The document discusses common suffixes used to form different parts of speech in English. It provides examples of noun suffixes like "-er" and "-tion" that form nouns from verbs. Adjective suffixes mentioned include "-able" and "-ible". Verb suffixes listed are "-ise" and "-ify". Other suffixes discussed are those that can form abstract nouns like "-ment", "-ity", and "-hood".

1. SUFFIXES

2. COMMON NOUN SUFFIXES ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES VERB SUFFIXES OTHER SUFFIXES THAT CAN HELP YOU RECOGNISE THE WORD CLASS

3. COMMON NOUN SUFFIXES “ -er” is used for a person who does an activity. e.g. Writer, worker, shopper, teacher. Sometimes this suffix is written as “ -or” instead of “-er”. e.g. Actor, operator, sailor, supervisor.

4. “ -er/or” are also used for things which do a particular job. e.g. Pencil-sharpener, grater, projector. “ -er” and “-ee” contrast in meaning: “person who does something” (“-er”) and “person who receives or experiences the action” (“-ee”). e.g. Employer/ee, sender/addressee .

5. “ -(t)ion” is used to make nouns from verbs. e.g. Complication, pollution, reduction. “ -ist” (person) and “-ism” (activity or ideology). They are used for people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes their profession. e.g. Marxism, Budhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist, terrorist.

6. “ -ist” is also often used for people who play musical instruments. e.g. Pianist, violinist . “ -ness” is used to make nouns from adjectives. e.g. Goodness, happinesss, sadness, weakness.

7. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES “ -able/-ible” with verbs, means “can be done”. e.g. Drinkable, washable, readable, recognizable, edible (can be eaten), flexible (can be bent).

8. VERB SUFFIXES “ -ise (or ize)” makes verbs form adjectives. e.g. Modernise, commercialise, industrialise.

9. OTHER SUFFIXES “ -ment”: (nouns) excitement, enjoyment. “ -ity”: (nouns) flexibility, productivity. “ -hood”: (abstract nouns esp. Family terms) childhood, motherhood . “ ship”: (abstract nouns esp. status) friendship, partnership, membership . “ -ive”: (adjectives) passive, productive . “ -al”: (adjectives) brutal, legal, arrival .

10. “ -ous”: (adjectives) delicious, outrageous, furious. “ ful”: (adjectives) forgetful, hopeful, useful. “ -less”: (adjectives) useless, harmless, cloudness. “ -ify”. (verbs) beautify, purify, terrify. NOTE: the informal suffix “-ish” that can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less precise. e.g. She’s thirtish. She has reddish hair.

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