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Content Writing Course.pptx
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- 2. Module1: CREATING GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT& SOUND CONTENT
- 3. Basic Parts ofSpeech NOUN: Name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: man... Butte College... house... happiness PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Examples: She... we... they... it VERB: A verb expresses action or being. Examples: jump... is... write... become ADJECTIVE: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Examples: pretty... old... blue... smart ADVERB: An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Examples: gently... extremely... carefully... well PREPOSITION: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Examples: by... with.... about... until CONJUNCTION: A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and... but... or... while... because INTERJECTION: An interjection is a word used to express emotion. Examples: Oh!... Wow!... Oops!
- 4. Writing in Active& Passive Voice Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb. Passive voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb’s action.
- 5. Active Voice Sentencesin the active voice have a strong, direct, and clear tone. Here are some short and straightforward examples of active voice. The active voice is easy to identify in writing because it follows a simple form, which is the basis of English grammar: Subject (doer) → Verb → Object (recipient) Examples: Monkeys adore bananas. The cashier counted the money. The dog chased the squirrel.
- 6. Passive Voice Thepassive voice is basically the opposite of the active voice: it’s when the subject is acted upon by the object. In other words, the subject receives the action, and the object does the action. The passive voice is a little trickier to identify, as it uses more words than the active voice. The basic structure is as follows: Subject (recipient) → Verb (past participle of "to be" form) → Object (doer) Note that the object here is always preceded by the word "by.“ Examples: Bananas are adored by monkeys. The money was counted by the cashier. The squirrel was chased by the dog.
- 7. Singular and Plural Regular nouns Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s. Singular Plural boat boats house houses cat cats river rivers Examples
- 8. A singularnoun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es. Singular Plural bus buses wish wishes pitch pitches box boxes Examples
- 9. A singularnoun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies. Singular Plural penny pennies spy spies baby babies city cities daisy daisies Examples
- 10. Irregular nouns There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
- 11. Singular Plural woman women manmen child children tooth teeth foot feet person people leaf leaves mouse mice goose geese half halves knife knives wife wives life lives
- 12. elf elves loaf loaves potatopotatoes tomato tomatoes cactus cacti focus foci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data
- 13. Some nounshave the same form in the singular and the plural. Singular Plural sheep sheep fish fish deer deer species species aircraft aircraft
- 14. Irregular verb/noun agreement Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb. Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence news The news is at 6.30 p.m. athletics Athletics is good for young people. linguistics Linguistics is the study of language. darts Darts is a popular game in England. billiards Billiards is played all over the world.
- 15. Some nounshave a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits Plural noun with plural verb Sentence trousers My trousers are too tight. jeans Her jeans are black. glasses Those glasses are his.
- 16. Verb Tenses Verbscome in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous. The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).
- 17. Simple Present SimplePast Simple Future I read nearly every day. Last night, I read an entire novel. I will read as much as I can this year. Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous I am reading Shakespeare at the moment. I was reading Edgar Allan Poe last night. I will be reading Nathaniel Hawthorne soon.
- 18. Present Perfect PastPerfect Future Perfect I have read so many books I can’t keep count. I had read at least 100 books by the time I was twelve. I will have read at least 500 books by the end of the year. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous I have been reading since I was four years old. I had been reading for at least a year before my sister learned to read. I will have been reading for at least two hours before dinner tonight.
- 19. Direct and indirectspeech Direct Speech When we want to describe what someone said, one option is to use direct speech. We use direct speech when we simply repeat what someone says, putting the phrase between speech marks: Paul came in and said, “I’m really hungry.” Indirect Speech When we want to report what someone said without speech marks and without necessarily using exactly the same words, we can use indirect speech (also called reported speech). For example: Direct speech: “We’re quite cold in here.”
- 21. Using Adjectives Adjectivestell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want. Adjectives come in three forms: absolute, comparative, and superlative. Absolute adjectives describe something in its own right. A cool guy A messy desk A mischievous cat Garrulous squirrels
- 22. Comparative adjectives,unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more things. For most one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the suffix -er (or just -r if the adjective already ends with an e). For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, replace -y with -ier. For multi-syllable adjectives, add the word more. A cooler guy A messier desk A more mischievous cat More garrulous squirrels
- 23. Superlative adjectivesindicate that something has the highest degree of the quality in question. One-syllable adjectives become superlatives by adding the suffix -est (or just -st for adjectives that already end in e). Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y replace -y with -iest. Multi-syllable adjectives add the word most. When you use an article with a superlative adjective, it will almost always be the definite article (the) rather than a or an. Using a superlative inherently indicates that you are talking about a specific item or items. The coolest guy The messiest desk The most mischievous cat The most garrulous squirrels
- 24. old –older – oldest young – younger – youngest pretty – prettier – prettiest long – longer – longest short – shorter – shortest bright – brighter – brightest close – closer – closest happy – happier - happiest
- 25. respectable –more respectable – most respectable beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful preferable – more preferable – most preferable hardworking – more hardworking – most hardworking
- 26. Some adjectiveshave different forms of comparatives and superlatives. good – better – best bad – worse – worst little – less – least much (many) – more – most far – further - furthest
- 27. Using Idiomatic Phrases An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers.
- 28. Idiom Meaning Usage Ablessing in disguise a good thing that seemed bad at first as part of a sentence A dime a dozen Something common as part of a sentence Beat around the bush Avoid saying what you mean, usually because it is uncomfortable as part of a sentence Better late than never Better to arrive late than not to come at all by itself Bite the bullet To get something over with because it is inevitable as part of a sentence Break a leg Good luck by itself Call it a day Stop working on something as part of a sentence Cut somebody some slack Don't be so critical as part of a sentence Cutting corners Doing something poorly in order to save time or money as part of a sentence
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