The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in Bangladesh and India, is the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its unique ecology is shaped by the interaction of land and water, resulting in a dynamic ecosystem that supports a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The Sundarbans is renowned for its dense mangrove forests, which act as a buffer against cyclones and tidal surges, protecting the inland areas from natural disasters. The mangrove trees, particularly the sundari (Heritiera fomes) and gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), have adapted to the saline conditions of the region, forming intricate root systems that stabilize the soil and provide habitat for numerous species. The Sundarbans is home to various endangered species, including the Bengal tiger, estuarine crocodile, and Irrawaddy dolphin. It also hosts a plethora of bird species, such as kingfishers, herons, and egrets, making it a paradise for birdwatchers. The ecosystem of the Sundarbans is highly sensitive to climate change, with rising sea levels and changing rainfall patterns threatening its stability. Human activities, such as deforestation, overfishing, and pollution, further exacerbate these challenges, putting the delicate balance of the ecosystem at risk. Efforts are underway to conserve and sustainably manage the Sundarbans, including community-based conservation initiatives, research on climate resilience, and eco-tourism development. However, addressing the complex issues facing the Sundarbans requires coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels to ensure the long-term health and integrity of this vital ecosystem.

1. Fundamentals Environmental Science
Topic: Sundarbans Ecology
MS in Environmental Science
Name: MD MAHABUB HASAN
Assistant Engineer-Mechanical
Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC)
Email: mahabub1625@gmail.com
www.mahabubbd.com

2. Topic: Sundarbans Ecology
Introduction: The Sundarbans is one of the big & largest mangrove ecosystem forest in the world &
high biodiversity. Dominant mangrove tree species, heartier fumes, knows as sundry in Bengali,
Sundarbans itself literally means beauty forest in Bengali. Here various unique ecosystems terrestrial
flora & fauna. complex headland of mangrove tree & water way gently marks the area where land
meet the ocean, fresh water, sea water. Really beautiful forest of Bangladesh. It represents the
Bangladesh Ecosystem.
Objective: Royal Bengal Tiger, Dolphins, Crocodiles, Deer & others animals favorable place in
Sundarbans. Globally recognized only one Mangrove habitat. It is magical ecology of earth. There are
many networks of estuaries of rivers, creeks & intersected by numerous canals. That enclose flat &
density forested marshy islands. Total area of Sundarbans including land & rivers 10,000 square KM.
Sundarbans location mangrove bordering of Bay of Bengal. Freshwater swamp forest tropical
Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Dominate mangrove famous knows as Sundari mangrove forest home &
abroad species Heartier & delta largest ecosystem mangrove. It is only mangrove habitat in world for
absolute living environment for Panthera Tigris species & immense tidal mangrove forest of
Bangladesh reserve reality different shape & size wash by brackish water shrilling around the endless
mind boggling labyrinths of water channels exceptional biodiversity terrestrial aquatic marine habitat
naturally growing micro & macro flora and fauna universal important of Sundarbans landmark of of
ancient heritage of mythological & historical best magnificent scenic beauty & natural resources &
internationally recognized forest Sundarbans consideration research conducted Sundarbans wildlife &
ecosystem.
Threat: Increasing the Problem of climate changes effect on salinity gradually decreasing flow of river
& several canals of the forest. Sundari trees are dying due to reason. Being threatened include species
Royal Bengal Tiger, Dolphin, crocodile & all flora, fauna in Sundarbans for the reason of Global climate
change also due reason cutting encroachment of forest area, illegal poaching of wildlife, losing
mangrove, biodiversity is alarming rates. Ecosystem has been pollution. Loss of protective biological
shield against cyclones & tsunamis. Erosion sea level grow up agriculture & aquaculture expansion
deformation Sundarbans mangrove. Human traveling Sundarbans on the boats and gather the honey,
fish making prey easy also Mongla port every month, year a number of ships go & back around the
Sundarbans & create pressure in the river & sea this is most dangerous for Sundarbans yard & channel.

3. The vessel moves upstream pressure through the coastal area of Sundarbans & Bay of Bengal & Hiron
point sometimes wind on vessel & expansive polluted rock it’s most of the threat of Sundarbans also
there are many vessels go & back behind the Sundarbans regularly so have to need making an ideal
channel save our great mangrove forest Sundarbans.
Important & Significant: Globally universal importance of Sundarbans endangered species Royal
Bengal Tiger, Crocodile, Deer, Dolphins. Process has been accelerated by tide from the sea
southeastern corner is an active sedimentary field is subsiding & borehole study indicate while wester
side of Sundarbans is relatively raised the deposition sediments form due to soil erosion in Himalayas.
Sundarbans forest have to need regeneration naturally renew tree, flora, crop, cultivation by naturally
sowing as done mangrove plantation Sundarbans is depend on natural regeneration greater part of
forest seeding requirement sufficient replacement of harvested trees. Salinity field apparently
influences regeneration density who decreases with increasing level of salinity water year to year
variation in requirement salinity appears have to little influence on variation in seeding requirement
among salinity zone seems to be significant. Sundarbans have some distinct succession newly formed
lands occupied some pioneer species, wild rice growing it’s needed for human & animals also there are
many wild animals living here such as Royal Bengal Tiger, shikar, lesser, Crested serpent eagle, wild
cats, wild buffaloes, Ruddy kingfisher, Wood sandpiper, Deer, Barking, Monkey are the principal wild
animal of Sundarbans
Conclusion: The Sundarbans coastal region of Bangladesh globally among the most disaster & polluted
point area with current history this area destructed by the unnecessary tide, increased & decreased
saline water flow also destructed by the cyclone, Tornado & normal stream recently progressive saline
water & fresh water level and have to risen sea level. Survey into ecologically as well best economically
area of Bangladesh Sundarbans finally conservative use of aquatic resource it’s the best way to
achieved environmental sustainability in Sundarbans ensuing the road map of Sundarbans aim &
protection to better management on forest resources & in general people do something benefit from
the Sundarbans & particularly careful & save devoted on Sundarbans natural resources.