Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
The objective of this presentation is to give an overview of rubber compounding. We will briefly focus on:
Elastomer System
Filler System
Protection system
Process Aids
Cure System
poly styrene is a synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and rather brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition temperature. It becomes rigid again when cooled .
Butyl rubber (IIR), also called isobutylene-isoprene rubber, a synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. Valued for its chemical inertness, impermeability to gases, and weather ability, butyl rubber is employed in the inner linings of automobile tires and in other specialty applications.
To improve the properties of rubber, Charles Good in 1839 compounded the raw rubber with some chemicals and heated to 100 - 140°C. Finally the compounded and vulcanized rubber is draw in the form of sheet by calendaring process.
The objective of this presentation is to give an overview of rubber compounding. We will briefly focus on:
Elastomer System
Filler System
Protection system
Process Aids
Cure System
poly styrene is a synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and rather brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition temperature. It becomes rigid again when cooled .
Butyl rubber (IIR), also called isobutylene-isoprene rubber, a synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. Valued for its chemical inertness, impermeability to gases, and weather ability, butyl rubber is employed in the inner linings of automobile tires and in other specialty applications.
To improve the properties of rubber, Charles Good in 1839 compounded the raw rubber with some chemicals and heated to 100 - 140°C. Finally the compounded and vulcanized rubber is draw in the form of sheet by calendaring process.
The presentation describes about the butyl rubber about its properties, compounding, categories, applications, new innovations, advantages and disadvantages. The references are added at the end
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
SBR Binder for Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing Targray
Targray modified Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer (SBR Binder) is a hydrophilic binder used in the production of lithium-ion batteries. This li-ion battery anode material is the primary aqueous binder used in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries.
Presentation on Polymer Modified Steel Reinforced Concrete.
This presentation represent the changes in properties with and without polymer modifications.
The paper presents an overview of nucleating agents and their effects on crystallization rate, mechanical properties, and thermal properties in polypropylene. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2002, while working at Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
5. Introduction
▰ SBR is an elastomer that was originally developed
during WW2 as a replacement for natural rubber.
▰ It is a copolymer belonging to the family of synthetic
rubbers derived from styrene and butadiene.
▰ SBR has good abraision resistance.
▰ Initially, it was marketed by the name of Buna S.
▰ The properties of SBR depends upon the
styrene/butadiene ratio.
5
7. Introduction
▰ Butadiene is obtained as a by-product of naphtha
cracking during the production of ethylene.
▰ Styrene is obtained by the dehydrogenation of ethyl
benzene by Dow’s process.
7
9. Synthesis
▰ There are two types of SBR depending upon the
method of synthesis or manufacturing:
▻ E-SBR
It is produced by Emulsion Polymerization
▻ S-SBR
It is produced by Solution Polymerization.
9
10. Emulsion Polymerization
▰ The manufacturing of E-SBR is carried out by free
radical mechanism.
▰ The polymerization is initiated by free radicals.
▰ ”Reaction vessels are typically charged with the two
monomers, a free radical generator, and a chain
transfer agent such as an alkyl mercaptan.”
▰ “Radical initiators include potassium
persulphate and hydroperoxides in combination with
ferrous salts. Emulsifying agents include
various soaps.”
▰ Mercaptan controls the molecular weight and viscosity
of the product. 10
11. Solution Polymerization
▰ Solution-SBR is produced by an anionic
polymerization process.
▰ Polymerization is initiated by alkyl lithium
compounds.
▰ “All components are dissolved, which provides
greater control over the process.”
▰ “The organolithium compound adds to one of the
monomers , generating a carbanion that then adds to
another monomer, and so on.”
11
12. Manufacturing at large scale
▰ SBR is produced by the copolymerization of
Butadiene and Styrene by emulsion polymerization in
3 : 1 weight ratio.
▰ Purification of recycled and fresh monomers
▰ Heating, water cooling and refrigeration in stainless
steel reactors
▰ Reactors are equipped for both hot and cold SBR
▰ Cold SBR is produced at 5°C and 1 atm gage by
refrigeration techniques
▰ Hot SBR is manufactured at 50°C , and 3-4 atm gage.
12
14. Manufacturing at large scale
▰ The polymerization product is then stripped with
chemical inhibitors and the latex resulting from the
reactors is collected in blow down tanks.
▰ The latex is then sent to a falling film stripper to
remove the butadiene.
▰ The bottoms are fed to a perforated plate column
where styrene is stripped out.
▰ Colloid Mill reduces the particle size in emulsions.
▰ Coagulation Conversion is done to avoid clots.
14
17. Solution or Emulsion SBR for Tire Manufacturing?
▰ For tire manufacture, S-SBR is increasingly favoured.
▰ It offers improved wet grip and reduced rolling
resistance.
▰ It translates to greater safety and better fuel
economy, respectively.
17
19. Grades and Commercial Availability
▰ “The grades of SBR depends upon the styrene
content as well as the Mooney's viscosity.”
▰ “The commercial availability is also based upon
Mooney’s viscosity.”
19
23. Properties
▰ “SBR lacks the self-reinforcing qualities of
natural rubber.”
▰ “It is poor conductor of electricity as it’s electrical
conductivity depends upon emulsifier.”
▰ “E-SBR is resistant to polar solvents such as
acids and base.”
▰ “They swell considerably when in contact with
gasoline, fats and oils.”
▰ “While S-SBR with random distribution of
styrene has greater abrasion resistance and
better electrical properties then E-SBR.”
23
25. Prediction of the Styrene Butadiene Rubber
Performance by Emulsion Polymerization
▰ “The research deals with the prediction of SBR
performance.”
▰ “The performance was determined by the amount of
initiator used.”
▰ “The effect of styrene content upon the Mooney’s
viscosity was also determined.”
▰ “The polymerization rate of butadiene styrene rubber
can be accelerated by 30% via increasing the initiator
and emulsion amount.”
25
27. Conclusion
▰ “SBR belonging to the family of synthetic rubber have
good abrasion resistance and aging stability with
additives.”
▰ “50% tires around the world are made up of various
SBR grades.”
▰ “The properties depends upon styrene/butadiene
content as well as Mooney’s viscosity.”
27
28. References
▰ “L. Shulai, S. Yan, Z. Liu et al., “In�uence factors of
increasing conversion of emulsion styrene butadiene
rubber,” China Synthetic Rubber Industry, vol. 29, no.
4, pp. 245–249, 2006.”
▰ “G. Martinez Delfa, A. Olivieri, and C. E. Boschetti,
“Multiple response optimization of styrene-butadiene
rubber emulsion polymerization,” Computers and
Chemical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 850–856,
2009.”
28