The document provides a summary of the first two chapters of an assignment on psychology, detailing the definition and scope of psychology, as well as its various schools of thought. It explains that psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviors, categorized into overt and covert behaviors, and introduces key psychologists and their contributions. Additionally, it describes significant historical perspectives in psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and more, highlighting the evolution of the field as a distinct scientific discipline.

1. SHAH ABDUL LATIF UNIVERSITY
Ghotki Campus
ASSIGNMENT
Subject = Psychology
Date = 12/08/2018
Submitted by = M Adeel
Zubair Ahmed
Akbar Ali
Submitted to = Sir Abuzer Bhanbhro
Summary of chapter no 1 and 2

2. CHAPTER NO: 01 INTRODDUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
SUMMARY:
The word ‘PSYCO’ means mind and ‘LOGY’ means to study, it means that
Psychology is the study of mental or brain process and also deals with human behavior. First
William James defines psychology as the science of brain life in 1890. Psychologist divided
human behavior into two categories; overt and covert. Overt behavior also known
observable behavior are the behavior which are directly observe by all like; talking, running
etc. Covert behaviors are those behaviors which go on inside the body such as thinking,
imagination etc. Psychologist first describe the behavior that what the human mind imagine
on what situation after that they understand and explain the behavior that why the person
think like that on this situation then predict the upcoming action in future against their
behavior and try to control that factors which effects on that behavior. There are many
types of psychologist like;
Cognitive psychologists are the psychologist that study how different persons perceive in
different situations.
Physiological psychologists are the psychologist that defines the role of brain in thinking
process.
Developmental psychologists are the psychologist that study how human behavior grow
and change their behaviors in their lives.
Social psychologist study that how people influence on other persons behavior.
Industrial/organizational psychologists study various issues in work settings.
School psychologists analyze the problem of student and evaluate the students.
Sports psychologist studies that how and what factors influence the performance of a sport
person.
Health psychologists focus on the fitness and health of humans. But most psychologists
select the field of clinical and counseling psychology for their carrier, whose work is to treat
the mental and behavioral disordered persons.

3. CHAPTER NO: 02 HISTORY TO PSYCHOLOGY
SUMMARY:
When psychology established as a science separate from biology and philosophy
the debate will starts that how we describe and explain human behavior then different
philosopher gives their thoughts, now a days known schools of thought. Some major schools
of thought are define in this summary:
(1); Structuralism the first school of thought was given by a German philosopher Wilhelm
Wundt in 1879, he says that in psychology we have to focus on breaking down mental
processes into the most basic components like “emotions, thinking, Perception etc.”, then
researchers study these basic elements of consciousness using a method known as
introspection, his aim was to study building blocks of mind.
(2); Functionalism was given by William James he was an philosopher and he argued that
we can’t broke down consciousness into different elements we have to study human mind
as a whole. He largely replaced structuralism and called it functionalism and he says that
psychologist examined how people satisfy their needs through their behavior.
(3); Behaviorism was given by John B.Watson in 1930 and he says that psychologist can
only study the overt behavior of human, and he believed that different environment can
make different behavior of humans in society, he also says that if I took a random person
with healthy infants and train him then I will make him any type of specialist according to his
ability, tendencies and race of his ancestors.
(4); Gestalt philosophy was founded by Max Wretheimer he supported the William James
Functionalism thought and says “the whole is greater than some of its part” we have to
study human mental process and its behavior process as a whole.
(5); Psychoanalysis this thought was given by Sigmund Freud and he neglect all previous
thoughts that focused on the study of consciousness behavior of human and says that we
have to study unconscious and other internal process of human behavior and mental
disorders.
(6); Humanistic psychology was found by Carl Rogers he argued that all humans have their
own personal goals, aspiration and other positive motives, we have to study that things
rather than studying consciousness and unconscious behavior and environmental forces
which effects on human behavior.
(7); Positive psychology was founded by Martlin Seligman he says that most of the
psychologist studied negative side of human behavior and doesn’t focus on the positive

4. side, psychologist have to focused on discovering and promoting that factors which makes
positive behavior of humans.
These are some major school of thought given by some psychologist and philosopher to
form a newly scientific field called psychology.