This study examined the natural succession of vegetation on tin-mined lands of different ages on Bangka Island, Indonesia. Soil properties, microbial communities, and plant composition were analyzed across six sites: riparian forest, abandoned farmland, and tin-mined lands of 0, 7, 11, and 38 years since mining. Younger tin-mined lands had higher sand content, lower nutrients and microbial abundance compared to older sites and natural forest. Plant composition became more similar to natural forest with increasing age, changing from herbaceous to shrub to tree-dominated. Microbial communities also increased over time since mining. The results provide insight into the long-term recovery of tin-mined lands through natural succession over
Diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to Acacia seyal (Delile)...Premier Publishers
Acacia seyal (Del.) is a multi-purpose leguminous tree growing in diverse habitats including saline areas and plays an important ecological role in semi-arid ecosystem in Senegal. In spite of that, the diversity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with this tree remains little known. In order to remediate to this lack of knowledge, studies were conducted at three locations characterized by differences in salt content to assess the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity. Rhizospheric soil samples and roots taken from adult A. seyal tree on each site were used to trap fungal cultures and isolated spores. This resulted in a morphological identification of the spores after five months of trap culture in greenhouse. A total of eight species of fungi were isolated, reflecting the low diversity of the species of arbuscular fungi associated with A. seyal. The isolated species belong to the family Glomeraceae, Claroideo glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae and may represent the main species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to the growth and development of A. seyal in a semi-arid environment.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
Diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to Acacia seyal (Delile)...Premier Publishers
Acacia seyal (Del.) is a multi-purpose leguminous tree growing in diverse habitats including saline areas and plays an important ecological role in semi-arid ecosystem in Senegal. In spite of that, the diversity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with this tree remains little known. In order to remediate to this lack of knowledge, studies were conducted at three locations characterized by differences in salt content to assess the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity. Rhizospheric soil samples and roots taken from adult A. seyal tree on each site were used to trap fungal cultures and isolated spores. This resulted in a morphological identification of the spores after five months of trap culture in greenhouse. A total of eight species of fungi were isolated, reflecting the low diversity of the species of arbuscular fungi associated with A. seyal. The isolated species belong to the family Glomeraceae, Claroideo glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae and may represent the main species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to the growth and development of A. seyal in a semi-arid environment.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Northern Zone of Anambra Stat...IJERD Editor
This investigation was carried out to determine the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils used for
road construction in Obosi, Umunya, Awkuzu, and Igbariam towns, all in Northern Zone of Anambra state of
Nigeria. Tests were carried out on the soil samples which include the Atterberg limit tests, particle size
distribution analysis, specific gravity, compaction test using the British Standard Light (BSL), Compactive
effort and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test as specified by the West African Standard (WAS). The liquid
limits, plastic limits and plasticity indices guided in the classification of the soil samples as A-2-4 soil of
American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) classification and SC group
of Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The compaction characteristics of the soil were found to be
1931KN/m3, 2003.8KN/m3, 1965KN/m3 and 1923KN/m3 for maximum dry density and 10.8%, 9.4%, 10.4%
and 12.20% for optimum moisture content for samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The California bearing ratio
(CBR) results for the samples for 24 hours soaking are 48%, 58%, 45%, and 52% for sample 1, 2, 3, and 4
respectively. It was concluded that the four lateritic soil samples were suitable for sub-grade and sub-base but
should not be used in road construction as a base material.
Response of Four Varieties of Cocoyam Colocosia esculenta to Liming in Acid S...ijtsrd
A study was carried out at the teaching and research farm of the Agricultural Technology Department in Anambra State Polytechnic, Mgbakwu to determine the response of four varieties of cocoyam to liming in acid soils. The experiment was a 4 x 4 factorial experiment fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD replicated four times, sixteen treatment combinations, involving four levels of lime rates, 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 tons ha were used. Four local varieties of cocoyam nach, nworoko, ugwuta and odogolo was used as the test crop. F LSD was applied to detect significant differences between two means at 5 probability level. Results show that growth parameters such as plant height and the number of suckers were influenced by the application of lime at 2 t ha on the four varieties of cocoyam with odologo giving the tallest plant height at 1, 3 and 5 MAP 14.30 cm, 65.02 and 70.01 . Odologo variety also gave a significant yield increase in the number of tubers per plant 17.84 and tuber yield 18.90 t ha at the rate of 2 t ha. From the results shown, it is reasonable to recommend the use of 2 t ha of lime in the cultivation of cocoyam in acid soils of south eastern Nigeria. Ilouno, E. E | Ejikeme, C. S | Chigbo, C. I "Response of Four Varieties of Cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) to Liming in Acid Soils of Mgbakwu, South-Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60154.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/60154/response-of-four-varieties-of-cocoyam-colocosia-esculenta-to-liming-in-acid-soils-of-mgbakwu-southeastern-nigeria/ilouno-e-e
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Northern Zone of Anambra Stat...IJERD Editor
This investigation was carried out to determine the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils used for
road construction in Obosi, Umunya, Awkuzu, and Igbariam towns, all in Northern Zone of Anambra state of
Nigeria. Tests were carried out on the soil samples which include the Atterberg limit tests, particle size
distribution analysis, specific gravity, compaction test using the British Standard Light (BSL), Compactive
effort and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test as specified by the West African Standard (WAS). The liquid
limits, plastic limits and plasticity indices guided in the classification of the soil samples as A-2-4 soil of
American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) classification and SC group
of Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The compaction characteristics of the soil were found to be
1931KN/m3, 2003.8KN/m3, 1965KN/m3 and 1923KN/m3 for maximum dry density and 10.8%, 9.4%, 10.4%
and 12.20% for optimum moisture content for samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The California bearing ratio
(CBR) results for the samples for 24 hours soaking are 48%, 58%, 45%, and 52% for sample 1, 2, 3, and 4
respectively. It was concluded that the four lateritic soil samples were suitable for sub-grade and sub-base but
should not be used in road construction as a base material.
Response of Four Varieties of Cocoyam Colocosia esculenta to Liming in Acid S...ijtsrd
A study was carried out at the teaching and research farm of the Agricultural Technology Department in Anambra State Polytechnic, Mgbakwu to determine the response of four varieties of cocoyam to liming in acid soils. The experiment was a 4 x 4 factorial experiment fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD replicated four times, sixteen treatment combinations, involving four levels of lime rates, 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 tons ha were used. Four local varieties of cocoyam nach, nworoko, ugwuta and odogolo was used as the test crop. F LSD was applied to detect significant differences between two means at 5 probability level. Results show that growth parameters such as plant height and the number of suckers were influenced by the application of lime at 2 t ha on the four varieties of cocoyam with odologo giving the tallest plant height at 1, 3 and 5 MAP 14.30 cm, 65.02 and 70.01 . Odologo variety also gave a significant yield increase in the number of tubers per plant 17.84 and tuber yield 18.90 t ha at the rate of 2 t ha. From the results shown, it is reasonable to recommend the use of 2 t ha of lime in the cultivation of cocoyam in acid soils of south eastern Nigeria. Ilouno, E. E | Ejikeme, C. S | Chigbo, C. I "Response of Four Varieties of Cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) to Liming in Acid Soils of Mgbakwu, South-Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60154.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/60154/response-of-four-varieties-of-cocoyam-colocosia-esculenta-to-liming-in-acid-soils-of-mgbakwu-southeastern-nigeria/ilouno-e-e
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Morphological And Physical Properties Of Four Soils Profiles Developed On Bas...IJRES Journal
The morphological and physical properties of soils were examined in Mazimbu farm Southwestern Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, the study was undertaken to investigate the morphological and important physical properties of the soils of Mazimbu farm. Four soil pedons were dug to represent the study area. Soil profiles were described as per FAO 2006 and soil survey staff (2010) soil profile description guidelines. Samples were collected from the four pedons according to the pedogenic horizons identified and analyzed for some physical properties. Soil colour varied from brown (7.5YR 4/2) through dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) to reddish brown (2.5YR 4/6). Soil structure varied from being weak to moderate sub angular blocky with dominant sand texture. The soil textural class was predominantly sandy clay loam/loamy sand/sand clay. The general characteristics of the soils were high sand and low silt contents. Most of the profiles had greater than 60 % sand, 20 % clay and less than 5 % silt. The bulk density (BD) values were generally low and ranged between 1.4 and 1.78 cm-3 with values increasing with soil depth gradually from surface to subsurface horizons. Soil moisture value generally varied from 1.42 to 5.77 % in the surface horizon and from 3.38 to 312.51 % in the subsurface horizon of all the profiles. Best soils management strategies such as crop rotation, planting cover crops, reduce overgrazing, burning and complementary use of organic and inorganic manure were suggested to improved soil condition on the farm for sustainable agricultural practice.
Effect of Concentration of Silver Nanoparticles on the Uptake of Silver from ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The bioavailability and uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated. Two species of insects, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two species of plants, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to a range of concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. Silver nanoparticles were charactrized by techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of silver in insects and plants exposed to silver nanoparticles was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggested an increase in the levels of silver in both insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. The translocation of silver to various parts of dicot plants such as stems and leaves was also observed. Such a result was not observed in the case of monocot plants. Results from this study suggests that silver nanoparticles would be available for uptake by insects and plants in terrestrial ecosystems.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
The properties and potentials of soils of Liman Katagum (LK) in Bauchi State were assessed for both rainfed and irrigated crop production. Six soil mapping units were identified. The soils were moderately deep to very deep (93 – 163cm), except for exposed petroplinthite in some part of land unit LK 2. Soil pH ranged between 4.7 and 8.4, and was rated moderately acid to moderately alkaline. The soils were characterized by moderate fertility status. Improved management techniques were suggested for sustainable use of the land to improve farmers’ economy in the area. Assessment of the land potential showed that land units LK 3, LK 5 and LK6 (47.5%; 9.975ha) were moderately suitable (S2) and LK 1 and LK 4 (27.5%; 5.775ha) marginally suitable (S3) for rainfed crop production. For irrigated crop production, land units; LK 3, LK 4, LK 5 and LK 6 (51.43%; 10.8ha) were potentially moderately suitable (S2) and Land unit LK 1 (23.57%; 4.95ha) marginally suitable (S3). Land unit LK 2 constituting 25% (5.25ha) of the land was not potentially suitable (N2) for either rainfed or irrigated agriculture.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
In this presentation you will get to know about aspects of paleobotany, about coal and petroleum exploration and its extraction and how paleobotany is related to coal and petroleum.
This project investigated soil recovery processes on the reclaimed territories of Kavtiskhevi and Gardabani quarries by means of soil inhabiting invertebrates.
Oribatid mites, in the Acarine suborder Oribatida, are associated with organic matter in most terrestrial ecosystems (Behan-Pelletier and Eamer, 2007; Maraun et al., 2007; Norton and Behan-Pelletier, 2009; Schneider, 2005). Their ability for dispersal is low and those that do disperse as adults (Norton, 1994). As a result, oribatid mites cannot easily escape from stress conditions. Population of oribatid mites decline rapidly when their habitat is damaged, that allows detection of environmental degradation. So, they can be considered as «early warning» indicators of stress.
Springtails (Collembola) are major components of terrestrial ecosystems, constituting a substantial proportion of the soil animal biomass and diversity and are thus frequently and easily found (Coleman et al., 2004). Like oribatids, they play an important role in plant litter decomposition and in soil formation processes. They are known as one of the pioneers of early stages of soil recovery processes and rapid colonizers of reclaimed waste sites (Hutson, 1980).
Project actions:
1. Inventory of soil arthropods ( oribatid mites, springtails);
2. Study biotic complexity of reclaimed and control sites using invertebrate animals as bioindicators;
3. Identify pioneer colonists species and species adapted to the anthropogenic pressure;
4. Reveal the effectiveness of provided reclamation activities;
5. Publish informative booklet and on line placement of the project activities and project results.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2014 in Georgia.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/soil-arthropod-diversity-and-quarry-rehabilitation
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
2. 132 Blumea – Volume 54, 2009
38-year old 2 ha at Riau (01°44'33.8"S 105°51'66.4"E). All plots highest important value index (IVI) domination at each site.
located are below 50 m asl. Fungal spores were recovered by wet sieving and decanting
(Gadermann & Nicolson 1963), and genera were identified
Data collection and analysis (Schenck & Perez 1988; INVAM). Soil solution was seeded in
Soil properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the surface of Picovskaya agar and colonies showing trans-
and phosphate solubilizing bacteria parent halos around them were counted, and re-isolated and
Soil was sampled at 0 – 20 cm and 20 – 40 cm depth using an maintained in nutrient agar.
8 cm auger. Diagonal composite (Setyorini et al. 2003) sam-
ple of nine subsamples and single replicate were analyzed. Vegetation analysis
A composite of eight rhizosphere points of 500 g samples for A minimum study plot size of 0.2 ha per study site was deter-
phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycor- mined on basis of the species-area curve (Setiadi & Muhadiono
rhizal fungi (AMF) spores, which were taken at 0 –10 cm and 2001). The study was conducted on 20 contiguous plots of 10
10–20 cm depth and three replicates, were collected using by 10 m at each of the study sites using the modified quadrat
a modified CSM-BGBD Project protocol (2004) under three sampling technique of Oosting 1956 (Soerianegara & Indrawan
a b
c d
e f
Fig. 2 Vegetation aspects of study sites. a. Riparian forest; b. abandoned farmed-land; c. 38-year old tin-mined land; d. 11-year old tin-mined land; e. 7-year
old tin-mined land; f. 0-year old barren tin-mined land. Photos E. Nurtjahya.
3. E. Nurtjahya et al.: Succession on tin-mined land in Bangka Island 133
1995). Quadrats of 10 by 10 m were used for measuring trees RESULTS
> 20 cm dbh, and for poles with diameter 10 – 20 cm; 5 by 5 m
for saplings with height taller than 1.5 m and diameter less than Soil properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
10 cm; and 1 by 1 m quadrats for seedlings with height less and phosphate solubilizing bacteria
than 1.5 m. For trees and poles the number of individual plants A comparison of soil properties (Table 1) shows that sand
for each species and diameter class was recorded, for saplings fraction in forest at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depth (78 and
and seedlings only the species. Herbarium specimens were 66 %) and abandoned farmland (47 and 48 %) was less than
collected for identification at Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor. in the four tin-mined lands (80–97 %). Except for the 11-year
Vegetation structure was determined by species importance old tin-mined land, C/N ratio of tin-mined lands was higher
value index (IVI, Mueller-Dumbois & Ellenberg 1974); Pielou’s than forest and abandoned farmland. The concentration of
evenness index (Odum 1971), Margalef’s species richness P2O5, K2O, K, and Na of undisturbed land generally was higher
(Odum 1971), Shannon/Wiener species diversity (Odum 1971); than of disturbed land, and gradually decreases along with
and similarity index using Sǿrensen formula (Mueller-Dumbois the newly abandoned tin-mined land. The cation-exchange
& Ellenberg 1974). Canonical correspondence analysis was capacity (CEC) of all tin-mined lands was very low (0.4–3.9).
analyzed using the statistical package MSV 3.1. The concentrations of other soil properties showed different
relations to each of tin-mined lands.
Table 1 Soil properties of study sites.
Texture pH Soil organic matter HCl 25% Cation-exchange
Walkley &
Kjeldahl
KCl 1 N
Black
Depth
(NH4 - Acetate 1 N, pH 7)
P2O5
K2O
Sand
Clay
H 2O
Silt
Study sites
C N C/N Ca Mg K Na Total CEC B Al3+
cm % % mg/100g cmol(+)/kg % cmol
(+)/kg
Forest 0 – 20 78 13 10 4.7 1.6 0.2 10 22 5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 5.8 7 2.0
20 – 40 66 18 16 4.7 1.2 0.1 14 20 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 5.2 7 2.0
Abandoned 0 – 20 47 22 31 4.5 3.2 0.3 12 35 8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.7 14.7 4 4.8
farmed-land 20 – 40 48 22 31 4.6 1.7 0.1 12 36 7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 9.6 6 3.7
Tin-mined 0 – 20 96 2 2 5.1 0.3 0.0 14 5 2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.0 40 0.2
land 38 yrs 20 – 40 95 2 3 5.0 0.2 0.0 10 4 2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 31 0.2
Tin-mined land 0 – 20 83 5 13 4.9 0.2 0.0 10 11 4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.0 28 0.9
land 11 yrs 20 – 40 80 3 18 4.8 0.3 0.0 10 11 4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.3 30 0.9
Tin-mined land 0 – 20 94 4 3 4.8 1.0 0.1 13 49 3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 3.3 16 0.6
land 7 yrs 20 – 40 93 6 2 4.8 1.2 0.1 14 71 3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 3.9 19 0.7
Barren tin- 0 – 20 94 2 4 4.8 0.2 0.0 15 2 3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 73 0.3
mined land 20 – 40 97 1 2 4.5 0.1 0.0 13 3 3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.4 40 0.1
Table 2 Status of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in study sites.
Study site Dominant vegetation Depth (cm) Total average of PSB Total average of AMF No. of AMF Dominant AMF
colonies (105 / g soil/ spores (/50 g soil / genera genus
dominant plant species) dominant plant species)
Forest Tristaniopsis whiteana 0–20 4.4 15.0 4
Syzygium sp. Glomus
Ilex cymosa 57%
Abandoned Trema orientalis 0–20 12.7 45.3 5
farmed-land Melastoma malabathricum Glomus
Pternandra galeata 44%
Tin-mined Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 0–20 1.3 261.7 5
land 38 yrs Eriachne pallescens Glomus
Ischaemum sp. 95%
Tin-mined Paspalum orbiculare 0–20 4.2 57.0 4
land 11 yrs Blumea balsamifera Glomus
Melastoma malabathricum 59%
Tin-mined Fymbristylis pauciflora 0–20 6.2 47.0 5
land 7 yrs Trema orientalis Glomus
Melastoma malabathricum 67%
Barren tin-mined ----------- 0–20 6.0 2.0 1
land 0 yrs Glomus
100%
4. 134 Blumea – Volume 54, 2009
Table 3 Number of individuals, species, and families in study sites, per growth phase.
Number of individuals / ha Number of species Number of families
Study site seed sap poles trees total seed sap poles trees total seed sap poles trees total
lings lings lings lings lings lings
Forest 2,665 4,155 305 170 7,295 42 66 24 11 85 24 30 14 8 44
Abandoned 1,640 5,495 40 0 7,175 48 47 4 0 71 27 25 4 0 38
farmed-land
Tin-mined 2,125 55 0 0 2,180 15 1 0 0 16 12 1 0 0 13
land 38 yrs
Tin-mined 1,675 45 0 0 1,720 7 2 0 0 8 4 2 0 0 5
land 11 yrs
Tin-mined 890 0 0 0 890 6 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 4
land 7 yrs
Barren tin-mined 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
land 0 yrs
Table 4 Similarity indices between different study site, per growth phase.
Study sites Growth phases
Seedling Sapling Pole Tree
0-year old tin-mined land 7-year old tin-mined land 0 0 0 0
11-year old tin-mined land 0 0 0 0
38-year old tin-mined land 0 0 0 0
abandoned farmed-land 0 0 0 0
forest 0 0 0 0
7-year old tin-mined land 11-year old tin-mined land 27.8 0 0 0
38-year old tin-mined land 18.6 0 0 0
abandoned farmed-land 17.6 0 0 0
forest 0 0 0 0
11-year old tin-mined land 38-year old tin-mined land 15.4 0 0 0
abandoned farmed-land 16.9 0 0 0
forest 0 0 0 0
38-year old tin-mined land abandoned farmed-land 19.9 0 0 0
forest 1.5 0 0 0
Abandoned farmed-land forest 13.7 25.0 2.0 0
Table 2 shows the development of some microbiological para different regeneration phases could be assessed only on basis
meters. The average number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of seedlings (Table 4), and show that similarity is generally
(AMF) spores per 50 g soil per dominant plant species in 0–20 low (less than 28 %), and that the similarity index (seedlings)
cm in forest soil (15.0) was less than that of abandoned farmland of the oldest tin-mined land and that of riparian forest is still
(45.3) and the number of spores in 38-year old tin-mined land only 1.5 %.
was the highest (261.7). The number of AMF spores increases A comparison of the development of structural properties and
strongly with the period of abandonment of tin-mined land, with diversity of the vegetation is presented in Table 5.
lowest values in 0-year old barren tin-mined land. The number
of genera was between three and five, and Glomus Tul. & C.Tul. Species composition (see Appendix)
(Glomaceae) was dominant (44 –100 %). In contrast to AMF,
Species composition (measured by Importance value index,
the average number of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)
IVI) for all stages of plant development differs between all study
in tin-mined lands showed a slight increase at 7 years, and a
sites. Gaertnera vaginata (Rubiaceae), Calophyllum pulcherri
gradual decrease after that. The average number of PSB per g
mum (Clusiaceae), Calophyllum lanigerum, Syzygium lineatum
soil in 0 – 20 cm in forest soil (4.4 105) was less than that of
(Myrtaceae), and Garcinia parvifolia (Clusiaceae) have the
abandoned farmland (12.7 105) and the smallest number of
five highest seedling IVIs in secondary riparian forest; Scleria
spores was found in 38-year old tin-mined land (1.3 105).
levis (Cyperaceae), Trema orientalis (Ulmaceae), Dicranop
teris linearis (Gleicheniaceae), Melastoma malabathricum
Floristic composition
(Melastomataceae), and Paspalum conjugatum (Poaceae) on
The number of individuals, species, and families was highest in abandoned farmland; Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae),
riparian forest, and gradually decreased in abandoned farmland, Eriachne pallescens (Poaceae), Ischaemum sp. (Poaceae),
38-year old tin-mined land, 11-year old tin-mined land, 7-year Crotalaria sp. (Fabaceae), and Melastoma malabathricum on
old tin-mined land (Table 3). Trees (11 species) and poles were 38-year old tin-mined land; Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae),
only found in forest (24 species) and abandoned farmland (4 Paspalum conjugatum, Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae), Fimbri
species). Saplings were found at all study sites except on the stylis pauciflora (Cyperaceae), Melastoma malabathricum on
7-year old tin-mined land. Similarities between study sites with 11-year old tin-mined land; Fimbristylis pauciflora, Imperata
5. E. Nurtjahya et al.: Succession on tin-mined land in Bangka Island 135
Table 5 Structure indices for study sites, per growth phase.
Study sites
Growth Indices 0-year old 7-year old 11-year old 38-year old Abandoned Forest
phases tin-mined land tin-mined land tin-mined land tin-mined land farmed-land
Seedling Dominance (c) 0 0.23 0.36 0.09 0.05 0.06
Species richness (d) 0 2.22 2.38 5.33 18.68 15.04
Evenness (e) 0 0.79 0.55 0.90 0.82 0.77
Shannon Wiener (_) 0 0.61 0.46 1.06 1.37 1.25
Sapling Dominance (c) 0 0 0.65 1.00 0.05 0.03
Species richness (d) 0 0 1.05 0 15.13 22.26
Evenness (e) 0 0 0.05 0 0.77 0.82
Shannon Wiener (_) 0 0 0.15 0 1.28 1.50
Pole Dominance (c) 0 0 0 0 0.48 0.12
Species richness (d) 0 0 0 0 4.43 12.88
Evenness (e) 0 0 0 0 0.77 0.84
Shannon Wiener (_) 0 0 0 0 0.47 1.16
Tree Dominance (c) 0 0 0 0 0 0.15
Species richness (d) 0 0 0 0 0 6.53
Evenness (e) 0 0 0 0 0 0.87
Shannon Wiener (_) 0 0 0 0 0 0.91
cylindrica, Melastoma malabathricum, Eupatorium inulaefolium Concentration and distribution of species in disturbed study
(Asteraceae), Paspalum orbiculare on 7-year old tin-mined sites was higher than for undisturbed sites because the number
land. No seedlings have been recorded on 0-year old tin-mined of species and the number of plants at disturbed sites were less.
land. Therefore, the species richness of disturbed sites was poorer
Similarly, each study site had different sapling species. Calo than for undisturbed sites. The floristic composition of older
phyllum lanigerum, Pternandra galeata (Melastomataceae), abandoned tin-mined lands is gradually more similar to the site
Tristaniopsis whiteana (Myrtaceae), Syzygium lineatum, and with forest, but, similarity of forest to 38-year old tin-mined land
Rhodamnia cinerea (Myrtaceae) were the five highest sapling is still low. The high dissimilarity among study sites confirms
IVIs in secondary riparian forest. that succession takes a long time and supports the projection
in Singkep Island (Elfis 1998).
Trema orientalis, Pternandra galeata, Gynotroches axillaris
(Rhizophoraceae), Adinandra dumosa (Theaceae) and Schima Succession is initiated by herb species, followed by shrub spe-
wallichii were the five highest sapling IVIs on abandoned farm- cies, but the time required for poles and finally trees to appear
land. One species of Myrtaceae was the only sapling found on apparently exceeds the 38 years covered in this study. The slow
38-year old tin-mined land. Commersonia bartramia (Stercu succession reflects the long period of time needed to increase
liaceae) was the only sapling found on 11-year old tin-mined soil fertility, accumulate organic material and so improve the
land, and no saplings were recorded on 7-year and 0-year old quality of the soils’ microclimate. During this time, apparently
tin-mined lands. Ilex cymosa (Aquifoliaceae), Calophyllum also minerals are added, reducing the sand and increasing
pulcherrimum, Adinandra dumosa, Tristaniopsis whiteana, and the silt and clay component. Much older tin-mined lands are
Syzygium lineatum were the five highest pole IVIs in secondary needed to present a more comprehensive conclusion. Unfor-
riparian forest. Syzygium sp.6 (Myrtaceae), Sapium baccatum tunately, illegal mining and illegal re-mining in revegetated tin-
(Euphorbiaceae), and Artocarpus integer (Moraceae) were mined lands (Bangka Pos 2004) make these difficult to find.
the only poles on abandoned farmland, and no poles were To accelerate succession, potential species candidates can be
found on tin-mined land of any age. Trees were only found in identified, starting with herb species belonging to Cyperaceae
riparian forest and the five highest IVIs were: Schima wallichii, and Poaceae, or shrub species belonging to Melastomataceae
Tristaniopsis whiteana, Ilex cymosa, Syzygium lineatum, and and Myrtaceae.
Cratoxylum formosum (Clusiaceae).
Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledges the funding of
DISCUSSION this research by ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization) (039/03A).
I thank Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education,
Republic of Indonesia, and the government of Bangka Belitung Province
It appears that the combination of high sand component, and for partially funding the field research. I also thank Bapak Suanta, Robby,
low macronutrients, CEC, and soil organic matter in the tin- Wistria, Sinem, and Bambang who helped me in the field. I offer special
mined lands determine the floristic composition and species thank to Bapak Zainal Fanani for his help in identifying almost all specimens,
composition. Older tin-mined lands were shown to be more and Bapak Edi Mirmanto whom the author consulted for statistical analysis.
fertile than younger ones, and to be richer floristically and in Special thanks are also due to Dr. Campbell Webb and Dr. Ruth Kiew for
species composition. From the PSB and AMF point of view, it their comments on the manuscript.
appears that the presence of PSB in tin-mined lands reflects
phosphate concentration availability in soil. In contrast to PSB, REFERENCES
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Appendix 1 Floristic composition and Importance value index of 0-year, 7-year, 11-year, 38-year, abandoned farmed land, and forest.
Species Family 0-year 7-year 11-year 38-year Farmed-land Forest
Seedlings
Adinandra dumosa Jack Theaceae 4.05
Ancistrocladus tectorius Merr. Ancistrocladaceae 4.35
Anonim sp.1 Orchidaceae 4.73
Anonim sp.2 1.45
Anonim sp.3 15.66
Anonim sp.4 1.18
Anonim sp.11 Orchidaceae 0.99
Anonim sp.12 Araceae 1.37
Anonim sp.13 1.18
Anonim sp.14 Arecaceae 1.99
Aporosa cf. aurita (Tul.) Miq. Euphorbiaceae 1.15 1.18
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen Fabaceae 3.21
Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) Nielsen Fabaceae 1.15
Artabotrys suaveolens Blume Annonaceae 2.18
Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume Araliaceae 0.99
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Asteraceae 111.51
Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae 1.15
Calamus sp. Arecaceae 8.03
Calophyllum lanigerum Miq. Clusiaceae 4.05 13.26
Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy Clusiaceae 2.60 18.68
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thwaites Euphorbiaceae 3.55
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. Oleaceae 3.81 1.18
Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. Sterculiaceae 1.15
Cratoxylum glaucum Korth. Clusiaceae 1.15
Crotalaria sp. Leguminosae 17.17
Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill. Daphniphyllaceae 1.15
Dianella nemorosa Lam. Liliaceae 5.50
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. Gleicheniaceae 14.87
Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli Dilleniaceae 4.64
Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae 1.45
Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitchc. Poaceae 7.75
Eriachne pallescens R.Br. Poaceae 20.47
Eupatorium inulaefolium Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth Asteraceae 19.64 7.12 6.95
Eurya acuminata DC. Theaceae 1.15 4.11
Eurycoma longifolia Jack Simaroubaceae 6.81
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. Moraceae 1.15
Fimbristylis pauciflora R.Br. Cyperaceae 66.82 14.31 14.22
Freycinettia sp. Pandanaceae 5.55
Gaertnera vaginata Poir. Rubiaceae 2.36 31.91
Garcinia parvifolia (Miq.) Miq. Clusiaceae 9.23
Glechenia sp. Gleicheniaceae 12.33
Guioa pubescens (Zoll. & Moritzi) Radlk. Sapindaceae 1.37
Gynotroches axillaris Blume Rhizophoraceae 1.18
Ilex cymosa Blume Aquifoliaceae 0.99
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. Poaceae 50.25 16.68 4.96
Ischaemum sp. Poaceae 18.82
Ixora miquelii Bremek. Rubiaceae 4.16
Kibatalia maingayi (Hook.f.) Woodson Apocynaceae 1.45 3.36
Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh. Sapindaceae 0.99