Stuttering and stammering refer to the same speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as blocks of speech. It affects less than 1% of adults but is most common in children during language development. Symptoms include repetitions, hesitations, difficulties starting words, rapid blinking and tension in the face and body. While stress and anxiety do not cause stuttering, they can trigger episodes in those with the disorder. Treatment involves learning strategies from speech therapists to control speech rate and use techniques like modification therapy or fluency shaping therapy to manage stuttering.

1. Stuttering and Stammering:
Symptoms, diagnosis, and Causes

2. What is Stuttering and Stammering?
It is Speech Disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted(break),
Stuttering is also known as stammering. Stuttering and Stammering both
are different words but describe the same thing. Speech is disrupted
means involuntary repetitions and delay of sounds, syllables, words or
phrases, silent pauses or blocks, who stutters they are unable to produce
clear sounds. Who stutter they have abnormal hesitation or pausing
before speech, Usually they face problem to speak vowels and
semivowels words. Repetition is the primary problem. This connect the
fears of sound to specific vowels and consonants, anxiety, Shame, stress,
self-imposed isolation.

3. Stuttering is not a physical problem
to production of sounds or putting
thoughts in words. Nervousness and
stress do not causes of stuttering
but we can say trigger stuttering in
people who have the speech
disorder. The disorder is also
variable, means that in certain
situation, like talking on the
telephone or in a group and during a
presentation to a large crowd.

4. This speech disorder affects less than 1% of all
adults, Mostly this problem occurs in children when
they learning to speak. For this problem some kind
of professional help available such as speech
therapy.

5. Symptoms/signs
A person who stutters they
repeats words or phrases,they
have problems to starts some
words (some may vowels and
semivowels, consonants , they
may blink rapidly.
The main symptom is they want
to say some words when their
mouths are correct position to
say the words, but virtually no
sound comes out.

6. Here some common signs and symptoms :-
Repeating a sounds, words and phrases.
Hesitation
Problems starting a words and sounds
Rapid blinking
Trembling lips
Trembling jaw
The face and upper body tightens

7. CharacteristicsNow I discussed some main characteristics of Stuttering and
Stammering:-
Primary behaviors
Repeating sounds, words or phrases, silent blocks and delay of sound. These
differ from the normal speakers, for produce the words and phrases they effort
and strain. For example :- “on on on a chair”, “ c c cold”, mmmm.
Variability
Like public speaking and speaking on telephone, they are greatly feared who
suffer stuttering problem.

8. Causes
No single cause of stuttering and stammering, experts are not completely sure
what is main cause but some genetic problem and it always arises from
repetition of sounds or words, sometimes it include physical trauma. When the
signals are not working between nerves and muscles are not working properly,
and adults also affect after a brain injury. Here some causes of stuttering :
● Stroke
● Head trauma
● Block of blood flow to the brain
● Tumors

9. Diagnosis
Stuttering is diagnosis by the DSM-5 diagnostic codes through clinical
psychologists with expertise.
Psychological factors:- It make stuttering worses for people who already stutter.
In other words anxiety, nervousness, and stress do not causes of stuttering.

10. Treatment
Several treatments are available for
individuals to control their speech. First
learning strategies minimize stuttering
through speed deficiency, breathing
regulation, and speech language
pathologists teach people who stutter to
control and monitor the rate at which
they speak.

11. Some therapy for control the stuttering and stammering :-
● Fluency shaping therapy
● Modification therapy
● Electronic fluency therapy
● Medications
● Support