This document summarizes a study on the structural properties and characterization of clay-based hybrid nanocomposites. Glass-epoxy composites were fabricated with halloysite nanotubular clay particles using hand lay-up technique. The composites containing 1%, 2%, and 3% halloysite nanoclay by weight were characterized using X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis showed that the intensity of diffraction peaks increased with higher nanoclay content, indicating improved dispersion of clay particles in the matrix. Pin-on-disk wear tests found that composite with 2% nanoclay exhibited the lowest wear rate, as clay particles improved the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the epoxy polymer matrix.
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
This document discusses the modification of asphalt with nanoclay. Nanoclay is described as an eco-friendly and sustainable material that can improve the engineering properties of asphalt. The document outlines how nanoclay-modified asphalt is prepared by dispersing surfactant-modified nanoclay in solvent before mixing with asphalt. Characterization tests showed that nanoclay increases the toughness and aging resistance of asphalt and improves resistance to deicing agents. Overall, nanoclay modification creates a more durable asphalt with improved tensile strength at a lower cost.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
This document summarizes a study that investigated modifying polystyrene (PS) with nanoclay to improve its mechanical properties. PS nanocomposites were prepared with different types of nanoclays using in-situ polymerization. The mechanical properties were highest with 2% vinyl clay, due to better interaction between vinyl groups on the clay and styrene monomer. A central composite design was used to optimize the clay and latex content. The model equations derived showed good fitting to experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanoclay was well dispersed improving mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the composites had increased thermal stability compared to pure PS.
The document discusses various methods and examples of intercalating guest species such as polymers into host lattices like layered clay materials. It describes how intercalation can lead to intercalated or exfoliated nano-composite structures depending on factors like the degree of interlayer spacing expansion. Examples discussed include polyurethane intercalated into montmorillonite clay, acrylamide polymer exfoliated into montmorillonite layers, and polyaniline intercalated into layered double hydroxides. Applications mentioned are in potentiometric sensors, energy storage, sensors, actuators and transistors.
This document discusses organic modification of layered clay for use in epoxy-clay nanocomposites. It describes how clay can be modified through cation exchange to replace sodium ions with alkylammonium ions, which increases the interlayer spacing and promotes polymer intercalation. Two methods of preparing nanocomposites are described: mechanical dispersion using a mixer and ultrasonic dispersion using acetone. Transmission electron micrographs showed uniform dispersion of clay particles 6-20 nm in size. Atomic force micrographs revealed good coupling between clay particles and the epoxy matrix. The addition of nanosilica was found to increase the fracture toughness of epoxy by 73%, improving its ability to resist crack growth.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This document presents a study comparing M20 grade conventional concrete pavement to M20 grade polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete pavement with varying percentages of quarry dust and fly ash admixtures. Concrete mixes were prepared with polypropylene fiber from 1-3% with quarry dust from 0.1-0.3%, and polypropylene fiber from 1-4% with fly ash from 0.1-0.4%. Testing found that compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths increased with both mixtures as fiber and admixture percentages increased. The optimum dosages were determined to be 3% fiber with 0.3% quarry dust, and 4% fiber with 0.4% fly ash
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
This document discusses the modification of asphalt with nanoclay. Nanoclay is described as an eco-friendly and sustainable material that can improve the engineering properties of asphalt. The document outlines how nanoclay-modified asphalt is prepared by dispersing surfactant-modified nanoclay in solvent before mixing with asphalt. Characterization tests showed that nanoclay increases the toughness and aging resistance of asphalt and improves resistance to deicing agents. Overall, nanoclay modification creates a more durable asphalt with improved tensile strength at a lower cost.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
This document summarizes a study that investigated modifying polystyrene (PS) with nanoclay to improve its mechanical properties. PS nanocomposites were prepared with different types of nanoclays using in-situ polymerization. The mechanical properties were highest with 2% vinyl clay, due to better interaction between vinyl groups on the clay and styrene monomer. A central composite design was used to optimize the clay and latex content. The model equations derived showed good fitting to experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanoclay was well dispersed improving mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the composites had increased thermal stability compared to pure PS.
The document discusses various methods and examples of intercalating guest species such as polymers into host lattices like layered clay materials. It describes how intercalation can lead to intercalated or exfoliated nano-composite structures depending on factors like the degree of interlayer spacing expansion. Examples discussed include polyurethane intercalated into montmorillonite clay, acrylamide polymer exfoliated into montmorillonite layers, and polyaniline intercalated into layered double hydroxides. Applications mentioned are in potentiometric sensors, energy storage, sensors, actuators and transistors.
This document discusses organic modification of layered clay for use in epoxy-clay nanocomposites. It describes how clay can be modified through cation exchange to replace sodium ions with alkylammonium ions, which increases the interlayer spacing and promotes polymer intercalation. Two methods of preparing nanocomposites are described: mechanical dispersion using a mixer and ultrasonic dispersion using acetone. Transmission electron micrographs showed uniform dispersion of clay particles 6-20 nm in size. Atomic force micrographs revealed good coupling between clay particles and the epoxy matrix. The addition of nanosilica was found to increase the fracture toughness of epoxy by 73%, improving its ability to resist crack growth.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This document presents a study comparing M20 grade conventional concrete pavement to M20 grade polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete pavement with varying percentages of quarry dust and fly ash admixtures. Concrete mixes were prepared with polypropylene fiber from 1-3% with quarry dust from 0.1-0.3%, and polypropylene fiber from 1-4% with fly ash from 0.1-0.4%. Testing found that compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths increased with both mixtures as fiber and admixture percentages increased. The optimum dosages were determined to be 3% fiber with 0.3% quarry dust, and 4% fiber with 0.4% fly ash
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of surface treatment on the settlement of sand reinforced with coir mats. Coir mats were treated with sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin to make their surface hydrophobic and increase frictional interaction with soil.
2) Model footing tests were conducted by placing treated and untreated coir mats at different depths in sand beds. Settlement reduction factor was calculated to evaluate the performance of mat reinforcement.
3) The results showed that surface treatment of coir mats significantly increased the settlement reduction factor compared to untreated mats. Surface treatment improved the interaction between the reinforcement and soil, leading to reduced settlement under load.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Vermiculite as Partial...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the use of vermiculite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Vermiculite is chosen because it improves workability, fire resistance, crack resistance, and shrinkage resistance while being chemically inert. Concrete mixes are designed for M30 grade concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by vermiculite. Testing shows the 15% replacement mix achieves the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to the other mixes and normal concrete. The study concludes vermiculite concrete provides improved properties while being more economical and environmentally friendly than traditional concrete.
Experimental Study on the Properties of PFRC using M-SandIRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study on the properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) using manufactured sand (M-Sand) as a partial replacement for river sand. Concrete mixtures with 0-100% replacement of river sand by M-Sand and 0.5% polypropylene fibers by weight of cement were tested. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength increased up to 100% replacement of river sand with M-Sand and addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, indicating it is a viable alternative.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
This document discusses a study on modifying carbon fiber surfaces with nitric acid treatment and measuring the effects on mechanical and tribological properties when used to reinforce polyimide composites. Carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and analyzed with XPS to show increased nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and different chemical functionalities on the surface. Composites made with treated fibers showed improved tensile strength and friction/wear performance compared to untreated fibers. The document provides background on carbon fiber composites and different surface treatment techniques before detailing the experimental methods used and presenting results which demonstrated benefits of nitric acid treatment for interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation into the effects of including glass fibers and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete paver blocks. Glass fibers between 0.1-0.4% and GGBS replacements of 10-40% cement were tested. Test results found that compressive strength, flexural strength increased up to 0.2% glass fibers but decreased above that. The optimum glass fiber content was 0.2% and GGBS content was 30% based on test results. Including these materials improved strengths but also increased water absorption slightly within allowable limits.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
This document discusses nanocomposites used in dental fillings. It defines nanocomposites as composites containing inorganic fillers with dimensions between 0.1-100nm. Two common nanocomposites discussed are Filtek Supreme, which contains nanosized silica and nanocluster fillers, and Premise, which uses silica nanoparticles, prepolymerized fillers, and barium glass fillers. The document outlines how nanofillers and modified resin matrices can improve mechanical properties and reduce issues like shrinkage in dental nanocomposites.
Mechanical Properties of Cement Replaced Concrete With Rice Husk Ash and Addi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of concrete where part of the cement was replaced with rice husk ash and polypropylene fibers were added. The study found that replacing 10% of cement with rice husk ash increased the compressive and flexural strength of concrete compared to normal concrete. Replacing more than 10% of cement or adding more than 0.5% polypropylene fibers resulted in lower strengths. The optimal mix was found to be 10% cement replacement with rice husk ash, which showed improvements in strength properties.
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the detailed experimental investigation was done to study the effect of partial replacement of ce-ment by phosphogypsum (PG) and marble powder (MP) in combine proportion started from 5% PG and 25% MP mix together in concrete by replacement of cement with the gradual increase of PG by 5% upto 15% whe-reas MP is constant at 25%.Last proportion was taken after decreasing PG by 5% and increasing MP by 10%. The tests on hardened concrete were destructive in nature which includes compressive test on cube for size (150 x 150 x 150 mm) at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959, Flexural strength on beam (150 x 150 x700 mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959 and split tensile strength on cylinder (150 mm ø x 300mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 5816 1999. The work presented in this paper reports the effects on the behavior of con-crete produced from cement with combination of PG and MP at different proportions on the mechanical proper-ties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength decreases by 16.89% in compared with targeted strength and decreases by 12.78% compared with control concrete at 28 days, flexural strength decreases by 26.46% compared with control con-crete at 28 days, split tensile strength increases by 10.833% compared with conventional concrete at 28 days, were obtained at combination of (5% PG and 25% MP). Partial replacement of PG and MP reduces the envi-ronmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
DISPERSION NUCLEATING--EFFECTS OF POLYMER NANOCOPMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the effect of nanoparticle dispersion and loading on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. It finds that dispersing montmorillonite clay nanoparticles into vinyl ester resin using shear mixing and sonication improved the composite's compressive strength and modulus at 5% nanoparticle loading, but mechanical properties decreased with loadings over 5wt%. Similarly, epoxy composites containing up to 14% silica nanoparticles produced by sol-gel had improved modulus, microhardness and fracture toughness. The size and specific surface area of nanoparticles makes their dispersion more difficult compared to larger particles. Nucleating agents can increase crystallization rates of polymers by providing surfaces for crystal growth. Clay may have high nucleating effects
Effects of Layered Silicate Fillers and Their Surface Treatments in NR/BIIR B...drboon
In this study, the improvement in mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of natural rubber/bromobutyl rubber (NR/BIIR) blends were investigated when using different types of layered silicates as secondary fillers. Moreover, the effects of organophillic surface treatments and their synergistic effects with ENR compatibilizer were also studied. These fillers include montmorillonite clay, kaolin, bleaching clay, and talcum. We found that the secondary fillers could improve the properties of the rubber composites differently. Bleaching clay contributed to a dramatic increase in crosslink density, which could also increase the modulus and hardness of the composite. Montmorillonite clay could provide dramatic increase in abrasion resistance with low compression set, while kaolin was excellent in terms of tensile strength. With organophillic surface treatments, the silane-treated kaolin led to dramatic improvement in all aspects. Conversely, montmorillonite clay treated with octadecylamine contributed to significantly higher modulus and hardness, while losing its abrasion resistance and resilience. These results were opposite for bleaching clay. In this case, even though the composites of silane-treated kaolin obtained improved abrasion resistance and lower compression set, they suffered the drop in crosslink density, modulus, hardness and tensile strength.
IRJET- A Review on Strength Properties of Fibre and Hybrid Fibre Reinforced G...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the strength properties of fiber and hybrid fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. It discusses studies that have added various fiber types like glass, polypropylene, and steel fibers to geopolymer concrete mixes. The addition of fibers is found to improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength by reducing its brittle nature. Hybrid fiber systems using two different fiber types provide further improvements by utilizing the properties of each fiber type. The document compares the results of different studies on fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete.
Argumentos de chile en la demanda bolivianaratoncitalinda
El documento resume los principales argumentos de Chile contra la demanda boliviana ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia. Chile argumenta que (1) la frontera entre los dos países se fijó en el Tratado de 1904, (2) este tratado otorgó a Bolivia un acceso no soberano al mar, y (3) la Corte no tiene competencia ya que el asunto se resolvió antes del Pacto de Bogotá en 1948 que le dio jurisdicción a la Corte.
El documento describe las dificultades que enfrentó un profesor practicante al impartir clases, incluyendo la falta de disciplina de los estudiantes, su falta de conocimientos básicos y habilidades de lectura y escritura deficientes. Los estudiantes interrumpían constantemente, no podían distinguir entre signos de puntuación, y dependían demasiado de que el profesor les diera las respuestas. La comprensión lectora y la disciplina fueron las áreas con mayores problemas.
El documento habla sobre las licencias Creative Commons y recomienda usar la licencia CC BY-SA (Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual) para un blog, la cual permite a otros copiar, distribuir, exhibir y representar el trabajo, así como hacer obras derivadas siempre que se reconozca y cite al autor y se distribuyan bajo la misma licencia.
Este documento presenta instrucciones para un ejercicio final sobre la protección de los derechos constitucionales. Los estudiantes investigarán si se ha avanzado en la protección de un derecho específico y responderán preguntas sobre ello. Deberán entregar un informe provisional y luego un producto audiovisual final de hasta 6 minutos explicando sus hallazgos. Serán evaluados en base a la calidad de sus informes y productos finales.
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of surface treatment on the settlement of sand reinforced with coir mats. Coir mats were treated with sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin to make their surface hydrophobic and increase frictional interaction with soil.
2) Model footing tests were conducted by placing treated and untreated coir mats at different depths in sand beds. Settlement reduction factor was calculated to evaluate the performance of mat reinforcement.
3) The results showed that surface treatment of coir mats significantly increased the settlement reduction factor compared to untreated mats. Surface treatment improved the interaction between the reinforcement and soil, leading to reduced settlement under load.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Vermiculite as Partial...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the use of vermiculite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Vermiculite is chosen because it improves workability, fire resistance, crack resistance, and shrinkage resistance while being chemically inert. Concrete mixes are designed for M30 grade concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by vermiculite. Testing shows the 15% replacement mix achieves the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to the other mixes and normal concrete. The study concludes vermiculite concrete provides improved properties while being more economical and environmentally friendly than traditional concrete.
Experimental Study on the Properties of PFRC using M-SandIRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study on the properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) using manufactured sand (M-Sand) as a partial replacement for river sand. Concrete mixtures with 0-100% replacement of river sand by M-Sand and 0.5% polypropylene fibers by weight of cement were tested. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength increased up to 100% replacement of river sand with M-Sand and addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, indicating it is a viable alternative.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
This document discusses a study on modifying carbon fiber surfaces with nitric acid treatment and measuring the effects on mechanical and tribological properties when used to reinforce polyimide composites. Carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and analyzed with XPS to show increased nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and different chemical functionalities on the surface. Composites made with treated fibers showed improved tensile strength and friction/wear performance compared to untreated fibers. The document provides background on carbon fiber composites and different surface treatment techniques before detailing the experimental methods used and presenting results which demonstrated benefits of nitric acid treatment for interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation into the effects of including glass fibers and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete paver blocks. Glass fibers between 0.1-0.4% and GGBS replacements of 10-40% cement were tested. Test results found that compressive strength, flexural strength increased up to 0.2% glass fibers but decreased above that. The optimum glass fiber content was 0.2% and GGBS content was 30% based on test results. Including these materials improved strengths but also increased water absorption slightly within allowable limits.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
This document discusses nanocomposites used in dental fillings. It defines nanocomposites as composites containing inorganic fillers with dimensions between 0.1-100nm. Two common nanocomposites discussed are Filtek Supreme, which contains nanosized silica and nanocluster fillers, and Premise, which uses silica nanoparticles, prepolymerized fillers, and barium glass fillers. The document outlines how nanofillers and modified resin matrices can improve mechanical properties and reduce issues like shrinkage in dental nanocomposites.
Mechanical Properties of Cement Replaced Concrete With Rice Husk Ash and Addi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of concrete where part of the cement was replaced with rice husk ash and polypropylene fibers were added. The study found that replacing 10% of cement with rice husk ash increased the compressive and flexural strength of concrete compared to normal concrete. Replacing more than 10% of cement or adding more than 0.5% polypropylene fibers resulted in lower strengths. The optimal mix was found to be 10% cement replacement with rice husk ash, which showed improvements in strength properties.
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the detailed experimental investigation was done to study the effect of partial replacement of ce-ment by phosphogypsum (PG) and marble powder (MP) in combine proportion started from 5% PG and 25% MP mix together in concrete by replacement of cement with the gradual increase of PG by 5% upto 15% whe-reas MP is constant at 25%.Last proportion was taken after decreasing PG by 5% and increasing MP by 10%. The tests on hardened concrete were destructive in nature which includes compressive test on cube for size (150 x 150 x 150 mm) at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959, Flexural strength on beam (150 x 150 x700 mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959 and split tensile strength on cylinder (150 mm ø x 300mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 5816 1999. The work presented in this paper reports the effects on the behavior of con-crete produced from cement with combination of PG and MP at different proportions on the mechanical proper-ties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength decreases by 16.89% in compared with targeted strength and decreases by 12.78% compared with control concrete at 28 days, flexural strength decreases by 26.46% compared with control con-crete at 28 days, split tensile strength increases by 10.833% compared with conventional concrete at 28 days, were obtained at combination of (5% PG and 25% MP). Partial replacement of PG and MP reduces the envi-ronmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
DISPERSION NUCLEATING--EFFECTS OF POLYMER NANOCOPMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the effect of nanoparticle dispersion and loading on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. It finds that dispersing montmorillonite clay nanoparticles into vinyl ester resin using shear mixing and sonication improved the composite's compressive strength and modulus at 5% nanoparticle loading, but mechanical properties decreased with loadings over 5wt%. Similarly, epoxy composites containing up to 14% silica nanoparticles produced by sol-gel had improved modulus, microhardness and fracture toughness. The size and specific surface area of nanoparticles makes their dispersion more difficult compared to larger particles. Nucleating agents can increase crystallization rates of polymers by providing surfaces for crystal growth. Clay may have high nucleating effects
Effects of Layered Silicate Fillers and Their Surface Treatments in NR/BIIR B...drboon
In this study, the improvement in mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of natural rubber/bromobutyl rubber (NR/BIIR) blends were investigated when using different types of layered silicates as secondary fillers. Moreover, the effects of organophillic surface treatments and their synergistic effects with ENR compatibilizer were also studied. These fillers include montmorillonite clay, kaolin, bleaching clay, and talcum. We found that the secondary fillers could improve the properties of the rubber composites differently. Bleaching clay contributed to a dramatic increase in crosslink density, which could also increase the modulus and hardness of the composite. Montmorillonite clay could provide dramatic increase in abrasion resistance with low compression set, while kaolin was excellent in terms of tensile strength. With organophillic surface treatments, the silane-treated kaolin led to dramatic improvement in all aspects. Conversely, montmorillonite clay treated with octadecylamine contributed to significantly higher modulus and hardness, while losing its abrasion resistance and resilience. These results were opposite for bleaching clay. In this case, even though the composites of silane-treated kaolin obtained improved abrasion resistance and lower compression set, they suffered the drop in crosslink density, modulus, hardness and tensile strength.
IRJET- A Review on Strength Properties of Fibre and Hybrid Fibre Reinforced G...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the strength properties of fiber and hybrid fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. It discusses studies that have added various fiber types like glass, polypropylene, and steel fibers to geopolymer concrete mixes. The addition of fibers is found to improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength by reducing its brittle nature. Hybrid fiber systems using two different fiber types provide further improvements by utilizing the properties of each fiber type. The document compares the results of different studies on fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete.
Argumentos de chile en la demanda bolivianaratoncitalinda
El documento resume los principales argumentos de Chile contra la demanda boliviana ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia. Chile argumenta que (1) la frontera entre los dos países se fijó en el Tratado de 1904, (2) este tratado otorgó a Bolivia un acceso no soberano al mar, y (3) la Corte no tiene competencia ya que el asunto se resolvió antes del Pacto de Bogotá en 1948 que le dio jurisdicción a la Corte.
El documento describe las dificultades que enfrentó un profesor practicante al impartir clases, incluyendo la falta de disciplina de los estudiantes, su falta de conocimientos básicos y habilidades de lectura y escritura deficientes. Los estudiantes interrumpían constantemente, no podían distinguir entre signos de puntuación, y dependían demasiado de que el profesor les diera las respuestas. La comprensión lectora y la disciplina fueron las áreas con mayores problemas.
El documento habla sobre las licencias Creative Commons y recomienda usar la licencia CC BY-SA (Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual) para un blog, la cual permite a otros copiar, distribuir, exhibir y representar el trabajo, así como hacer obras derivadas siempre que se reconozca y cite al autor y se distribuyan bajo la misma licencia.
Este documento presenta instrucciones para un ejercicio final sobre la protección de los derechos constitucionales. Los estudiantes investigarán si se ha avanzado en la protección de un derecho específico y responderán preguntas sobre ello. Deberán entregar un informe provisional y luego un producto audiovisual final de hasta 6 minutos explicando sus hallazgos. Serán evaluados en base a la calidad de sus informes y productos finales.
A reforma ortográfica de 2009 elimina hífens e acentos em algumas palavras como "autoestima" e "ideia", e remove o trema em palavras como "inconsequência". Algumas palavras como "abraço", "amizade" e expressões como "Eu te amo" permanecem inalteradas.
1) The document discusses different types of internal combustion engines including their classification based on cylinder arrangement, ignition method, combustion cycle, cooling method, and number of cylinders.
2) The key parts of an internal combustion engine are described including the cylinder, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crank and crankshaft, valves, flywheel, and crankcase.
3) The four stroke cycles of both petrol and diesel engines are explained as intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes along with the corresponding piston movement and crankshaft rotation in each stroke.
El ingeniero Juan Carlos Buitrago Monseñor ha trabajado en Vakalì LTDA desde mayo de 2004 como Asistente Contable, ganando un salario mensual de 3.468.000 pesos más prestaciones legales. Esta constancia fue emitida el 21 de septiembre de 2015 a solicitud del interesado. Vakalì LTDA también certifica que José Ernesto Rodríguez Pérez queda libre de cualquier obligación con la compañía.
The document discusses different methods for desizing cotton fabric, which is the process of removing starch-based "size" added during weaving. The three main methods are:
1. Rot steeping, the oldest method, uses microorganisms in water to secrete enzymes that break down starch over 24 hours. It is cheap but slow.
2. Acid desizing uses dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours. It is faster but the acid can damage fibers if not properly handled.
3. Enzyme desizing uses specific enzymes at optimal temperatures and pH to rapidly liquefy starch for removal. It is the fastest method if conditions are carefully
Developments of nano clay particle reinforced plastics are of growing interest towards the
emergence of new materials which enhance optimal utilization of natural resources and particularly of
renewable resources. The effects of nano clay as filler in Basalt–epoxy composite systems on the
tribological properties have been discussed in this article. Basalt fiber reinforced epoxy (BE) composite
finds widespread application in erosive environment due to its several advantages like high wear
resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost. Experiments were carried out to study the effects
of impingement angle, particle velocity and filler material on the solid particle erosive wear behavior of
BE composite. The erosive wear is evaluated at different impingement angles from 30° to 90° at three
different velocities of 23, 42, & 60 m/s. The erodent used is silica sand with the size range (150 – 280 µm)
of irregular shape. The result shows semi-ductile behavior with maximum erosion rate at 60°
impingement angle. It is observed that wear rate increases with increasing particle velocity and
decreases with increases of filler percentage. The morphology of the eroded surfaces was examined by
using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
A new nano ceria reinforced epoxy polymer compositeiaemedu
This document summarizes research on developing a nano-ceria reinforced epoxy polymer composite with improved mechanical properties. Nano-ceria particles around 10-20nm in size were synthesized and added in varying weight percentages to an epoxy resin matrix. Flexural strength increased by 42% with 0.25wt% nano-ceria, while compressive strength increased by 42.7% with 0.5wt% nano-ceria. Microhardness also improved with 1wt% nano-ceria. The mechanical properties generally improved up to a maximum filler content then decreased at higher loadings, likely due to non-uniform dispersion and agglomeration of nano-particles. The study demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties of
A new nano ceria reinforced epoxy polymer compositeIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on developing a nano-ceria reinforced epoxy polymer composite with improved mechanical properties. Nano-ceria particles around 10-20nm in size were synthesized and added in varying weight percentages to an epoxy resin matrix. Composite samples containing 0-3% nano-ceria by weight were tested. Flexural strength increased 42% for the 0.25% nano-ceria sample, while compressive strength increased 42.7% for the 0.5% sample. Microhardness also improved with 1% nano-ceria. Higher nano-ceria content resulted in weaker mechanical properties, likely due to non-uniform dispersion and curing. The nano-ceria improved properties
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into mechanical characterization of glass fiber reinforced composites containing nanoparticles. Specifically, it investigates adding small amounts (1wt% and 2wt%) of two types of nanoclays (Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 15A) directly into an epoxy resin matrix reinforced with woven glass fibers. The nanoclay-epoxy mixtures were stirred and ultrasonicated to ensure uniform dispersion of nanoparticles. Composite plates were then manufactured via vacuum molding and tested to analyze effects on mechanical properties like fatigue resistance and impact strength. Previous related studies finding improvements from nanoclay additions are also reviewed.
Wood nanofibers from industrial waste have been used as polymeric
material to reinforce the cement paste to a content of up to 2% by weight of
cement. The effect of the wood nanofibre content on the porosity, the
compressive strength and the degree of hydration of the cement was studied. The
results showed an improvement in compressive strength of over 50% with 1% of
added fiberwood. Chemical modification of nanofiber wood by grafting alkyl
chains to their surface can reduce the amount of water absorbed by the sample.
Addition of an anionic additive (SDBS) to the mixing water improves the surface
of the samples more and more by minimizing the pore size by emulsion effect,
hence the water absorption decreases. The degree of hydration of the cement
increased with the cellulose content containing nanofibrils. The analysis revealed
that the presence of nanofibers favored the hydration of the cement by producing
more calcium silicate gel and portlandite, probably the main reason for this
improvement in compressive strength.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
The document discusses optimizing the reaction conditions for synthesizing epoxy-organoclay nanocomposites. It finds that the optimum conditions are a premixing speed of 210 rpm, duration of 90 minutes, and temperature of 80°C. Nanocomposites produced under these conditions had an elastic modulus 16% higher but maximum stress 3% lower than the neat epoxy matrix, likely due to voids in the nanocomposite material. Analysis found the nanocomposite surface was coarse with voids, indicating a brittle material, while the neat epoxy had a smooth, glass-like surface.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
This document presents a study on the effect of thickness and fiber orientation on the tensile and flexural properties of a hybrid composite made from S-glass, carbon, and E-glass fibers. Specimens of different thicknesses (2mm and 3mm) and fiber orientations (30°, 45°, 60°) were prepared and tested according to ASTM standards. The test results showed that tensile strength was dependent on fiber orientation and thickness. Specifically, tensile strength increased with thickness and was highest at a 30° fiber orientation for both the 2mm and 3mm specimens.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of environmental degradation on the viscoelastic response of epoxy resins modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) made with the modified epoxy. CNTs were added to an epoxy resin at concentrations from 0.1-1% using high-shear mixing. The modified resin was used to make unreinforced cast specimens and CFRPs with a 0.5% CNT content. All specimens were subjected to hydrothermal conditioning. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the conditioned specimens showed degradation of properties like damping and storage modulus for the modified materials compared to unmodified controls.
Investigation on 3-body abrasive behaviour of glass fiber and ramie fiber rei...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the three-body abrasive wear behavior of glass fiber and ramie fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Hybrid composites with varying proportions of glass and ramie fibers were manufactured using hand layup and tested for three-body abrasive wear under different parameters. The optimal parameters that resulted in the lowest wear rate were found to be A3 (30% ramie), B1 (580g load), and C2 (2000m sliding distance). Sliding distance was the most significant influencing factor on wear, followed by load, while fiber proportion was the least influencing. SEM analysis showed micro-plucking, micro-cutting and micro-cracks on worn surfaces. The Ra10
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of hybrid laminated composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) were combined with basalt fiber to form hybrid composites with 7 different stacking sequences. Tensile and vibration tests were conducted. The results showed that a hybrid composite with an outer layer of CFRP (H1) had higher tensile strength and modulus than other sequences. For vibration, a sequence with inner CFRP layers (H5) had the lowest natural frequency and highest damping ratio, indicating it could better reduce vibrations. In general, natural frequency decreased and damping increased with less CFRP and more basalt fiber. The study demonstrated hybrid composites can be designed to optimize vibration
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
This document investigates the abrasive wear behavior of coir fiber reinforced epoxy composites using the Taguchi method. Composites were made with 10%, 20%, and 30% treated and untreated coir fiber. Abrasion tests were conducted at loads of 10-30N, speeds of 300-500rpm. Treated fiber composites showed better wear resistance than untreated. Wear rate decreased with increasing fiber content and increased with increasing load and speed. The Taguchi method was used to optimize parameters and minimize experiments. Analysis found treated fiber composites had the lowest wear rate.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Properties of Light Weight Foam ConcreteIRJET Journal
- The document experimentally studies the properties of lightweight foam concrete with the addition of fly ash as a cement replacement.
- Fly ash is used to replace cement in definite proportions, and the influence on the strength and density of foam concrete is analyzed.
- The results show that replacing fine aggregate with fly ash helps increase the strength of foam concrete at lower densities, allowing for a higher strength-to-density ratio and making it a more sustainable and cost-effective material.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
chemistry final year
1. SOME STUDIES ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTRIZATION
ISSUES OF CLAY BASED HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES
ABSTRACT:
The hybrid composite of glass-epoxy is fabricated by the use of halloysite nanotubular particles
by hand lay-up technique. Actually the direction of nano-clay particles may lead to agglomeration, to
overcome this problem, the epoxy is need to be chemically treated. The chemical reaction of unsaturated
polyester with the epoxy resin was carried out thermally in presence of benzyl peroxide-radical initiator
and the resulting product was analyzed by X-Ray Diffractometer. Epoxy and unsaturated polyester
toughened epoxy systems were further modified with 1, 2 and 3% (by wt) of Halloysite nano tubular
(HNT) clay. Mainly this paper deals with the characterization and wear properties of epoxy polymer and
glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-clay hybrid composites. Characterization is done with the help of X-Ray
Diffraction and performance levels of the composite at different percentage of nano clay addition are
observed. Under this wear test have been conducted in the Pin-on-disc type at different loads and time for
different percentage composition of nano clay particles addition and respective changes are studied.
Keywords: Halloysite nano clay, polymer-clay nanocomposite, X-ray diffraction, pin-on-disk.
1. Introduction
Epoxy resin is a versatile and widely accepted matrix material for the fabrication of advanced
composites, hardware components, electronic circuit board materials, radomes and missile equipment
components because of its excellent bonding, physico-chemical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and aging
characteristics [1–7]. The inorganic hallow site nano tubes (HNT) clay has been used as reinforcement
material for number of polymers due to their nanoscale size and intercalation behaviors [8]. The HNT
clay is modified with cetyltrimethylammonium ions to facilitate its interaction with polymer matrix and
1
2. become organophilic. Fictionalization of the clay surface by ion exchange method is made with cationic
surfactants which lowers the surface energy of the clay and increases the compatibility between the clay
surface and polymer matrix.
Hence, the addition of organophilic HNT clay into epoxy resin helps to recover the impact
strength and thermal stability lost due to the absence of rigid chemical modifier like bismaleimide. The
modified organophilic HNT clay reinforced epoxy nanocomposites exhibit significant improvements in
thermal and mechanical properties like high temperature durability, enhanced barrier properties, reduced
flammability and other characteristics [9].
Recently, organic-inorganic nanocomposites have attracted attention. Their remarkable properties
and unique structure have led to the synthesis and study of a variety of hybrid composite materials [10].
The intercalation of inorganic materials by organic guest species is a way to construct an ordered organic-
inorganic assembly [11].
Epoxy resins are the preferred matrix material since they possess better mechanical and thermal
properties. Further, they wet many substrate materials, absorb less moisture. The other advantages worth
mentioning are that they possess excellent chemical resistance coupled with good electrical properties
[12]. The wear of polymeric composites with different reinforcements has been the topic of investigation
in recent times [13]. When particles added to polymers have proven to be effective in reducing the
coefficient of friction and wear rate of composites. The use of SiC as a filler material is known to improve
the mechanical and tribological properties of metal–matrix composites [14]. When the filler has a
nanometer thickness and a high aspect ratio (30–1000) plate-like structure, it is classified as a layered
nanomaterial (such as an organosilicate) [15]. In general, nanomaterials provide reinforcing efficiency
because of their high aspect ratios [16].
The properties of a nanocomposite are greatly influenced by the size of its component phases and
the degree of mixing between the two phases. Depending on the nature of the components used (layered
silicate or nanofiber, cation exchange capacity and polymer matrix) and the method of preparation,
significant differences in composite properties can be obtained [17].
2
3. X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), which determines the d001 spacing in the modified clay and
provides information on the degree of hybrid structure generated [16].
Wide angle X-ray diffraction measurements were accomplished using Rigaku D/MAX-2000 X-ray
diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154nm) and a scanning rate of 1°/min. Bragg’s law, λ =
2dsinθ, was used to calculate the crystallographic spacing “d” [17].
To characterization of clay studied by X-ray diffraction The layer silicates observed in the
untreated clay Sialupe (39/80) are mica, kaolinite and 14 Å layer silicates, mainly chlorite. Amphiboles
and feldspars are also present. Already after heating to 300°C, the typical kaolinite peak is diminished in
intensity, after heating to 400°C only traces of it are left. Kaolinite is supposed to transform to
metakaolinite shortly below 450°C , but in the present case may do so at lower temperatures due to the
long duration of the heating [18 and 19].
Tribology is a science that deals with design, friction, wear and lubricating surfaces in relative
motion [20]. Polymer nanocomposites based on layered nano clays have attracted a great deal of interest
because they exhibit remarkable improvement of physical properties when compared with those of pure
polymer or conventional composites. These improvements include high modulus, increased strength,
toughness, heat resistance and fire retardancy, and decreased gas permeability. Three main types of
structures can be obtained when layered clay is associated with a polymer: (і) a phase-separated structure,
(іі) an intercalated structure and (ііі) an exfoliated or delaminated structure (iv) achieves pure
nanocomposites [21]. For tribological loaded components, the coefficient of friction, the mechanical load
carrying capacity, and the wear rate of the materials determine their acceptability for industrial
applications. Polymer based composite materials are employed in tribological applications owing to their
ever increasing demand in terms of stability at higher loads, temperatures, better lubrication and wear
properties [22 and 23].
The effect of clay addition improves the mechanical properties of epoxy polymer and glass fiber-
reinforced epoxy-clay hybrid composites. The clays used in the present system were alkyl ammonium
3
4. treated montmorillonite (MMT) based organoclay (OC) and unmodified MMT clay (UC). The addition of
OC increases the thermal properties of epoxy-glass fiber more than that of UC filled hybrids [24].
In the present paper discussed with the effects of Halloysite Nano clay particles as fillers in
glass–epoxy composite systems on the characterization and tribological properties have been discussed in
the present investigation. The composites employed in the study have been fabricated using hand lay-up
technique. This work deals with the Nanocomposites with 1%, 2% and 3% nanoclay powder and epoxy
polymer (matrix phase) are characterized by using X-Ray diffraction technique. The phases present in the
composite are identified by X-Ray diffractometer and crystallite sizes are calculated by Scherer formula.
The diffraction patterns of 1%, 2% and 3% nanoclay composites are compared, and effect of clay addition
on improving the mechanical properties of epoxy polymer and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-clay hybrid
composites. The effect of variants in sliding speed, time and applied load on the wear behavior of
polymer nanocomposites is studied by measuring the wear rate. Sliding speed, time and loads in the range
of 640-1000 RPM, 300-900 sec and 5-25 N respectively were used in the experiments with wear test pin
having flat face in contact with hardening rotating steel disc. It is observed that wear rate increases with
the increasing applied load, time and sliding speeds.
4
5. Fig-1 Schematic of the (A) intercalated, (B) exfoliated structure and (C) phase separated polymer-
nanoclay composite morphology.
2. Materials used
• The matrix used in the present study was an epoxy resin (LY556) system (obtained from ECMAS
Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad), an araldite hardener (HY951) was mixed in proportions of 100:12.
• The reinforcing clay nano particle Halloysite nano clay from Sigma Aldich, Germany. It is
organically modified with a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane by sonication process.
• Woven roving glass fiber mat is taken from Saint-Gobain-Vetrotex India Ltd.
3. Synthesis of Epoxy-HNT Clay nanocomposites and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-HNT Clay
Hybrids
The synthesis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy-clay hybrids consists of mixing of resin-clay and
glass fibers by the hand-layup process. The 50 % weight of fiber and 50 % weight of epoxy resin are used
for preparation of hybrid composite. The laminates are cured in room temperature and left in the mould
for 24hrs for complete curing.
HNT Clay nanocomposites are prepared by mixing hardener with treated Halloysite nano clay
particles and poured into wooden mould of 10 mm width and 100mm length. The wear specimens are cut
as per the dimensions shown in Fig-2.
5
6. Fig-2: Wear specimens (pure, 1, 2 and 3wt% reinforced Halloysite HNT clay)
4. Equipment used for Characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed for the clay particles and clay particles filled epoxy to
study the interlayer separation. The process was carried out with a scanning rate of 2° per min, with CuKa
radiation (λ=1.541Å) operating at 30KV and 15 mA by the X-Ray Diffractometer (Model: 2036E201;
Rigaku, Ultima IV, Japan).
Pin-on-disc wear test was carried out, using locally manufactured tribometer, in accordance with
ASTM G-99 standard. It consists of a loading disk, where loads are kept, and applied over the square
pins. The dimension of the wear test pins is 8 mm square and 20 mm in length. The disc used was brass of
surface roughness 0.21 mm. The dimensions of the wear test specimens are 10 mm width and 100mm
length. The specific wear rate of the conventional composites and nanocomposites was determined at a
constant pressure of 0.15 MPa and sliding velocity of 0.35 m/s for the sliding distance of 3600 m.
6
7. Fig 3: X-Ray Diffractometer (Model: 2036E201; Fig 4: pin-on-disk set-up (DuCOM, TR-20-M26)
Rigaku, Ultima IV, Japan)
5. Results and Discussion:
5.1 Characterized by using X-Ray diffraction technique:
Nanocomposites with 1%, 2% and 3% nanoclay powder and epoxy polymer (matrix phase) are
prepared by manual method and are characterized by using X-Ray diffraction technique. The phases
present in the composite are identified by X-Ray diffractometer and crystallite sizes are calculated by
Scherer formula. The diffraction patterns of 1%, 2% and 3% nanoclay composites are compared.
Crystallite size measurement for Halloysite HNT Nanoclay
The average crystallite size was determined from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the
X-Ray diffraction peak using Scherer’s equation. The crystal size is easily calculated as a function of
peak width (specified as the full width at half maximum peak intensity (FWHM), peak position and
wavelength.
Crystallite size measurements:
Crystallite Size = K λ / (FW (S) * Cos (θ)),
Where, 2θ is the peak position, K is the shape factor of the average crystallite.
7
8. FW (S)^D = FWHM^D - FW (I)^D
Clay-kaolinite (AL2Si2O5(OH) 4)
2θ=12.379; FWHM=0.202
Crystallite Size =0.91*1.54/FW (S) COS (6.18)
FW (S)^1.5
= 0.202^1.5
-0.103^1.5
FW (S) = 0.361deg
FW (S) =0.0063rad
Crystallite Size =0.91*1.54/0.0063* COS (6.18) = 54.08 nm
Fig. 5 XRD pattern of clay nanopowder
The Fig. 6 shows the characterization of clay nano powder and composite with 1%, 2% and 3%
nano clay powders and pure composite with fiber reinforcement using XRD. Black colored diffraction
pattern indicates the clay nano powder, blue colored plane indicates the epoxy polymer composite and the
other diffraction patterns are epoxy polymer fiber reinforced composites with 1%, 2% and 3% nano clay
powders.
8
9. Fig.6 XRD Comparison of Pure Epoxy and Composite Variants
When the clay nano powder is dispersed in the epoxy polymer, the composite is obtained with
two different phases. One is the polymer phase and the other is particle phase. The particle phase is
crystalline in nature and the diffraction pattern is obtained as indicated in clay nano powder. The epoxy
polymers are amorphous in nature and the diffraction patterns are obtained as pure and 1%, 2% and 3%
nanoclay composite. The particle phase present in the polymer composite shows small peaks which are
merged in the epoxy diffraction pattern.
From all the diffraction patterns, at θ=9.53 deg a small diffraction peak is obtained. This shows
that clay nano powder is present in the composite. And also the pure and 1%, 2%and 3% nano clay
composite diffraction patterns are similar. Comparison of fragment of XRD pattern for all above phases
are shown in Fig.6, the intensity of pure nano composite diffraction peak is high and its intensity
increased by 15 to 20%. The clay powder peak intensity is very low than other phases. Between these two
phases the composite with 1%, 2%, and 3% nano clay intensities are varying.
9
10. Fig.7 X-ray diffraction patterns of nonfunctionlaze nanoclay composite and functionalize composite
with 1%, 2% and 3% Nano Clay powders.
The graph Fig.7 illustrates the variation in the parameters of non functionalize nano clay (NFNC)
composite to the functionalized composite with the addition of nano clay powder in the order of 1%, 2%
and 3%. And it is observed that there is much variation in the intensity of functionalized nano clay
powder (i.e 1%, 2% and 3%) than with the non functionalized nano clay powder. With the increase of
nano clay powders the intensity also increasing. It is about 10 to 12% in the nano clay compared with
nonfunctionlaze nanoclay from above. And then there was less improvement. Finally, it increased to 35 to
40% on comparison with nonfunctionlaze nanoclay composite.
Finally conclude that the non-functionalize nano clay composite having a lower intensity when
compared to the functionalize nano clay composite. Because the functionalize nano clay composites are
having evenly dispersed particles, where as non-functionalize nano clay composites are having uneven
dispersion in the matrix. The uneven dispersion results to lower the intensity than functionalize one.
10
11. Fig-8. SEM photo of nanoclay (Hollow Nano Tubes)
The SEM micrograph, as shown in Fig-8, reveals the nanotubular structure of nanoclay. The
typical diameter and length/ diameter ratio of HNTs are determined by measuring 10 randomly chosen
nanotubes. The diameter ranges from 30 nm to 70 nm and the length/diameter ratio is in the range of
3×e10
.
6.2 Wear test
Wear test was conducted on pin-on-disk setup (DUCOM, TR-20-M26) to study wear rate of the
sample nanoclay composite. In this study wear resistance is a critical parameter for durability of the
composite which is inversely proportional to wear rate. The wear rates of the clay powder reinforced
epoxy composites were evaluated using a tribometer and a surface profilometer. A load with the range of
5 to 25 N was applied on the specimens, which were rotated at 640 rpm, for 15 minutes. Fig 11 (a, b, c
and d) shows the variation of wear rate with different ratios of fillers. When the filler ratio is 1%, 2% and
3%, the 2% wear rate becomes lower because clay particles oppose surface reduction of the composite. It
is seen that the nano clay filled epoxies show good performance in wear resistance. Furthermore the clay
particles are harder than the epoxy resin and when released from the composite, their abrasiveness
increases the composite wear rate.
11
12. Fig-9 represents to obtained wear rate by fitting a straight line function y = mx + c where “m” is
the wear rate. Wear rate of the pure samples at 25N and travel distance of 1.81km is 0.237.
Fig-9 Wear of the pure samples at 25N and travel distance of 1.81km
The wear rate of epoxy decreased from 0.237 to 0.042 nanometer/sec at load 25N and travel at
3.64km as compared to 2% reinforced HNT Nano clay nanocomposites and it is increased 0.158
nanometers/sec by reinforcing 3% HNT Nanoclay is shown in Fig-10. The highest wear rate is seen with
pure epoxy composite and lowest wear rate is at 2% HNT Nano clay reinforcement. From this experiment
it is conclude that, wear rate is inversely proportionally with hardness of the Nanocomposites.
Fig-10: Wear rate by increasing the HNT Nano clay
12
13. For pure epoxy the wear test is conducted by different loads of 5N, 15N and 25N from Fig-11(a)
shows respective response and found that the wear rate is less for 5N. Fig-11(b) shows by addition of
nanoclay particles in the order of 1%, 2% and 3% and wear at a load of 5N, it is observed that the wear
rate is improved for the pure epoxy and its much less at 2% of nanoclay particles. And Fig-11(c) shows
performed at a wear load of 15N, here the wear rate is less for 1% of nanoclay particle addition, 3% of
nanoclay particle addition wear rate is high.
The wear test is conducted for a load of 25N. It is observed that 2% of nanoclay particles addition
has much less wear rate as shown in Fig-11(d). Hence by comparing the below Fig- 11(a), (b), (c) and (d)
the wear rate is less and comparatively varying the loads of 5N, 15N and 25N. Finally conclude that the
2% of nanoclay particle addition is preferable.
Fig-11: (a) Wear of pure polymer composite with load changes from 5-25 N.
Fig-11: (b) Wear at load of 5N for pure, 1% HNT NC, 2% HNT NC and 3% HNT NC.
13
14. Fig-11: (c) Wear at load 5N and track distance 3.64km for pure, 1%HNT NC,
2%HNT NC and 3%HNT NC
Fig-11: (d) Wear at load 25N and track distance 1.81km for pure, 1%HNT NC,
2%HNT NC and 3%HNT NC
8. Conclusions
The characterization issues of non-functionalize and functionalize nano clay composite is studied
by using X-Ray diffraction technique. Finally based on the above characterization results of nano clay
particles, nano composites are prepared and the following conclusions are drawn from the obtained
results.
The non functionalized composite nano clay particles are not properly dispersed in the matrix but
the functionalized nano clay composite having well dispersed nano clay particles in the matrix due to
14
15. chemically treatment. The XRD results shows that the intensity of non functionalize nanoclay composite
are lesser than the functionalize nanoclay composite
The wear test was conducted on pure epoxy, 1%, 2% and 3% of nano clay composite with various
load and time. The results shows that pure epoxy having higher wear rate where as 2% nano clay
composite is lower wear rate among them. The 2% of nano clay composite wear rate is lower due to
hardness is higher than pure epoxy, 1%, 2% and 3% nano clay composites. Where wear rate is inversely
proportionally with hardness of the nanocomposites.
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