlife including tigers, lions, elephants, rhinos, and over 2,000 bird species. The government has established 14 biosphere reserves, 89 national parks, 49 wildlife sanctuaries, and projects like Project Tiger to protect India's natural heritage and conserve its ecosystems and wildlife.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species and 90,000 animal species. The country's natural vegetation varies significantly based on climate and elevation, ranging from tropical evergreen forests along coastal regions to thorn forests and scrubs in drier inland areas. India's forests provide important ecological benefits and support a variety of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, lions, and rhinoceros. However, much of India's natural habitat has been degraded or converted for agriculture and development over time.
- India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, 1,200 bird species, and 2,500 fish species. This diversity is influenced by factors like climate, soil types, and land relief across the country.
- Human activities like agriculture, urbanization, industries, and overgrazing have led to changes in India's natural vegetation over time. Conservation efforts include establishing biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and projects like Project Tiger to protect endangered species.
The document discusses the natural vegetation and wildlife found in India. It describes various types of forests in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses the flora and fauna present in different regions of India as well as endangered and extinct species. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and establishment of national parks, biosphere reserves, and protected areas are mentioned as measures to protect crucial habitats and wildlife in India.
India has a huge diversity of flora and fauna due to its varied climate, soil and land relief. It is home to 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, 1,200 bird species and 2,500 fish species. The country's natural vegetation has undergone changes due to factors like growing demand for cultivated land, development, urbanization and overgrazing. Conservation efforts include protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves which aim to preserve genetic diversity and protect species in their natural habitats.
This document discusses the 10 biogeographic zones of India and provides details about each zone's location, climate, vegetation, and notable plant and animal species. It also covers global patterns of biodiversity such as higher diversity in tropical regions near the equator compared to temperate zones. Finally, it defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with high numbers of endemic species that are under threat, and lists several global hotspots including parts of Africa, North and Central America, and South America.
The document provides information about different types of forests and biomes found around the world. It discusses tropical evergreen forests, temperate evergreen forests, temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean forests, temperate coniferous forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas, deserts, tundra (including arctic, alpine, and antarctic tundra). Each biome is characterized in terms of its climate, location, and dominant plant and animal species. The document emphasizes the diversity of forests and biomes globally as well as threats to their continued existence.
This document provides information about natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It discusses the different factors that influence natural vegetation, including relief, soil, climate and the major types of vegetation found in India - tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also describes some of the wildlife found in each forest type and discusses the main threats to flora and fauna from hunting, pollution, and deforestation. The government has established various initiatives to protect natural habitats, including biosphere reserves, botanical gardens, and protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity in India. It notes that India ranks among the top ten most biodiverse countries in the world, with four global biodiversity hotspots: the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma region, Western Ghats, and Sundalands. India is home to over 47,000 plant and 91,000 animal species. The country can be divided into 10 biogeographic zones with varied ecosystems. The two main biodiversity hotspots are the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats, which contain many endemic plant and animal species.
This document provides an overview of India's natural vegetation and forests. It discusses several types of forests in India, including tropical evergreen forests found in heavy rainfall areas, deciduous forests that shed leaves seasonally, thorn forests in dry regions receiving less than 70 cm of rainfall, montane forests at higher altitudes with changing vegetation, and mangrove tidal forests along coastal areas. It notes India's high biodiversity with thousands of plant and animal species found across these diverse forest ecosystems.
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation in India. It describes the 10 major bio-geographic zones of India: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North-East, Coastal, and Islands. It provides details on the climate, vegetation, and fauna found in each zone. The Western Ghats zone, home to many endemic species, is highlighted as one of the most biodiverse hotspots in the world. Conservation of biodiversity is important for maintaining ecosystem services and option values.
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BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF INDIA.docx
1. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
INDIA
Biogeographic classification of India is the division
of India according to biogeographic characteristics. Biogeography
is the study of the distribution of species (biology), organisms,
and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological
time. India has a rich heritage of natural diversity. India ranks
fourth in Asia and tenth in the world amongst the top 17 mega-
diverse countries in the world. India harbours nearly 11% of the
world's floral diversity comprising over 17500 documented
flowering plants, 6200 endemic species, 7500 medicinal plants
and 246 globally threatened species in only 2.4% of world's land
area.India is also home to four biodiversity hotspots—Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Eastern Himalaya, Indo-Burma region, and the
Western Ghats.Hence the importance of biogeographical study of
India's natural heritage.
Biogeographic zones
Rogers and Panwar of the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
outlined a scheme to divide India zoogeographically in 1986 while
planning a protected area network for India. The scheme divided
India into 10 biogeographic zones, and each zone is further
subdivided into biogeographic provinces, which total 27 in
number. 1. Trans Himalayan zone. 2. Himalayan zone 3. Desert
zone. 4. Semiarid zone. 5. Western ghat zone. 6. Deccan plateau
zone. 7. Gangetic plain zone. 8. North east zone. 9. Coastal zone.
10. Islands
Zone 1 – Trans-Himalayan Region
2. The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan
range are called the Trans-Himalayas. It comprises three
biogeographic provinces – Ladakh mountains, Tibetan plateau
and Himalayan Sikkim. It accounts for ~5.6% of the country's
landmass.]
This region mostly lies between 4,500 to 6,000 metres
(14,800 to 19,700 ft) and is very cold and arid. The only
vegetation is a sparse alpine steppe. Extensive areas consist of
bare rock and glaciers.
The Trans-Himalayan region with its sparse vegetation has the
richest wild sheep and goat community in the world. The snow
leopard, black and brown bears, wolf, marmots, marbled cat, ibex,
and kiang is found here, as are the migratory Black-necked
Cranes.
Zone 2 – Himalayas
Bio-geographical representation of himalayas.
The Himalayas consist of the youngest and loftiest mountain
chains in the world. The 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) long
Himalayan mountain arc have a unique biodiversity owing to their
high altitude, steep gradient and rich temperate
flora]
biogeographically, they form part of the Palearctic realm. The
Himalayas have three biogeographical provinces – Northwest
Himalayas, West Himalayas, Central Himalayas and East
Himalayas, which together constitute about 6.4% of the country's
area
3. Tropical rainforests predominate in the Eastern Himalayas while
dense subtropical and alpine forests are typical in the Central and
Western Himalayas. Oak, chestnut, conifer, ash, pine, and deodar
are abundant in Himalayas. Important animals living in the
Himalayan ranges include wild sheep, mountain goats, ibex, musk
deer and serow. Red panda, black bear, dholes, wolves, martens,
weasels, leopard and snow leopard are also found here. However
carnivores are scarce and often locally threatened.
Zone 3 – The Indian Desert
This region consists of two biogeographical provinces.
The larger is the Thar or Great Indian Desert, adjoining Pakistan
and which comprises Rajasthan and parts of Punjab and
Haryana. The Indian part of the Thar desert occupies
170,000 km2
(66,000 sq mi) The climate is characterised by very
hot and dry summer and cold winter. Rainfall is less than 70 cm.
The plants are mostly xerophytic. Babul, Kikar, and wild date palm
grow in areas of moderate rainfall. The Indian Bustard, a highly
endangered bird is found here. Camels, gazelles, foxes, spiny-
tailed lizards and snakes are found in hot and arid parts of the
desert.
The Rann of Kutch, which lies in Gujarat, is the second
biogeographical province. The Rann is a large area of salt
marsh that spans the border between Pakistan and India. The
larger part is located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch
district). It is divided into the Great Rann and Little Rann, each
with distinct characteristics and fauna. The Rann of Kutch is the
only large flooded grasslands zone in the Indo-Malayan
regionThe area has desert on one side and the sea on the other
enables various ecosystems, including mangroves and desert
vegetationIts grassland and deserts are home to forms of wildlife
that have adapted to its often harsh conditions. These
include endemic and endangered animal and plant species, such
as the Indian wild asses The Rann is home to many resident and
migratory bird populations including the greater flamingo, lesser
4. flamingo, lesser florican and the houbara bustard.]
The Little Rann
is home to the world's largest population of Indian wild ass. Other
mammals found in the Rann include the Indian wolf, desert
fox, chinkara, nilgai, blackbuck and others.
Semi-Arid Areas
Adjoining the desert are the semi-arid areas, a transitional
zone between the desert and the denser forests of the Western
Ghats. The natural vegetation is thorn forest. This region is
characterised by discontinuous vegetation cover with open areas
of bare soil and soil-water deficit throughout the year.
Thorny shrubs, grasses and some bamboos are present in some
regions. A few species of xerophytic herbs and some ephemeral
herbs are found in this semi-arid tract. Jackals, leopards, snakes,
fox, buffaloes are found in this region, as well as birds such
as Great Indian Bustard, Asian Houbara, Cream-coloured
Courser, White-eared Bulbul, Spotted Sandgrouse, Pin-tailed
Sandgrouse (or White-bellied Sandgrouse), Black-bellied
Sandgrouse, Sykes's Nightjar, Greater Hoopoe-Lark, Black-
crowned Sparrow-Lark, Desert Lark (Bar-tailed Finch-
Lark), Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin, Isabelline Wheatear, Asian
Desert Warbler are found here.]
Western Ghats
The mountains along the west coast of peninsular India are
the Western Ghats, which constitute one of the unique biological
regions of the world. The Western Ghats extend from the
southern tip of the peninsula (8°N) northwards about 1600 km to
the mouth of the river Tapi (21°N).
The mountains rise to average altitudes between 900 and
1500 m above sea level, intercepting monsoon winds from the
southwest and creating a rain shadow in the region to their East.
The varied climate and diverse topography create a wide
array of habitats that support unique sets of plant and animal
5. species. Apart from biological diversity, the region boasts of high
levels of cultural diversity, as many indigenous people inhabit its
forests.
The Western Ghats are amongst the 25 biodiversity hot-spots
recognized globally. These hills are known for their high levels of
endemism expressed at both higher and lower taxonomic levels.
Most of the Western Ghat endemic plants are associated with
evergreen forests.
The region also shares several plant species with Sri Lanka. The
higher altitude forests were, if at all, sparsely populated with tribal
people. Rice cultivation in the fertile valley proceeded gardens of
early commercial crops like areca nut and pepper. The original
vegetation of the ill-drained valley bottoms with sluggish streams
in elevations below 100m would be often a special formation, the
Myristica swamp.
Expansion of traditional agriculture and the spread of particularly
rubber, tea, coffee and forest tree plantations would have wiped
out large pockets of primary forests in valleys. The Western Ghats
are well known for harboring 14 endemic species of caecilians
(i.e., legless amphibians) out of 15 recorded from the region so
far.
Deccan Plateau
Beyond the Ghats is Deccan Plateau, a semi-arid region
lying in the rain shadow of the Western ghats . This is the largest
unit of the Peninsular Plateau of India. The highlands of the
plateau are covered with different types of forests, which provide
a large variety of forest products. The Deccan plateau includes
the region lying south of the Satpura range.it extends up to the
southern tip of peninsular India. Anai mudi is the highest peak of
this region. The Deccan plateau is surrounded by the western and
the eastern ghats. These ghats meet each other at the Nilgiri hills.
The western ghats includes the Sahyadri, Nilgiris, Anamalai, and
cardamom hills.many rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, krishna,
6. and kaveri originates from western ghats and flow toward the
east. The eastern ghats are broken into small hill ranges by river
coming from the western ghats. Most of these rivers empty into
the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari is the longest river in the
Deccan plateau. The Narmada and the Tapi flow westwards and
fall into the Arabian sea.
Gangetic Plain
In the North is the Gangetic plain extending up to the
Himalayan foothills. This is the largest unit of the Great Plain of
India. Ganga is the main river after whose name this plain is
named. The aggradational Great Plains cover about 72.4mha
area with the Ganga and the Brahmaputra forming the main
drainage axes in the major portion.
The thickness in the alluvial sediments varies considerably with its
maximum in the Ganga plains. The physiogeographic scenery
varies greatly from arid and semi-arid landscapes of the
Rajasthan Plains to the humid and per-humid landscapes of the
Delta and Assam valley in the east.
Topographic uniformity, except in the arid Western Rajasthan is a
common feature throughout these plains. The plain supports
some of the highest population densities depending upon purely
agro-based economy in some of these areas. The trees belonging
to these forests are teak, sal, shisham, mahua, khair etc.
North-East India
North-east India is one of the poorest regions in the
country. It has several species of orchids, bamboos, ferns and
other plants. Here the wild relatives of cultivated plants such as
banana, mango, citrus and pepper can be grown.
Islands
The two groups of islands, i.e., the Arabian Sea islands and
Bay Islands differ significantly in origin and physical
characteristics. The Arabian Sea Islands (Laccadive, Minicoy,
7. etc.) are the foundered remnants of the old land mass and
subsequent coral formations. On the other hand, the Bay Islands
lay only about 220 km.
Away from the nearest point on the main land mass and
extend about 590 km. With a maximum width of 58 km the island
forests of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea have some of the
best-preserved evergreen forests of India. Some of the islands
are fringed with coral reefs. Many of them are covered with thick
forests and some are highly dissected.
Coasts
India has a coastline extending over 7,516. 4 km. The
Indian coasts vary in their characteristics and structures. The west
coast is narrow except around the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of
Kutch. In the extreme south, however, it is somewhat wider along
the south Sahyadri.
The backwaters are the characteristic features of this
coast. The east coast plains, in contrast are broader due to
depositional activities of the east-flowing rivers owing to the
change in their base levels.
Extensive deltas of the, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri
are the characteristic features of this coast. Mangrove vegetation
is characteristic of estuarine tracts along the coast for instance, at
Ratnagiri in Maharashtra.
Larger parts of the coastal plains are covered by fertile
soils on which different crops are grown. Rice is the main crop of
these areas. Coconut trees grow all along the coast.
Coconut and rubber are the main vegetation of coastal
area. The main states of coastal areas are- Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, west Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.