This powerpoint..deals with SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME....Also known as CRIB DEATH.....The factors leading to CRIB DEATH, risk factors, and preventive measures for the same! Images have also been included to explain the condition in summary. Do go through this, and give me your reviews. Regards, Vishnu.R.Nair. :) :)

1. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH
SYNDROME(SIDS): A PRECISE
INSIGHT
PRESENTED BY:
VISHNU.R.NAIR,
5TH YEAR PHARM.D,
NATIONAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY(NCP).

2. INDEX/ CONTENTS OF THIS PPT:
 MEDIA GALLERY
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
 WHAT CAUSES CRIB DEATHS?
 RISK FACTORS FOR SIDS
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR CRIB DEATHS
 REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. MEDIA GALLERY

6. SUMMARIZED FLOWCHART OF SIDS
OCCURRENCE:

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SIDS:

13. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

14.  Refers to “Unexplained death, especially during sleep, of a seemingly
healthy baby, less than a year old.”
 Also known as “CRIB DEATH”, since the infants often die in their cribs
 Usually the cause is unknown
 It is presumed that SIDS may be associated with ABNORMALITIES IN
THE PORTION OF AN INFANT’S BRAIN, that CONTROLS
BREATHING & AROUSAL FROM SLEEP.

15. WHAT CAUSES CRIB
DEATH??

16.  Combination of PHYSICAL & SLEEP ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 
increase an infant’s vulnerability to SIDS
 Factors vary from child to child
 Factors include:
A. PHYSICAL FACTORS
B. SLEEP ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

17. A. PHYSICAL FACTORS:
Include:
1. Brain abnormalities
2. Low birth weight
3. Respiratory infections

18. 1. BRAIN ABNORMALITIES:
- Some infants  born with problems, that make them likely to die from
SIDS
- In many of such babies  portion of brain, that controls breathing &
arousal from sleep doesn’t work properly.
2. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT:
- Premature birth/ being part of multiple births  increase risk of
immaturation of baby’s brain  child has less control over automatic
processes like breathing & heart rate.

19. 3. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS:
- Many infants, who died from SIDS  had a cold in recent past  might
have contributed to breathing problems.

20. B. SLEEP ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
- Items in a baby’s crib + his/her sleeping position  in combination with
baby’s physical problems  increases SIDS risk.
- Examples of such factors include:
1. SLEEPING ON STOMACH/SIDE
2. SLEEPING ON A SOFT SURFACE
3. SLEEPING WITH PARENTS.

21. 1. SLEEPING ON STOMACH/SIDE:
- Babies  placed on their stomach/side  have more difficulty in breathing,
compared to those PLACED ON THEIR BACKS.
2. SLEEPING ON A SOFT SURFACE:
- Babies  lying “face-down” on a “fluffy comforter”/ “waterbed”  can block
his/her airway
- Draping a blanket over a baby’s head is also risky.

22. 3. SLEEPING WITH PARENTS:
- While SIDS risk is lowered if an infant sleeps in the same room as his/her
parents  risk increases, if baby sleeps in the SAME BED(Partly, since
there are more soft surfaces to impair breathing!!!)

23. RISK FACTORS FOR SIDS

24. Include:
1. SEX: Boys are more likely to die from SIDS, compared to girls
2. AGE: Infants are more vulnerable to SIDS during their 2nd & 3rd months of
life
3. RACE: BLACKS, AMERICAN INDIANS/ ESKIMO infants are more likely
to die from SIDS
4. FAMILY HISTORY: Babies  who have had their siblings/ cousins die
from SIDS  are at high risk of SIDS.

25. 5. SECONDHAND SMOKE:
- Babies  who live with smokers  have high risk of developing SIDS.
6. BEING PREMATURE:
- The following conditions can predispose a baby to die from SIDS:
a. Being born early
b. Having low birth weight
c. Combination of above.

26. 7. MATERNAL FACTORS:
- Include:
a. Mother’s age< 20 years
b. Mother smokes cigarettes
c. Mother uses drugs/ is alcoholic
d. Mother had insufficient pre-natal care.

27. HOW TO PREVENT TRAGIC
CRIB DEATHS???

28. Include:
1. “BACK TO SLEEP”
2. KEEPING A CRIB AS BARE AS POSSIBLE
3. DON’T OVERHEAT BABY
4. BABY SHOULD SLEEP ALONE
5. BREAST-FEEDING OF BABY
6. AVOID BABY MONITORS & OTHER COMMERCIAL DEVICES
7. OFFERING A PACIFIER

29. 1. “BACK TO SLEEP”:
- Place baby back to sleep, by resting on HIS/HER BACK, rather than that
on the STOMACH/SIDE.
- The above move is unnecessary when the baby is awake/ able to roll over
both ways without help
- DON’T ASSUME THAT OTHERS WILL PLACE YOUR BABY TO SLEEP
IN THE CORRECT POSITION  thus, insist on the same
- Advise baby-sitters & child-care personnel to NOT USE THE STOMACH
POSITION TO CALM AN UPSET BABY.

30. 2. KEEPING CRIB AS BARE AS POSSIBLE:
- Use FIRM MATTRESS
- Avoid placing baby on a thick, fluffy padding(lambskin/ thick quilt)
- Avoid leaving the following inside the crib, which may interfere with
breathing, if baby’s face presses against them:
a. Pillows
b. Fluffy toys
c. Stuffed animals.

31. 3. DON’T OVERHEAT BABY:
- To keep baby warm  use SLEEP SACK/ other sleep clothing, that does not
require additional covers
- Use LIGHT-WEIGHT BLANKETS
- Tuck blanket securely into foot of mattress, with sufficient length to cover
baby’s shoulders  then place baby inside the crib near the foot, covered
loosely with the blanket
- Avoid covering baby’s head.

32. 4. BABY SHOULD SLEEP ALONE:
- Baby  sleeping in the same room as that of parents is a good move
- Adult beds  unsafe for infants!!!
- Baby  can become trapped & suffocate between headboard slats, the
space between mattress & bed frame, OR in the space between mattress &
wall.
- If baby sleeps in same bed as that of parents  there are chances that a
sleeping parent may accidentally roll over & cover baby’s nose & mouth 
can lead to suffocation.

33. 5. BREAST-FEEDING OF BABY : A MUST!!!! :
- Breastfeeding for atleast 6 months  reduces SIDS risk.
6. AVOID BABY MONITORS & OTHER COMMERCIAL DEVICES :
- Usage of baby monitors & other commercial devices that claim to reduce
SIDS risk  should be avoided!
- The AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS  discourage use of
monitors & other devices , citing their inefficacy & safety concerns.

34. 7. OFFER A PACIFIER:
- Sucking on a pacifier at naptime & bedtime  reduces SIDS risk
- If mother is breastfeeding  wait to offer a pacifier, till her child is 3-4
weeks old
- If baby is not interested in the pacifier  don’t force it  try again another
day
- If pacifier falls out of baby’s mouth while he/she is sleeping  AVOID
POPPING IT BACK IN!!

35. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-
syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800
2. https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-sids#1
3. http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html
4. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids/
5. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/sudden_infant_death_syndrome_sids/a
rticle_em.htm
6. Hymel KP. Distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome from child
abuse fatalities. Pediatrics. 2006 Jul. 118(1):421-7. [Medline].

36. 7. Krous HF, Beckwith JB, Byard RW, Rognum TO, Bajanowski T, Corey T, et al.
Sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional
and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul. 114(1):234-8. [Medline].
8. Paterson DS, Trachtenberg FL, Thompson EG, Belliveau RA, Beggs AH, Darnall R,
et al. Multiple serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in sudden infant death
syndrome. JAMA. 2006 Nov 1. 296(17):2124-32. [Medline].
9. Leiter JC, Böhm I. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in the Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007 Nov 15. 159(2):127-38. [Medline].
10. Ostfeld BM, Esposito L, Perl H, Hegyi T. Concurrent risks in sudden infant death
syndrome. Pediatrics. 2010 Mar. 125(3):447-53. [Medline].

37. THANK
YOU!!!