Increasing concern has been expressed about declining sperm counts and potential environmental effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors on human reproductive health. This study evaluated the effects of sesame phytoestrogenic lignans from Sesamum radiatum leaves on male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats received aqueous extracts at 14 mg/kg or 28 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks. Results showed significant increases in testicular weight, sperm count, motility and morphology in treated groups compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. Treated groups also had significantly higher testosterone and lower FSH levels. This suggests sesame phytoestrogenic lignans may improve sperm quality in rats.
Sesame leaves intake improve and increase epididymal spermatocytes reserve in...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about the potential effects of both synthetic and natural estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) on human reproductive health in our environment in the last decade. However, little attention is paid to histomorphometric structural changes of the epididymis. We aim to evaluate the chronic exposure effects of phytoestrogens found in aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats’ epididymes. Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (2 treated and 1 control groups respectively). In the treated groups, a single daily dose of aqueous leaves extract of S. radiatum (14.0 mg/kg and 28.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered via gastric garvage, while, equal volume of normal saline was administered in control group for six weeks. Histomorphometric study of the epididymal tissues and hormonal assay were analyzed using SPSS software and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant (P < 0.05) body weight gain in a dose dependent was observed in all the animals. Also, there was significant weight gain in both raw weight and relative organo-somatic weight of the epididymis per 100 g body weight. However, the weight gain was more in the high dose than the low dose group. The epididymal lumen appeared wider and fuller with spermatocytes when compared to the control. There is significant (P > 0.05) increases in testosterone level compared to control, however, the low dose was also significantly lower than the control. Sesame improves the storage capacity for the spermatozoa in the epididymis in a dose related manner.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
The Detection of Testicular Protein Expression of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) af...AI Publications
One of the testes' primary functions is to produce the haploid germ cells needed for sexual reproduction. Good vitality can be achieved through a healthy biological pattern and require lasting persistence throughout a productive male's life. This study aims to detect protein expression in rats' testes after being treated with ethanol Fenugreek seeds. As many as 32 male rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months (250-300 g) without anatomical abnormalities were used as experimental animals. They were divided into four groups: P0 as a control group was treated with normal drinking water, while groups of P1 to P3 were given 500, 1000, and 1500 mg kg-1 body weight/day of ethanol extract from Fenugreek seeds. The experiment of testicular protein expression was conducted with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The testes data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan Mean Range Test. The study concluded that Fenugreek's effect is believed to have an inducing impression on protein synthesis in the cells making up the testes. Besides, body weight, body weight gain, testicular weight, and testicular protein showed no significant difference (P> 0.05).
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Sesame leaves intake improve and increase epididymal spermatocytes reserve in...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about the potential effects of both synthetic and natural estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) on human reproductive health in our environment in the last decade. However, little attention is paid to histomorphometric structural changes of the epididymis. We aim to evaluate the chronic exposure effects of phytoestrogens found in aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats’ epididymes. Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (2 treated and 1 control groups respectively). In the treated groups, a single daily dose of aqueous leaves extract of S. radiatum (14.0 mg/kg and 28.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered via gastric garvage, while, equal volume of normal saline was administered in control group for six weeks. Histomorphometric study of the epididymal tissues and hormonal assay were analyzed using SPSS software and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant (P < 0.05) body weight gain in a dose dependent was observed in all the animals. Also, there was significant weight gain in both raw weight and relative organo-somatic weight of the epididymis per 100 g body weight. However, the weight gain was more in the high dose than the low dose group. The epididymal lumen appeared wider and fuller with spermatocytes when compared to the control. There is significant (P > 0.05) increases in testosterone level compared to control, however, the low dose was also significantly lower than the control. Sesame improves the storage capacity for the spermatozoa in the epididymis in a dose related manner.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
The Detection of Testicular Protein Expression of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) af...AI Publications
One of the testes' primary functions is to produce the haploid germ cells needed for sexual reproduction. Good vitality can be achieved through a healthy biological pattern and require lasting persistence throughout a productive male's life. This study aims to detect protein expression in rats' testes after being treated with ethanol Fenugreek seeds. As many as 32 male rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months (250-300 g) without anatomical abnormalities were used as experimental animals. They were divided into four groups: P0 as a control group was treated with normal drinking water, while groups of P1 to P3 were given 500, 1000, and 1500 mg kg-1 body weight/day of ethanol extract from Fenugreek seeds. The experiment of testicular protein expression was conducted with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The testes data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan Mean Range Test. The study concluded that Fenugreek's effect is believed to have an inducing impression on protein synthesis in the cells making up the testes. Besides, body weight, body weight gain, testicular weight, and testicular protein showed no significant difference (P> 0.05).
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Reproductive Function of Male Wistar ...ijtsrd
This study assessed the effects green leaf tea extract on male reproductive function of male albino wistar rats. Twenty rats weighing between 150 250g, grouped into 4 of 5 rats each, were used for the research that lasted for four weeks. Group I, the control group, received normal rat chow and water ad libitum. The three test groups II IV, received 2.5gm 100ml 0f water, 5gm 100ml of water, 7.5gm 100ml of water of green leaf tea extract given via oral administration with normal rat food and water for four weeks. Blood was collected via ocular puncture and serum was assayed for testosterone levels. Semen was also analyzed for sperm motility and sperm count. The testicular weight was recorded and net body weight gain was also recorded. The study showed significant decrease in net body weight gain and testicular weight. It has been shown that the reduction of body weight after application of green tea extract may be due to inhibition of catechol O methyl transferase transferase COMT enzyme by epigallocatechin gallate EGCG of the green tea. The study also showed significant decrease in sperm motility and sperm count. It also showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels. In conclusion, green leaf tea extract had a negative effect on male reproductive function and its use as a daily tea should be curtailed. Okonkwo, C. O. J | Maduka, S. O | Akude Harrison | Mmaju, C. I | Okwuonu, I. F1; Goji A. D "The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Reproductive Function of Male Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42471.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42471/the-effect-of-green-tea-leaf-extract-on-reproductive-function-of-male-wistar-rats/okonkwo-c-o-j
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.17
ABSTRACT- Present study was undertaken to evaluate the reversible anti-fertility effect of Ocimum (Tulsi) on male mice. Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was orally administered (0.1ml) for 10 (P < s0a.0n5ct)u, m20 L(Pin <n>< e0d. 0s0ig1n),i f4ic0a (nPt d<e><o><p0o.s1u),r><t0m.0e1n)t,><e0o.u0s1><a0c.t0><<00..0001)1,)><re0a.t0m1e),n><th0e.><ti0l.i0ty0><a0><no0r.0m0a1l)i><sp0e.0rm01a)t><s0e.d0><ec0r.e0a1s)e,><rm0.><c0a.u0s0e1d)><w0e.i0g1h)t><v0i.z0.0,><c0a.n0t0ly1>< t0o. 0t1h)e, acnony trtorel agtrmoeunpt. Ttoh ec hreeccokv ethrye grerovuerps iobfi laitnyi.m Aall,l wthhei cahn aimlsaol sr eacfetievre dth 5e0 r decaoyvs etrryea ptmereinotd, wshaosw meadi nntaoirnmeadl foferr 9ti0li tdya yrast ew. itThhouust cOocnimcluudme sthaantc Otucmim audmv esrasneclytu maf fceacnts b efe urtsielidt ya si na pmotiecne t aanndti -fsehrotwilietyd aagnetni-tf werhtiilcithy ise frfeevcetr saimbloe.n g them. From this we can Key-words- Ocimum sanctum, Anti-fertility, Sperm count, Motility, Sperm abnormality
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SALIX SUBSERRATA IN PARACETAMOL IN...gynomark
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of Salix subserratainn (EESS) against paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in animals. A literature survey revealed that more studies were needed for this plant to ascertain the hepatoprotective potential. The detailed preliminary phytochemical investigations rationalized its use as a drug of therapeutic importance. Theethanolic extract of the planthas phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenoids, sterods, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The hepatoprotective effect was assessed using a battery of biochemical and histopathological tests. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, ACP were some of the biochemical tests done. In vivo tests for antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, LPO) were conducted on albino mice and wistar rats. In both paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, a lower dose and a high dose of extract were used and compared with the hepatoprotective activity of standard drug silymarin. Control group and an only drug group were also used. EESS ethanolic extract has hepato protective effects against liver toxicity induced by TAA as proven bymacroscopical, microscopical, and biochemical analyses. The effects of EESS are comparable to that of Silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. Accordingly, EESS could beused as an effective herbal product for the prevention of chemical-induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, we can say that has the ability to protect the liver from the damaging effects of paracetamol toxic doses and stimulation of endogenous anti-oxidant defense system.
Key words: Hepatoprotective Activity, Salix Subserrata, Paracetamol Induced, Wistar Rat
The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Reproductive Function of Male Wistar ...ijtsrd
This study assessed the effects green leaf tea extract on male reproductive function of male albino wistar rats. Twenty rats weighing between 150 250g, grouped into 4 of 5 rats each, were used for the research that lasted for four weeks. Group I, the control group, received normal rat chow and water ad libitum. The three test groups II IV, received 2.5gm 100ml 0f water, 5gm 100ml of water, 7.5gm 100ml of water of green leaf tea extract given via oral administration with normal rat food and water for four weeks. Blood was collected via ocular puncture and serum was assayed for testosterone levels. Semen was also analyzed for sperm motility and sperm count. The testicular weight was recorded and net body weight gain was also recorded. The study showed significant decrease in net body weight gain and testicular weight. It has been shown that the reduction of body weight after application of green tea extract may be due to inhibition of catechol O methyl transferase transferase COMT enzyme by epigallocatechin gallate EGCG of the green tea. The study also showed significant decrease in sperm motility and sperm count. It also showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels. In conclusion, green leaf tea extract had a negative effect on male reproductive function and its use as a daily tea should be curtailed. Okonkwo, C. O. J | Maduka, S. O | Akude Harrison | Mmaju, C. I | Okwuonu, I. F1; Goji A. D "The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Reproductive Function of Male Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42471.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42471/the-effect-of-green-tea-leaf-extract-on-reproductive-function-of-male-wistar-rats/okonkwo-c-o-j
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Kidney Function Test, Weight Gain and Serum Protein Values of Mature Male Tur...IJEAB
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, weight gain and serum protein values. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1.00ml physiological saline (0.00 i.u Diclair®), T2 , administered with 13.50 i.u Diclair®, T3,administered with 27.00i.u Dicliar®T4, administered with 40.50 i.u Dicliar(R), with one turkey per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into 3 doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration. Four turkeys were randomly selected fro-m each treatment groupand bled to collect blood for blood chemistry analysis. The turkey were weighed every week for five weeks and their weight recorded. The result showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all parameters for kidney function test: chronicle, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate expect creatinine which was similar (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The results further showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatment groups in initial body weight. However, there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight and weight gain. Similarly there were significant differences (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum protein values measure: albumin, globulin, serum total protein as well as albumin/globulin ratio. The results of the study showed that Diclair enhanced kidney function and weight gain without any deleterious effects on serum protein values of the male turkeys.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.17
ABSTRACT- Present study was undertaken to evaluate the reversible anti-fertility effect of Ocimum (Tulsi) on male mice. Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was orally administered (0.1ml) for 10 (P < s0a.0n5ct)u, m20 L(Pin <n>< e0d. 0s0ig1n),i f4ic0a (nPt d<e><o><p0o.s1u),r><t0m.0e1n)t,><e0o.u0s1><a0c.t0><<00..0001)1,)><re0a.t0m1e),n><th0e.><ti0l.i0ty0><a0><no0r.0m0a1l)i><sp0e.0rm01a)t><s0e.d0><ec0r.e0a1s)e,><rm0.><c0a.u0s0e1d)><w0e.i0g1h)t><v0i.z0.0,><c0a.n0t0ly1>< t0o. 0t1h)e, acnony trtorel agtrmoeunpt. Ttoh ec hreeccokv ethrye grerovuerps iobfi laitnyi.m Aall,l wthhei cahn aimlsaol sr eacfetievre dth 5e0 r decaoyvs etrryea ptmereinotd, wshaosw meadi nntaoirnmeadl foferr 9ti0li tdya yrast ew. itThhouust cOocnimcluudme sthaantc Otucmim audmv esrasneclytu maf fceacnts b efe urtsielidt ya si na pmotiecne t aanndti -fsehrotwilietyd aagnetni-tf werhtiilcithy ise frfeevcetr saimbloe.n g them. From this we can Key-words- Ocimum sanctum, Anti-fertility, Sperm count, Motility, Sperm abnormality
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SALIX SUBSERRATA IN PARACETAMOL IN...gynomark
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of Salix subserratainn (EESS) against paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in animals. A literature survey revealed that more studies were needed for this plant to ascertain the hepatoprotective potential. The detailed preliminary phytochemical investigations rationalized its use as a drug of therapeutic importance. Theethanolic extract of the planthas phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenoids, sterods, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The hepatoprotective effect was assessed using a battery of biochemical and histopathological tests. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, ACP were some of the biochemical tests done. In vivo tests for antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, LPO) were conducted on albino mice and wistar rats. In both paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, a lower dose and a high dose of extract were used and compared with the hepatoprotective activity of standard drug silymarin. Control group and an only drug group were also used. EESS ethanolic extract has hepato protective effects against liver toxicity induced by TAA as proven bymacroscopical, microscopical, and biochemical analyses. The effects of EESS are comparable to that of Silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. Accordingly, EESS could beused as an effective herbal product for the prevention of chemical-induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, we can say that has the ability to protect the liver from the damaging effects of paracetamol toxic doses and stimulation of endogenous anti-oxidant defense system.
Key words: Hepatoprotective Activity, Salix Subserrata, Paracetamol Induced, Wistar Rat
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract ...Open Access Research Paper
This study examined the biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. The serum liver enzymesALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract. Protein concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract.The effect of the G. latifolium leaf extract seems to be dose dependent on the liver enzymes and protein concentration measured. The results showed that acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in the wistar albino rats as observed in the negative control was reversed with the administration of the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (in groups 3, 4 and 5) in the test animals. The histological analysis of the liver showed that the extract had a normalising effect on the effected liver. These results indicate that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium exhibits biochemical and histological changes and can be used against some hepatic inflammations.
Microanatomical and Hormonal Studies of the Effects of Aqueous Cannabis sativa Leaf Extract on the Testis of Adult Wistar Rats
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.1
Reversible Antifertility Effect of Cassia tora Linn in Male Rats
Samiya Khan, Pratap Chand Mali*
*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Pratap Chand Mali, Associate Professor, Reproductive Biomedicine and Natural Products Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT- Background: Plant Cassia tora has been used in traditional and modern medicines for different pharmacological activities.
Objectives: The present investigation has been taken to observe and evaluate effects of Cassia tora on the reproduction functions of male rats in search a safe, orally effective and reversible fertility regulating agent.
Materials and Methods: Fifty percent ethanolic extract of Cassia tora was prepared and administered orally in male Wistar rats at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg.b.wt./rat/day dose levels respectively for a period of 60 days and some of the treated rats were kept 30 days for recovery of fertility to assessed reversibility effects. Hematological indices, serum clinical investigations were also performed to assess toxic effects if any caused in rats by treatment. Proteins, cholesterol, glycogen, ascorbic acid, sialic acid and fructose level were analyzed in rats. Serum FSH, LH and Testosterone levels were measure. Rats were castrated to evaluate effects on reproductive functions of hormones and mode of action of the Cassia tora treatment. For histopathological observations tissues were fixed in Bouin’s fluid, dehydrated, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Results: Treatment of Cassia tora significantly reduced the weights of testes and accessory sex organs. Sperm density and motility were declined high significantly. Levels of Testosterone and FSH hormone were significantly decreased in rats. The protein, sialic acid, fructose, ascorbic acid and glycogen contents of reproductive accessory sex organs were decreased significantly. Germinal epithelium of testes degenerated and number of spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa in lumen of seminiferous tubules reduced.
Conclusions: The decreased testes and accessory sex organs weights, sperm motility, density and testosterone level in rats might be due to androgen suppression effects of Cassia tora treatment cause inhibition of spermatogenesis resulted reduction of fertility in treated male rats.
Key-words- Cassia tora, Contraception, Fertility, Sperm motility, Sperm density, Male rat
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EPITHELIAL HYPOPLASIA OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INDU...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/ability, appearance, or muscle mass. In addition, these steroids are widely used in the treatment of male infertility and subfertility. However, increasing concern has been shown that these compounds may not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology and sperm quality. There is a dearth of knowledge on the structural and quantitative changes of the testis secondary to this group of compounds. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mesterolone (proviron), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on some of the histomorphometric and stereological parameters of the seminiferous tubules in Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 adult male rats were used. The treated group was given 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day of mesterolone by gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. Five µm of uniformly random serial sections of the processed testicular tissues were analyzed using un-biased stereological and histomorphometric studies. Results: The results showed that the percentage mean volume density of both the tubular lumen and epithelial height increased by 35% (p< 0.05) and decreased by 50% (p<0.05), respectively compared to the control. mesterolone also caused a significant decline in sperm concentration. Conclusion: Mesterolone produces epithelial hypoplasia in the testis post continuous management.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility.
The differential impact of various assessment parameters on the medical stude...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was designed to assess the convergent validity of the professional anatomy (a multifaceted examination) with other markers of success (the various interactive assessment components of the curriculum) in determining the overall performance of third-year medical students. The aim was to isolate area of academic weakness among the students and to readjust the curriculum content to balance the weakness. A total of 66 third year medical students with records of their grades in the various assessments criteria were analyzed. Parameters on the average End-in course assessment, Short Essays Question (SEQ), Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ), and Practical (Steeple-chase) were considered. The Practical significantly correlated with overall performance (r = 0.89, P< 0.01). The Practical, MCQ, SEQ and End incourse showed an overall rank order of relative performance in assessment tasks and therefore indicate that, in general, students performance in the Professional examination was better than in the End-incourse examination.
To determine doctor's knowledge, attitude and practices towards sperm banking before cancer therapy in Lagos, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was done in a university teaching hospital...
Does neuro-anatomy award/ prize impact on student performance in the first pr...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern has been expressed about the motivational impact of neuro-anatomy award/prize in determining the overall student performance in the final professional anatomy examinations by comparing it with the result outcome of a high stake examination like neuro-anatomy incourse examination using the concept of convergent validity. A total of 57 third year medical students with the records of their grades/scores (Mean ± SD) in the various assessments criteria, were analyzed. In this study, the neuro-incourse examination was consistently a high predictor (r = 0.80; P<0.01)><0.01>< 0.01 respectively). However, the neuro-incourse examination tests students’ performance in a relatively difficult module and was found to be consistently correlated and highest when compared with the overall professional examination as a result of student motivation.
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims.
Pregnancy outcome following swim up preparation of both fresh and cryopreserv...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was designed to assess the impact of swim up preparation of both fresh and cryopreserved sperm on the pregnancy outcome in a private fertility centre in Lagos. A cross-sectional prospective analysis of 34 asthenozoospermic semen samples of men whose wives were undergoing assisted reproduction was studied. The basic semen parameters comprising of the volume, count, and motility of the sperm before and after swim up preparations with pregnancy outcome were measured. For fresh semen (n = 28, mean age = 37.0 ± 1.1 years, mean volume = 2.16 ± 0.1 ml), the sperm count decreased significantly (p<0.01)><0.01)><0.01)><0.01) from 25.1 ± 4.01 to 32.8 ± 6.18%. The pregnancy outcome of cryopreserved was 30%. The pregnancy outcome was higher with fresh than the cryopreserved semen. However, the motility was a significant indicator for the successful outcome. Swim up procedure improve the motility of both cryopreserved and fresh semen with a better pregnancy outcome in this study.
Live birth by fallopian tube sperm perfusion in hyperprolactinemic woman afte...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The case presented describes a live birth following treatment of a 35-year-old woman with fallopian tube sperm perfusion (FTSP) using donor sperm after three-repeated unsuccessful courses of In-vitro fertilization (IVF) with Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA), Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE), and donor sperm. The indication of FTSP is hereby explored and discussed.
Spermatotoxic impact of bonny light crude oil (BLCO) ingestion on adult male ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about the possible declining trend in the sperm quality and sperm count of man as a result of exposure to environmental estrogenic agents in the past few years now. There is a general paucity of knowledge of BLCO ingestion on the reproductive effect. Hence, we aim to evaluate the impact of sub-lethal dose of BLCO ingestion on semen parameters of adult male mice. Initial acute toxicity study was carried out to determine the lethal dose of BLCO, which was calculated to be 37.4 mg/Kg body wt. A sub-lethal dose of 20 mg/Kg bwt /day of BLCO were then given to 8 male mice in the experimental group. While, the control group of 7 animals received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline via oral garvage for 2 weeks. Data were analysed using SPSS 12 statistical software with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. There was a significant (P < 0.05) weight gain in the treated group with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in sperm motility in the treated compared with control. The sperm density of treated and control were 14.5 x 106 /ml and 20.5 x 106 /ml respectively. However, there were also no significant difference in the relative testicular weight and sperm density of treated from that of the control respectively. Thus, it was concluded that BLCO ingestion is spermatotoxic in the adult male Swiss mice
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Sesame radiatum Phytoestrogens Stimulate Spermatogenic Activity and Improve Sperm Quality in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rat Testis
1. 643
INTRODUCTION
Increasing concern expressed about the declining
sperm counts of humans in the last few decades. This is
hypothesized to be as a result of the rising incidence of both
testicular cancers and subfertility caused by exposure of the
developing male embryo to certain potential environmental
estrogenic agents that disrupt normal hormonal balance in
the body (Sharpe & Shakkebeak, 1993; Sharpe, 2003; Izegbu
et al., 2005; Shittu, 2006).
Recently, one of such agents is phytoestrogens, which
have attracted a lot of research interest because of their
potential wide range of health benefits. They are estrogenic
plant-derived non-steroidal hormone-like phenolic compounds
with four broad classes that include isoflavonoids, coumestans,
stillbenes and lignans (Adlercreutz et al., 1986; Murkies,
1998). They exist commonly in our local fruits, legumes, foods
and dietary supplements.
Int. J. Morphol.,
26(3):643-652, 2008.
Sesame radiatum Phytoestrogens Stimulate Spermatogenic
Activity and Improve Sperm Quality in Adult Male
Sprague Dawley Rat Testis
Fitoestrógenos Sesame radiatum Estimulan la Actividad Espermatogénica y Mejoran la Calidad del
Esperma en el Testículo de Ratas Sprague Dawley Adulto de Sexo Masculino
*
Shittu Lukeman, A. J.; *
Shittu Remilekun, K.; **
Adesite Samson, O.; ***
Ajala, M. Oluwole; ****
Bankole Munir, A.; **
Benebo A.
S.; *****
Tayo, A. O.; ******
Ogundipe Olufemi, A. & Ashiru Oladapo, A.
SHITTU, L.A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.;ADESITE, S. O.;AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M.A.; BENEBO,A. S.;TAYO,A. O.; OGUNDIPE,
O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male
Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
SUMMARY: Increasing concern has been expressed about the declining sperm count of humans and the potential environmental
effects of both synthetic and natural estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) on human reproductive health in the last few decades.
However, due to paucity of knowledge, we evaluate the chronic reproductive toxicity of sesame phytoestrogenic lignans on the male
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats’ testis. Thirty adult male SD rats weighing 150-200g were divided into three groups. Two treated groups
received a daily dose of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum at 14.0 mg/kg bw and 28.0mg /kg bw respectively via gastric
gavage, while equal volume of normal saline was administered to the control group for six weeks. Seminal analysis and hormonal assay
study were analyzed using SPSS software and P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed significant (P< 0.05)
body weight gains observed in all the animals with significant (P< 0.05) weight increase in their raw testicular weights compared to
control. The relative testicular weight per 100g bw was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. However, theweight gain
was dose related with a reversal in their relative testicular weight. The cauda sperm count including the motility and morphology of the
treated were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than control in a dose related manner. In addition, significant (P> 0.05) increases in testosterone
and a significant decrease in FSH in the high dose (treated) compared to control. Sesame phytoestrogenic lignans improves spermatozoa
quality in a dose related manner.
KEY WORDS: Testis; Sesame leaves; Histopathology; Hormonal assay; Seminal analysis; SD Rats.
Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.
*
Medical Microbiology Unit, Bolomedics Laboratories, Egbeda, Lagos, Nigeria.
* *
Department of Morbid Anatomy, Lagos State University College of Medicine/ Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria.
* * *
Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine/ Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria.
* * * *
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
* * * * *
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University College of Medicine/ Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria.
* * * * * *
Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Oshun State.
2. 644
Similar to endogenous estrogenic structural make up,
phytoestrogens tend to mimic or modulate endogenous
oestrogenic activity which could either be estrogenic or/and
anti-estrogenic depending on their concentration level in the
mammalian tissues. These responses are because of their weak
binding on the oestrogen receptors- a and b, with marked varied
distribution in the body. However, moderate to high expression
of ER a are found in pituitary, kidney, epididymis, and adrenal
while, moderate to high expression of ER b are found in
prostate, lung, and bladder, with overlapping high expression
equally seen in the brain, ovary, testis, and uterus (Shughrue
et al., 1996; Kuiper et al., 1997; Kuiper et al., 1998).
Moreover, because they are consumed in large amounts
in the diet, the metabolic effects noticed are usually that of
antiestrogenic, since, they compete with the much more potent
endogenous estradiol for the receptor binding sites, thereby
blocking their estrogenic activity (Martin et al., 1978; Whitten
& Naftolin, 1991).
Sesame is a reputed plant in folk medicine in Africa
and Asia. It is one of the richest food source of lignans, a
major type of phytoestrogens known to man since the dawn
of civilization (Thompson et al., 1991) and is now been
increasingly incorporated into human diets because of its
reported health benefits. However, sesame lignans such as
sesamin, episesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol isolated from
Sesamum indicum and radiatum seeds among other species
are implicated as having certain properties such as anti-
tumorigenic (Hirose et al., 1992), estrogenic and/or anti-
estrogenic (Collins et al., 1997; Shittu) and antioxidant (Kang
et al., 2005; Shittu).
All parts of the plant are useful and consumed locally
as a staple food especially the seed, oil and leaves by
subsistence farmers in South-West and Middle Belt areas of
Nigeria (Akpan–Iwo et al., 2006). This may however account
for the high fecundity among the adult male population in
these areas (Shittu). In the South-Western Nigeria, decoction
of the leaves is used for the treatment of bruised or erupted
skins, catarrh and eye pains. In addition, leaves decoction have
recently been found to possess antimicrobial properties (Shittu
et al., 2006; Bankole Munir et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2007,
Shittu et al., 2007).
Moreover, estrogen is responsible for maintaining the
differentiated epithelial morphology of the male reproductive
organs through an unknown mechanism .Thus, estrogen or
its receptor is important for normal functioning of the male
reproductive tract in numerous species (Hess & Carnes, 2004).
Most previous studies have evaluated the role of
isoflavonoids and other types of phytoestrogens other than
sesame lignans. However, due to paucity of knowledge, we
aim to evaluate reproductive effect of sesame phytoestrogenic
lignans in aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on the
adult male SD rat testis using hormonal assay, seminal analysis
and histopathological evidences.
MATERIALAND METHOD
Collection of Plant materials: Sesame plants (Sesame
radiatum, Schum and Thonn - Pedaliacaea family) were
purchased from a vendor inAgege market, Lagos after being
identified by Dr. Shittu in May 2005. However, the plant
was authenticated by the herbarium section of Forestry
Institute of Research ( FRIN) with FHI # 107513 on the 5th
of August, 2005 (Shittu et al., 2006). In addition, voucher
specimens were deposited in Botany Departments of
University of Ibadan and Lagos State University,
respectively.
Preparation of Aqueous Extracts of Sesame leaves. The
leaves of the plants were air dried for 2 weeks and powdered.
100g of the powdered leaves were added to 1.0 litre of
distilled water at a ratio of 1: 10 in a beaker and allowed to
boil to boiling temperature after intermittent stirring on a
hotplate for one hour. The decoction was filtered into another
clean beaker using a white sieve clothing material and the
filtrate evaporated at 50 ºC to dryness in a desiccator to pro-
duce a black shinning crystal residue form with a yield of
83% w/w of the extract. The crude extract was kept in the
refrigerator ( 4ºC ) before being reconstituted and later used
for the in-vivo study.
Ether-extracts preparation of sesame leaves for
phytochemical assay. The leaves were air-dried and 100g
of the powdered leaves were extracted with 500 ml of 40%
diethyl ether for 72 h with Soxhlet equipment using modified
method of Alade & Irobi (1993).
Phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-
Mass Spectral. Gas chromatography of crude ether extract
of sesame leaves was performed using a Hewlett Packard
GCD system (model 6890 ), equipped with a flame ionization
detector and injector MS transfer line temperature
maintained at 230° C respectively as described in our
previous study (Shittu et al., 2006).
Compound identification was accomplished by
comparing the GC relative retention times and mass spectra
to those of authentic substances analyzed under the same
conditions, by their retention indices (RI) and by comparison
to reference compound (Shittu et al., 2006).
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
3. 645
Animal. Thirty mature and healthy adult male Sprague
Dawley rats weighing 150 to 200g were procured from La-
gos State University, College of Medicine, Ikeja and housed
in a well ventilated wire-wooden cages in the departmental
animal house. They were maintained under controlled light
schedule (12 hours Light: 12 hours Dark) at room
temperature (28oC) and with constant humidity (40-50%).
The animals were allowed to acclimatize for a period of 7
days before treatments. During this period they were fed with
standard rat chows/pellets supplied by Pfizer Nigeria Ltd
and water ad-libitum. Individual identification of the ani-
mal was made by ear tags.
Experimental design. The rats were randomly divided into
three groups (A to C) comprising of ten rats each.
The group A served as the control while B and C
constituted the treated groups.
The group A animals received equal volume of 0.9%
(w/v) normal saline daily while group B ( high dose group)
received aqueous extract of sesame leaves at 28.0mg/kg body
weight /day.
However, group C (low dose group) animals received
doses of 14.0mg/kg body weight /day of aqueous extract of
sesame leaves.All the doses administered via gastric gavage
daily for a period of 6 weeks. All procedures involving
animals in this study conformed to the guiding principles
for research involving animals as recommended by the
Declaration of Helsinki and the Guiding Principles in the
Care and Use of Animals (World Medical Association &
American Physiological Society, 2002) and were approved
by the Departmental Committee on the Use and Care of
Animals.
All animals observed for clinical signs of plant
toxicity (such as tremors, weakness, Lethargy, refusal of
feeds, weight loss, hair-loss, coma and death) throughout
the duration of the experiment.
Animal sacrifice. The rats were anaesthetized at the time of
sacrifice using sealed chloroform –soaked cotton wool
inhalation jar between 0900 and 1100 hours. This was done
the next day after the termination of the whole experiments
following over-night fasting of the animals. The weights of
the animals were taken weekly and before sacrifice.
Organ Harvest and Tissue processing for Light
Microscopy. Both testes were carefully dissected out,
trimmed of all fat and blotted dry to remove any blood. The
raw testicular weights were noted and volume displaced
measured using a 10ml measuring cylinder. In addition, the
sizes (length and width) were recorded by use of a sliding
gauge (d= 0.1) before fixation in a freshly prepared 10%
formol saline solution.
We transferred the fixed tissues into graded alcohol
and then processed for 17.5 hours in an automated Shandon
processor after which they passed through a mixture of equal
concentration of xylene. Following clearance in xylene the
sections were then infiltrated and embedded in molten
paraffin wax. However, prior to embedding, the mounted
sections were orientated perpendicular to the long axes of
the testes before we ensure cutting with the aid of the rotary
microtone. These sections were designated as “vertical
sections”.
Serial sections of 5 µ m thickness were cut , floated
onto clean slides coated with Mayer’s egg albumin for proper
cementing of the sections to the slides and were then stained
with Haematoxylin and Eosin stains as described in a
previous study (Shittu).
Serum HormonalAssay. Using the procedure enclosed with
the kit purchased from Amersham International Plc. (UK),
serum testosterone concentration was estimated by ELISA
technique as previously described in our study (Shittu, 2006).
The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation for the
Testosterone were <15%. While, serum FSH estimation was
done using RIA techniques as previously described by Shittu.
Cauda Sperm Forward Motility. After anesthetizing the
rat, scrotal incision was made to expose the whole testis
including the epididymes. The epididymes dissected out and
freed from adhering fat and connective tissues using the
guidelines of Hamilton.
Spermatozoa expressed out by cutting the distal end
of the cauda epididymidal tubule approximately into 1.0-
mm3
pieces with a sharp razor blade and the spermatozoa
with epididymal fluid diluted with physiological saline was
placed on a thin glass slide. One hundred spermatozoa taken
from each rat were then observed under phase contrast light
microscope for forward motility (rate and percentage) (WHO,
1999).
Sperm Count. The method of Zaneveld & Polakoski (1977)
employed to estimate the caudal epididymal spermatozoa
count.Aliquots of the sperm suspension were placed on both
sides of the new improved Neubauer’s hemocytometer and
allowed to settle by keeping in a humid chamber for 1 hour.
The number of spermatozoa per mililitre in the appropriate
squares of the haemocytometer was counted under the phase
contrast light microscope at 100¥ magnification. Six counts
(3 from each side from a single rat) were taken provided the
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
4. 646
difference between the two counts did not exceed 10% and
the average of all the six counts taken as one observation.
Sperm morphology assessment. Caudal sperm were taken
from the original dilution for motility and diluted 1:20 with
10% neutral buffered formalin (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville,
ON, Canada). Briefly, in wet preparations using phase-
contrast light microscope at x400 magnification, the sperm
cells were categorized as follows: (1) normal head and tail,
(2) isolated heads (whether the head was misshapen or not),
(3) head- only defects (i.e., misshapen head with normal tail),
(4) tail defects (i.e., normal head with abnormal tail or
misshapen head with abnormal tail), and (5) fused sperm
and was expressed as a percentage of morphologically nor-
mal sperm (WHO).
Statistical analysis.The weight data were expressed in Mean
+ S.D (Standard deviation) while other data were expressed
as Mean ± S.E.M (Standard Error of Mean). Statistical
analyses were done by using the student t-test and ANOVA
as the case may be with input into SPSS 12 software
Microsoft computer (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Statistical
significance was considered at P≤ 0.05.
RESULTS
No obvious signs of toxicity such as weakness,
lethargy, tremors, refusal of feeds, weight loss, hair-loss,
coma and death were seen in any of the animals. However,
most of the animals exhibited calmness; improve appetite
for food and water and general sense of well-being, all
through the duration of the study.
The GC/MS showed the presence of essential oils
mainly the carboxylic phenolic groups such as (sesamol,
sesamin) and other compounds such as thiazole, pyrroles,
disulphide, ketones, fatty acids and aldehyde in the leaves
extract. Also, confirmed the presence of trace elements/
minerals, vitamins and steroids such as adrostenedione
among others.
Evidence of significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain
using one-way ANOVA observed in all the animals. The
weight gain observed in the treated groups was dose
dependent as seen in Table I.
Fig. 1. Showing the photomicrographs of the
animals.
The top micrographs- showed control
group with numerous seminiferous tubules that
are small and more rounded in shape. They are
tight and closely packed compared to the treated
groups with scanty spermatocytes in their
lumens as observed at X 100 and X 400
magnifications.
The middle micrographs –showed the
high dose group with evidence of
spermatocytes fullness within the varying
tubular lumens of different sizes seminiferous
tubules. There is evidence of widespread
diffuse increased in spermatogenic activity and
spermatocytes turnover. Also, numerous
elongated seminiferous tubules with widening
of the interstitial spaces and increased
interstitial activity observed as seen in the X100
and X 400 magnifications.
The lower micrographs- showed simi-
lar features like the high dose groups but to a
lesser extent as observed at X100 and X 400
magnifications.
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
5. 647
There were significant (P< 0.05) weight changes
observed in the raw testicular weights, such that the relative
testicular weight per 100g bw was significantly (P< 0.05)
higher in control than treated. This weight gain was
however, more in the high dose than the low dose group
except for their relative testicular weight as shown in
Table II.
The cauda sperm count was significantly (P< 0.05)
higher (that is, about 3.4 fold increments in the high dose)
in sesame groups than the control in a dose related manner.
In addition, the sperm motility and morphology of the
sesame groups (high and low dose) were significantly (P<
0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner as
shown in Table II.
Significant (P > 0.05) increase in testosterone level
of the treated group compared to control. Moreover, the
low dose testosterone level was also significantly different
from the control as shown in table 3. Conversely, there
was also significant (P > 0.05) decrease in FSH level in
the high dose (treated) group compared to control as seen
in Table III.
The histopathological findings on the
photomicrographs are as follow: The control group have
numerous seminiferous tubules that are small and more
rounded in shape. They are tight and closely packed
interstitium with few leydig cells and with scanty
spermatocytes in their lumens compared to the treated
groups as observed at X 100 and X 400 magnifications.
However, the high dose group showed evidence of
spermatocytes fullness within the varying tubular lumens
of the different sizes seminiferous tubules seen in the
photomicrographs. There is evidence of widespread
diffused increase in spermatogenic activity and
spermatocytes turnover. In addition, numerous elongated
seminiferous tubules with widening of their interstitial
spaces and increased interstitial activity with more densly
stained leydig cells observed as seen in the X100 and X
400 magnifications.
GROUP
Pre-experimental body
weight (g) ( Mean + S.D )
Final body
weight (g) (
Mean + S.D )
Raw Testicular weight
(g) ( Mean + S.E.M)
Relative Testiculo-somatic weight.
Wt/100g bwt) ( Mean+ SEM )
GROUP A
(control)
127.3 + 5.55 185.2 + 11.05* 0.55 + 0.03* 0.67 + 0.01
GROUP B (high
dose sesame)
206.2 + 6.45 248.2 + 14.40* 0.76 + 0.01* 0.46 + 0.02*
GROUP C (low
dose sesame)
186.3 + 1.99 219.8+ 4.47* 0.57 + 0.02* 0.52 + 0.02*
Semen parameters Group A
( control)
Group B
(high dose sesame)
Group C
(low dose sesame)
Sperm Count ( X 106
m/l) 80 + 17.6* 269+ 55.3* 141 + 29.5*
Sperm motility ( %) 174 + 46.9* 304 + 27.1* 248 + 29.4*
Motility index 52 + 9.7* 76 + 6.8* 62 + 7.4*
Morphology ( % Normal) 88 + 1.7* 93 + 0.7* 93.4 + 1.4*
Hormones Group A (Control) Group B (High dose
sesame)
Group C ( Low dose
sesame )
Testosterone (ng/ml) 0.8 + 0.03 0.9 + 0.2* 0.1 + 0.0*
FSH ( I.U ) 11.0 + 2.3* 6.3 + 0.6* 2.1 + 0.2*
Table I. Summary of body and organ weights of animals. N = 10 rats per group.
Table II. Summary of mean sperm parameters.
Table III. Summary of hormonal profile of the animals.
*P < 0.05 considered significant statistically.
*P< 0.05 considered statistically significant.
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
6. 648
DISCUSSION
This is the first study to look at the impact of sesame
phytoestrogenic lignans on the male reproductive tracts after
extensive literature review. Moreover, there is increasing
role of sesame lignans research because of its contribution
to medicine and of immense economic value to man.
However, sesame being rich in trace elements or minerals,
vitamins and antioxidant lignans (phytoestrogens) posses
the ability of improving fertility potential of the male
reproductive tract but its mechanism of action need to be
elucidated in this study.
We know that the beneficial effects derived from
the high consumption of fruits and vegetables can influence
not only the various metabolic disease conditions in the
body (such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, heart diseases and
cancer) but also positively impact on one`s reproductive
life (Shittu et al., 2006, 2007). However, this beneficial
effect may not necessary be due to the well-characterized
antioxidants that are usually present in the fruits and
vegetables, such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E only.
But rather to some other antioxidants or non-antioxidant
phytochemicals or indeed, by the synergistic/ additive
actions of the different compounds that are present in foods
(fruits and vegetables) such as alpha-linolenic acid ( poly
unsaturated fatty acids), various phenolic compounds
(sesamin, sesamol) and fibres, which are also present in
sesame leaves for example (Shittu et al., 2006, 2007).
The GC/MS findings of the ether extract were simi-
lar to what obtained when the methanolic extract was used
such as the presence of palmitic acids, arachidonic/arachidic
acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acids among others
(Bankole et al.). However, the former yielded more unknown
compounds and steroids such as adrostenedione among others.
Moreover, exogenous phytoestrogens are generally
less potent in their estrogenic activities than the known
endogenous estrogenic substances. Hence, environmental
exposure to them has been regarded non-harmful, but
beneficial (Whitten & Naftolin) and have constituted the main
staple diets in Eastern populations for hundreds of years with
no documented toxicity whatsoever (Adlercreutz et al., 1988).
All the animals used in this study, irrespective of their
aggressive nature prior to commencement of the experiment
exhibited calmness (non-aggressive state) with a general state
of well-being observed during the complete experimental
period. This may reflect on the positive and neuroprotective
effect of some of the active ingredients such as the
phytoestrogenic lignans present in the sesame plant on their
neuropsychological and neuro-endocrine pathways in the
brains of the animals (Chowen et al., 1992; Singer et al., 1996;
Diaz-Brinton et al., 1997).
Moreso, aERKO (a estrogen receptor knock out) mice
do not display normal sexual behavior and sterile in nature
(Biegon et al., 1983; Ogawa et al., 1997; Ogawa et al., 1998).
Unlike, the ERb knockout females and males that usually
develop normally that is, exhibit normal sexual behavior with
reproductive competency in nature. Although the females do
exhibit reduced fertility (that is, fewer and smaller litters),
most likely due to decreased in ovarian efficiency (Ogawa et
al., 1998).
Hence, it appears that ERa, more than ERb, is
necessary for the estrogen-mediated regulation of reproductive
physiology, including the behavioral components. However,
Whitten & Patisaul (2001) had earlier reported that
steroidogenesis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
may appear to be important loci for phytoestrogen actions in
the brain.
The sesame –treated rats showed significant body
weight gain (P < 0.05, usingANOVA), unlike in other studies
where no significant difference in the animal body weights
were observed (Awoniyi et al., 1997).
However, the relative testicular weight per 100g bw
difference of the treated groups (high and low doses) was
smaller than their respective raw testicular weight in a reverse
order compared to the control. This is a reflection of the site
of action of the sesame estrogenic lignans, which tend to bind
to both estrogen receptors types (a and b) present within the
testis compared to the ER a seen predominantly in the
epididymis (Kuiper et al., 1997) with significant higher
weight per 100g bw difference compared to the testis.
Moreover, estrogen or its receptor is important for normal
functioning of the male reproductive tract in numerous species
(Hess & Carnes).
The significantly higher cauda sperm count obtained
in the treated groups correlated well with the numerous
spermatogonia observed in the seminiferous tubules epithelial
of the sesame treated rats compared to the control. Moreover,
other authors in their study had concluded that gestational
plus lactation exposure and subsequent dietary exposure to
genistein have no adverse effects on gametogenic function in
male rats. The increase count could be due to increase in
spermatocyte which resulted from increase in proliferation
of stem cells or increase in spermiogenesis as large masses of
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
7. 649
seminiferous tubules epithelium appeared to be sloughing or
bulging into the tubule lumen as observed in the sesame treated
groups photomicographs.
The sperm motility and morphology of the sesame
groups (high and low dose) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher
than the control. This may be attributed to the reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and free radical scavenging moiety of sesame
lignans as a powerful anti-oxidant with inhibitory effect on
lipid perioxidases and other enzymes such as dismutase and
carnitine oxidase which inhibit sperm motility and maturation
in the epididymis (Hemalatha et al., 2004; Jeng et al., 2005).
Sperm cell membranes have polyunsaturated lipids in
their backbone and are easily prone to reactive oxygen species
generation from lipid peroxidation effect of Iron induced
oxidative stress among others inducers leading to reactive
oxygen species formation and free radical injuries to body
tissues (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1985). However, unlike most
other body cells, once the sperm cells are damaged especially
in some sperm washing procedure, they cannot undergo repair
in the process. These effects are prevented by sesame lignans
(Hemalatha et al.).
Sesame lignans have been shown to increase tissue
tocopherol levels by inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A-
dependent n-hydroxylasse pathways of tocopherol catabolism
and/or regeneration of oxidized tocopherol, hence potentiating
the antioxidants activity of tocols in lipid peroxidation system
in-vitro (Hemalatha et al.). This synergism between Vitamin
E and sesame lignans enhance the morphological as well as
quality of the sperm produced as evidenced in this present
study.
This antioxidative property of the lignans as a
phytoestrogens is also corroborated by the neuroprotective
function of estrogens in a recent study, where a 24-h
pretreatment of cultured primary cortical neurons with 15–
50 nm 17b-estradiol led to reduction of glutamate-induced
toxicity, measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. This
effect however was blocked by a known estrogen antagonist-
tamoxifen. Hence, suggesting that estrogen neuroprotection
may involve the activation of intracellular ER (Singer et al.).
Sesame phytoestrogenic lignans tend to promote
aromatization of T to estradiol (E2). In the low dose sesame,
there is less competition with endogenous E2 for the steroid
hormone binding protein carrier. Although, synergism seem
to occur at this level between the T and E2 to favour
spermatogenesis as evidenced in this study.
However, reverse is the case for the high dose, where
more E2 is available and compete more with endogenous E2
for the steroid hormone binding protein carrier and with DHT
for aromatization to occur in its favour since T is irreversibly
aromatize to E2 by the action of aromatase enzymes. The low
T obtained in the high dose group is not due to destruction of
the Leydig cells but a reflection of the complex hormonal
interplay at the level of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular
axis. Estrogen agonist like clomiphene has been found to
decrease the synthesis and/or release of gonadotrophins with
the implication of both low serum (Leutenizing Hormone)
LH and testosterone concentration found in male rats (Brown
& Chakraborty, 1992). However, low dose E2 is also require
for spermatogenesis as evidence in the present study.
The lowTlevel observed in the low dose sesame group
may be attributed to the fact that some of theTwere aromatized
to estradiol (E2) and/or converted to Dihydrotestosterone
(DHT) by the aromatase and reductase enzymes present within
the testis or epididymis (Shittu).
Testosterone (T) level in the high dose sesame was
significantly ( P< 0.05) higher than the control. This is also a
reflection of the high interstitial activity from widening of
the interstitial space associated with dense stained leydig cells
seen on its photomicrographs compared to the tight and closely
packed interstitium with fewer and lightly stained leydig cells
observed in the control photomicrographs.
Moreover, Huang et al. (1987) demonstrated that as
little as 25% of normal testicular T concentration is sufficient
to support all stages of spermatogenesis and that consistency
in T concentration is important for normal spermatogenesis
to occur as evidence by the low dose seminiferous tubular
lumen with fuller spermatocytes compared to control in the
present study.
There is significant (P > 0.05) decrease in FSH level
with associated increase in T level in the high dose (treated)
group compared to control as seen in table 3. However, FSH
may synergize with testosterone by stimulating the synthesis
of the androgen receptor (AR) at receptor level. This is evident
from the in-vitro studies carried out in which FSH resulted in
a 2-3 fold increase in AR number. In addition, treatment of
hypophysectomized rats with FSH promoted the effect of T
spermiogenesis with associated increased testicular content
of androgen-binding protein in the testis and epididymis
(Marshall et al., 1995; Tony & Gary, 2001). Moreover, Degen
& Metzler (1987) corroborated by pointing out that there is
Estradiol (E2)-induced transactivation of the androgen recep-
tor (AR) in a related study.
In general, aromatase has not been found in rete testis,
efferent ductules, epididymis or vas deferens (Hess & Car-
nes). However, various reports are found on the epididymal
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.
8. 650
presence of aromatase in human efferent ductules and
proximal epididymis (Carpino et al., 2004) and cultured rat
cells (Wiszniewska, 2002).
However, contrary to speculation that phytoestrogen
disrupt male reproductive development through unknown
mechanisms. We are able to demonstrate that sesame lignans
has positive influence on the male reproductive tract through
its binding to the estrogen receptors more especially the ER
a than the ER b. In addition, modulate the activity of theAR
in the testis, thereby ultimately influencing the hypothalamic-
pituitary –testicular pathway as evidence in this study. This
property is enhanced by its anti-oxidative estrogenic ring
nature present in sesame lignans (Shittu et al., 2007). Further
study is on elucidating this hypothesis.
CONCLUSION
This study provides evidence that sesame enhance
the process of spermatogenesis in a dose related manner
through a complex hormonal interplay at the level of the
male HPT-axis and ER.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. We wish to appreciate the
secretariat assistance of Dorcas Adebayo. Staff of the
department ofAnatomy, LASUCOM, especially Mr Ogunola
J. A; staff of Help Laboratory, Maryland, Lagos and Drug
Quality Laboratories, LASUTH, Ikeja, Lagos
The authors provided financial supports for this study.
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A.
O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Fitoestrógenos Sesame radiatum estimulan la actividad espermatogénica y
mejoran la calidad del esperma en el testículo de ratas Sprague Dawley adulto de sexo masculino. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):653-
652, 2008.
RESUMEN: Una mayor preocupación se ha expresado en las últimas décadas por la disminución en la cantidad de
espermatozoides de los seres humanos y los posibles efectos ambientales de disruptores endocrinos estrogénicos (DES) sinté-
ticos y naturales sobre la salud reproductiva humana. Sin embargo, debido a la escasez de conocimientos, evaluamos la
toxicidad crónica para la reproducción de fitoestrógenos lignanos del sésamo en el testículo de ratas Sprague Dawley (SD)
macho. Treinta ratas macho adultas, de un peso de 150-200g se dividieron en tres grupos. Dos grupos de tratamiento recibie-
ron una dosis diaria de extracto acuoso de las hojas Sesamum radiatum de 14,0 mg/kg de peso corporal y 28,0mg / kg de peso
corporal, respectivamente, a través de una sonda gástrica, mientras que igual volumen de solución salina normal se administró
al grupo control durante seis semanas. El análisis seminal y estudio de ensayo hormonal fueron analizados mediante el soft-
ware SPSS y P <0,05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. Los resultados mostraron significativas (P <0,05) ganan-
cias de peso corporal observados en todos los animales con un peso significativo (P <0.05), aumento de peso en su peso
testicular bruto en comparación con el control. El relativo peso testicular por 100 g de peso corporal fue significativamente
mayor (P <0,05) en control que en tratamiento. Sin embargo, el aumento de peso dosis se ha relacionado con un retroceso en
su peso relativo testicular. La cantidad de espermatozoides, incluyendo la motilidad y morfología de los que recibieron trata-
miento fue significativamente más alto que el control (P <0,05) en una dosis relacionados. Además, significativo aumento en
los niveles de testosterona (P> 0,05) y una disminución significativa de FSH en la dosis alta (tratados), en comparación con
el control. Fitoestrógenos lignanos del sésamo mejoran la calidad de los espermatozoides en una dosis adecuada.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Testículo; Hojas de sesame; Histopatología; Ensayo hormonal; Análisis seminal; Ratas SD.
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Correspondence to:
Dr. Shittu Lukeman A. J
Reproductive Endocrinology Unit,
Department of Anatomy,
Lagos State University College of Medicine,
P.O.Box 9987, Ikeja
NIGERIA
E-mail: drlukemanjoseph@yahoo.com
Received: 30-10-2007
Accepted: 12-04-2008
SHITTU, L. A. J.; SHITTU, R. K.; ADESITE, S. O.; AJALA, M. O.; BANKOLE, M. A.; BENEBO, A. S.; TAYO, A. O.; OGUNDIPE, O. A. & ASHIRU, O. A. Sesame radiatum phytoestrogens
stimulate spermatogenic activity and improve sperm quality in adult male Sprague Dawley rat testis. Int. J. Morphol., 26(3):643-652, 2008.