Thermal management in present day integrated circuits (ICs) has become extremely challenging to deal with, as more number of transistors is packed into smaller die sizes. Conventional macro-scale and bulky cooling mechanisms like heat sinks, fans and heat pipes are unsuitable to handle the non-uniform spatial power distributions (hotspots) found on these small, yet, powerful ICs. To tackle this thermal management issue, we present a digital microfluidics (DMF) microscale liquid cooling system working on the principle of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). EWOD is an efficient and low power consuming actuation technique to pump liquids at microscale. In EWOD DMF, fluids are handled in droplet-wise by external electric field, thus, mechanical pumps and valves are not necessary to control the liquid motion.
In this demonstration, the EWOD system comprises a parallel arrangement of thin film Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass devices separated by spacer gap of 150µm. The bottom device is patterned with a 3D arrangement of ITO heaters/RTDs (Resistance temperature detectors) with EWOD electrodes separated by a passivation layer. By using the heaters and RTDs in a 600µm x 600µm area on the bottom device, we emulate hotspots found on ICs by controlling and sensing the temperature. A reservoir holds a pool of de-ionized water from which a small liquid drop of 800nL is dispensed and delivered to the hotspot at high velocities. When multiple drops are passed over the hotspot, considerable cooling will occur.
With the help of the ITO thin film RTDs and a pre-calibrated temperature coefficient of resistance data, the temperature of the hotspot before and after cooling is recorded for different dwell times of water droplets on the hotspot and heat fluxes. A plot between the temperature and the droplet traveling time for various speeds and heat flux is established. By using a high speed camera and synchronizing it with the RTD measurement, the meniscus of the droplet on the hotspot is examined for phase change at various heat fluxes to identify and study its effects on the hotspot temperature. This study is crucial to distinguish single phase and phase change of the coolant in estimating the performance of the hotspot cooling. This demonstration provides a foundation to a novel microfluidic hotspot cooling system in current generation ICs and can be extended to 3D ICs.
Evaluation and Optimization of the Thermal Performance of a SocketedDevice f...marmic65
1) The document evaluates the thermal performance of sockets for high-temperature operating life (HTOL) applications of integrated circuits.
2) HTOL testing requires maintaining high junction temperatures while accounting for self-heating effects from increased power, frequency, and current in modern devices.
3) Thermal resistance measurements of the socket, printed circuit board, and environmental chamber are important to optimize in order to control the junction temperature of the device under test.
Fluke introduces its new Ti32 thermal imager which combines a powerful 320x240 sensor into a rugged design at an affordable price. The Ti32 delivers high performance images blended with Fluke's patented IR-Fusion technology. All Fluke thermal imagers are designed and manufactured in the USA, meet stringent quality standards, and include a two year warranty. The Ti32 offers added versatility with interchangeable lenses and two field-swappable batteries.
1) Computer simulation is becoming more popular for studying induction heating processes as it provides developers with information about what is happening in the system to help optimize processes more effectively than experimental trial and error.
2) The document presents a case study using computer simulation to optimize induction heating of a difficult to heat axle fillet area. 1D and 2D simulations were used initially, followed by a 2D coupled electromagnetic and thermal simulation.
3) Parameters like frequency, coupling gap, and use of a magnetic flux concentrator were varied in the simulations to achieve uniform heating of the fillet area and obtain the desired hardened zone profile. The simulations helped determine optimal coil design and operating conditions.
The 2351E photoelectric smoke detector is part of Honeywell's Series 300 range of conventional detectors. It features an ASIC chip and optical chamber for accurate fire detection with resilience to environmental factors. It has automatic drift compensation to maintain a consistent alarm threshold between services. The detector's sensitivity can be optimized through three preset alarm levels and programmed via a remote handheld unit, which also provides maintenance information like chamber contamination. It is compatible with Series 100 detector bases and includes a bi-color LED status indicator.
The document summarizes three Fluke thermal imaging products - the TiR32, TiR1, and TiR. It describes the key features and specifications of each model, including temperature measurement capabilities, imaging performance, lenses, and image presentation tools. The TiR32 is highlighted as combining high-performance sensor and rugged design at affordable price points for industrial and commercial users.
This document provides an overview of the White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) and its capabilities. It discusses projects conducted at WSTF related to the Space Shuttle program and nondestructive evaluation. It then describes several unique testing capabilities at WSTF including simulated altitude testing of propulsion systems, explosion testing of various propellants, and component testing involving oxygen and hydrogen. It also outlines nondestructive evaluation techniques used at WSTF such as thermography, shearography, radiography, and ultrasound. Finally, it discusses the development of "Smart COPVs" which integrate structural health monitoring systems into composite overwrapped pressure vessels.
Runlite 67mm Filament LED LM-80 test report.PDFNancy Yu
The document summarizes the results of an LED lumen maintenance test conducted according to IESNA LM-80-2008 standards. Over 6000 hours, the LED samples maintained an average of 96.7% of initial lumen output at 55°C case temperature and 95.43% at 85°C case temperature. No sample failures were observed. The chromaticity shift was small, below 0.003, and the projected L70 lifetime was over 36,000 hours for both test conditions.
Runlite 26mm Filament LED LM-80 test report.PDFNancy Yu
This test report summarizes lumen maintenance and chromaticity shift testing of 40 LED samples (20 samples each at 55°C and 85°C case temperatures) according to IESNA LM-80-2008 over 6000 hours. Key results include:
- At 55°C, the average lumen maintenance was 97.25% and average chromaticity shift was 0.0020 after 6000 hours, with no failures. The projected L70 lifetime was >36,000 hours.
- At 85°C, the average lumen maintenance was 96.53% and average chromaticity shift was 0.0022 after 6000 hours, with no failures. The projected L70 lifetime was also >36,000 hours.
Evaluation and Optimization of the Thermal Performance of a SocketedDevice f...marmic65
1) The document evaluates the thermal performance of sockets for high-temperature operating life (HTOL) applications of integrated circuits.
2) HTOL testing requires maintaining high junction temperatures while accounting for self-heating effects from increased power, frequency, and current in modern devices.
3) Thermal resistance measurements of the socket, printed circuit board, and environmental chamber are important to optimize in order to control the junction temperature of the device under test.
Fluke introduces its new Ti32 thermal imager which combines a powerful 320x240 sensor into a rugged design at an affordable price. The Ti32 delivers high performance images blended with Fluke's patented IR-Fusion technology. All Fluke thermal imagers are designed and manufactured in the USA, meet stringent quality standards, and include a two year warranty. The Ti32 offers added versatility with interchangeable lenses and two field-swappable batteries.
1) Computer simulation is becoming more popular for studying induction heating processes as it provides developers with information about what is happening in the system to help optimize processes more effectively than experimental trial and error.
2) The document presents a case study using computer simulation to optimize induction heating of a difficult to heat axle fillet area. 1D and 2D simulations were used initially, followed by a 2D coupled electromagnetic and thermal simulation.
3) Parameters like frequency, coupling gap, and use of a magnetic flux concentrator were varied in the simulations to achieve uniform heating of the fillet area and obtain the desired hardened zone profile. The simulations helped determine optimal coil design and operating conditions.
The 2351E photoelectric smoke detector is part of Honeywell's Series 300 range of conventional detectors. It features an ASIC chip and optical chamber for accurate fire detection with resilience to environmental factors. It has automatic drift compensation to maintain a consistent alarm threshold between services. The detector's sensitivity can be optimized through three preset alarm levels and programmed via a remote handheld unit, which also provides maintenance information like chamber contamination. It is compatible with Series 100 detector bases and includes a bi-color LED status indicator.
The document summarizes three Fluke thermal imaging products - the TiR32, TiR1, and TiR. It describes the key features and specifications of each model, including temperature measurement capabilities, imaging performance, lenses, and image presentation tools. The TiR32 is highlighted as combining high-performance sensor and rugged design at affordable price points for industrial and commercial users.
This document provides an overview of the White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) and its capabilities. It discusses projects conducted at WSTF related to the Space Shuttle program and nondestructive evaluation. It then describes several unique testing capabilities at WSTF including simulated altitude testing of propulsion systems, explosion testing of various propellants, and component testing involving oxygen and hydrogen. It also outlines nondestructive evaluation techniques used at WSTF such as thermography, shearography, radiography, and ultrasound. Finally, it discusses the development of "Smart COPVs" which integrate structural health monitoring systems into composite overwrapped pressure vessels.
Runlite 67mm Filament LED LM-80 test report.PDFNancy Yu
The document summarizes the results of an LED lumen maintenance test conducted according to IESNA LM-80-2008 standards. Over 6000 hours, the LED samples maintained an average of 96.7% of initial lumen output at 55°C case temperature and 95.43% at 85°C case temperature. No sample failures were observed. The chromaticity shift was small, below 0.003, and the projected L70 lifetime was over 36,000 hours for both test conditions.
Runlite 26mm Filament LED LM-80 test report.PDFNancy Yu
This test report summarizes lumen maintenance and chromaticity shift testing of 40 LED samples (20 samples each at 55°C and 85°C case temperatures) according to IESNA LM-80-2008 over 6000 hours. Key results include:
- At 55°C, the average lumen maintenance was 97.25% and average chromaticity shift was 0.0020 after 6000 hours, with no failures. The projected L70 lifetime was >36,000 hours.
- At 85°C, the average lumen maintenance was 96.53% and average chromaticity shift was 0.0022 after 6000 hours, with no failures. The projected L70 lifetime was also >36,000 hours.
Product Safety Testing Reduces the Risk of Shock, Fire, ExplosionsSam Davis
Product Safety Testing
Reduces the Risk of
Shock, Fire, Explosions
Dave Lohbeck
as presented to the Central Texas Product Safety Engineering Society (PSES)
This document discusses energy sensors. It defines energy and different types of sensors. It then describes various energy sensors including mechanical energy sensors like accelerometers and force sensors, thermal energy sensors like thermocouples and thermistors, and heat flux sensors. The document highlights key characteristics and applications of different energy sensors.
This document summarizes a student project to design a smart trash sorting system using Arduino. The system uses various sensors like IR, inductive proximity, laser, and FSR to sort materials into 4 categories: paper, plastic, glass, and metal. It aims to facilitate recycling and reduce waste sorting time/costs. The system design and circuit implementation are presented. Potential issues discussed are sensor accuracy for similar materials and reducing errors. Future work proposed includes adding audio feedback, replacing sensors to reduce errors, and integrating the system with automation.
Ideal 3D Stacked Die Test - IEEE Semiconductor Wafer Test Workshop SWTW 2013Ira Feldman
My presentation from IEEE SWTW 2013 - For a full description please see my blog:
http://hightechbizdev.com/2013/06/10/ira-feldman-high-technology-business-development-ieee-semiconductor-wafer-test-workshop-2013/
The ALMDS laser system is designed to detect naval mines from helicopters. It uses a diode-pumped solid-state laser operating at 532nm integrated into an external pod. The laser transmitter unit and electronics unit undergo military-standard testing for environmental extremes. The laser operates at 350Hz pulse repetition frequency, delivering 45W average power. Precise temperature control is required for consistent doubling of the laser light to 532nm for underwater imaging.
Testo thermal imagers provide high-quality thermography for industrial applications in 3 sentences or less:
Thermal imagers from Testo detect anomalies, weak spots, and damage across industries through contactless imaging to prevent issues and ensure efficiency and safety. Their high resolution and temperature sensitivity allow for comprehensive analysis and precise identification of even small temperature differences. Intuitive operation and innovative technologies like SuperResolution deliver optimum image quality for reliable decision making.
Automated Design of Digital Microfluids Lab-on-ChipACMBangalore
This letter nominates Dr. Fei Su for an Outstanding Ph.D. Dissertation Award for his work on design automation and test methods for digital microfluidic biochips. Digital microfluidic biochips use electrowetting-on-dielectric to manipulate discrete droplets of fluids, revolutionizing applications like DNA sequencing and clinical diagnostics. Dr. Su's dissertation focused on synthesis, testing, and reconfiguration techniques to address design challenges for these emerging lab-on-chip devices. The work exploits the reconfigurability of droplet-based "digital" microfluidics to automate labor-intensive tasks and allow remapping of bioassays in the case of chip defects.
History of atomic structure pisay versionMika Gancayco
1. Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil and detected their scattering with a fluorescent screen.
2. Contrary to expectations, some alpha particles were scattered at high angles or even back in the direction of the source.
3. This unexpected result led Rutherford to conclude that atoms are mostly empty space, with a tiny, dense positively charged nucleus at their center that could deflect the alpha particles. This challenged the prevailing plum pudding model of the atom.
11.calculation of electric field distribution at high voltage cable terminationsAlexander Decker
This document presents an analytical method for calculating the voltage distribution at high voltage cable terminations that use resistive materials like deionized water. The method models the cable termination as a coaxial cable end enclosed in a resistive medium. Equations are derived to relate the voltage, current, and electric field distributions as a function of position along the cable end based on the cable's capacitance and the resistivity of the termination material. The analytical solution provides insight into how different design parameters affect the voltage and stress distributions at cable terminations, which is important for controlling electrical stresses.
Magnetic position sensors aim at electric power steering applications.HEINZ OYRER
Electric power steering (EPS) is the gateway technology to autonomous driving of the future. It is needed to enable advanced driver assistance systems such as side-wind compensation, lane assist/keeping and parking assistance systems. EPS uses a combination of electric motors, actuators, sensors and controllers to give drivers the best steering control for all driving conditions - with Magnetic Position Sensors sensors playing a key role. This event will outline the importance of magnetic position sensors, discuss emerging magnetic sensor trends, such as the inclusion of dynamic angle error compensation and stray field immunity features, to provide higher levels of accuracy performance, and provide an overview of ams’ solutions for this market. Moreover, the talk will discuss how magnetic position sensors are helping to pave the way to electric assisted power steering solutions to meet new government safety and improved fuel efficiency regulations, as well as new industry safety standards such as ISO26262 – ASIL.
Overuse of antibiotics has led to the spread of resistant bacteria through mutation and horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes. This has created an antibiotics crisis with few new antibiotics being developed. Biostrike proposes decentralized citizen science initiatives to research new antibiotics and alternative cures through digital biology techniques like nanopore sequencing, microfluidics, and DNA synthesis. One approach is phage therapy using programmable bacteriophages that could provide personalized treatment.
Bio world going digital, 27 March 2015, Irelandbioflux
Recent advances in synthetic biology open up new possibilities in healthcare, agriculture, chemicals, materials, energy, and bioremediation. With approximated 15bn molecular assays performed per year in biological laboratories, the automation of these procedures is a strong demand by laboratory scientists. Digital Biology is the computer aided programming of biological assays using digital microfluidic biochip (DMFB) devices based on electrowetting on dielectric technology. Digital Biology allows for wide scale automation of laboratory procedures in synthetic biology by improving efficiency between 1000 to 100000 fold compared to manual laboratory work, for the first time enabling wide scale rapid prototyping for the iterative creation of biological systems. We want to develop the Droplet Flux Technology for intricate control of droplets on DMFBs. Droplet Flux will be a combination of an online software suit for researchers to plan experiments, an open source operating system for DMFB devices and wetware kits to perform a wide range of standardized bioassays used in synthetic biology. Provided that yet open safety questions around synthetic biology are resolved, a portable device using Flux Technology could be constructed and its use extended for e.g. environmental monitoring in agriculture or point of care diagnostics for regular citizens.
Fundamentals and applications of microfluidics - ch1明輝 劉
This document discusses the history and fundamentals of microfluidics. It begins with a brief history of microfluidics starting in the 1950s and developments in microelectronics, MEMS, and early microfluidic devices in subsequent decades. It then defines microfluidics as handling small fluid volumes typically on the microscopic scale and discusses commercial and scientific applications of microfluidics like human genome sequencing, medical diagnostics, and new chemical reactions. Key milestones are also outlined such as miniaturization of devices in earlier decades and exploration of new effects and applications in more recent decades.
The document discusses harnessing the power of lightning for energy production. It notes that lightning strikes produce enormous amounts of energy but capturing this energy is challenging due to the sporadic and unpredictable nature of lightning. The document proposes using lightning strikes to power water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, which could be used as a clean energy source. It also outlines some of the technical challenges involved in capturing lightning's power and transforming it into a usable form of energy storage.
This document provides an overview of microfluidics presented by Rajan Arora. It defines microfluidics as manipulating small amounts of fluids using channels 10-100 micrometers in size. Typical microfluidic systems are described including a DNA separation system and lab-on-a-chip for diagnosing heart attacks. The origins and history of microfluidics are discussed from Richard Feynman's 1959 talk to developments in the 1990s. Key components, physics principles, and flow mechanisms of microfluidic systems are explained. Various applications are highlighted such as lab-on-a-chip, low-cost paper and plastic-based microfluidics, and emerging uses in textiles, optofluidics and acou
This document provides information and guidelines for conducting bottle tests to evaluate demulsifiers for crude oil emulsions. It discusses the typical processing sequence in a gas-oil separation plant, including initial separation in a high pressure production trap and subsequent vessels. Key information needs for bottle tests are outlined, such as processing temperatures, residence times in vessels, typical water separation percentages, and crude oil properties. Factors that influence emulsion stability like aging and crude grade are also explained. The goal of the document is to train technicians on properly conducting bottle tests to formulate effective demulsifier formulations.
This document discusses the purity aspects of liquid dielectrics and how it affects dielectric breakdown. It explains that the purity of a liquid dielectric impacts properties like dielectric strength, ion size, viscosity, and density. Pure liquid dielectrics exhibit different breakdown behavior than impure liquids, which can be modified by dissolved gases and impurities. Factors like temperature, pressure, electrode shape and position, frequency, and viscosity can further influence the dielectric strength and breakdown of both pure and impure liquid dielectrics.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
The MOSFET is an important element in embedded system design which is used to control the loads as per the requirement. The MOSFET is a high voltage controlling device provides some key features for circuit designers in terms of their overall performance.
Microfluidics and nanofluidics involve the manipulation of fluids in channels with small dimensions, including cross-sectional areas less than 100 micrometers for microfluidics and the nanometer scale for nanofluidics. Key applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics include lab-on-a-chip systems, molecular biology, and the study of transport phenomena at small scales. Forces that dominate at the nanoscale include electrostatic, van der Waals, and capillary forces. Nanofluidic systems have potential applications in analytical chemistry, studying gene expression, and water purification.
Point-of-Need Testing: Application of Microfluidic Technologies - 2016 Report...Yole Developpement
Decentralized testing for both human and non-human in-vitro diagnostics is increasingly taking advantage of innovative microfluidic technologies
PLENTY OF APPLICATIONS HAVE STARTED TO BENEFIT FROM MICROFLUIDICS FOR DECENTRALIZED TESTING, BUT HAVE NOT REALIZED THEIR FULL POTENTIAL – YET
Point-of-Care (PoC) testing is not a new concept - the first applications arose in the 1990s. Since then, microfluidic technologies have been increasingly used to solve technical problems and bring economic benefits to the healthcare industry. In the past few years, other applications have benefited from recent technological improvements: veterinary testing, environmental testing, agro-food and industrial testing are also part of the scope of the report. Decentralized testing brings significant operational benefits to various players across these applications.
Microfluidics is part of the diagnostics revolution, with an explosion in the number of products on the market. However, with many applications but few solutions existing today, these markets have not yet reached their full potential.
In the report, Yole Développement (Yole)’s analysts explain why the human healthcare market still looks much more attractive to technology developers. However, in the near future the greatest opportunities will be in all the other markets. The report also explores which barriers still need to be taken down for decentralized, or “point-of-need” (PoN), testing to flourish.
Microfluidics-based point-of-need testing will grow from a $2.6B market in 2015 to $10.3B in 2021, which is a 26% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). This value represents more than 500 million tests in 2021, but only 61 million will be outside human diagnostics. In the report, Yole’s analysts detail the evolution of each application in terms of microfluidic technology’s use.
Microfluidic Applications 2015 Report by Yole DeveloppementYole Developpement
This document provides a summary and analysis of the microfluidic applications market from 2013 to 2020. It includes:
- An overview of key market segments and the status of the microfluidic market since 2013.
- Market data and forecasts for the microfluidic devices market, which is projected to reach $6 billion by 2020.
- Segmentation of the microfluidic chips and tests markets, totaling $1.77 billion and $4.5 billion respectively in 2014.
- Descriptions of major product classes and applications such as clinical diagnostics, point-of-care testing, and life sciences research.
- Emerging applications and technologies that provide new functions and benefits.
Product Safety Testing Reduces the Risk of Shock, Fire, ExplosionsSam Davis
Product Safety Testing
Reduces the Risk of
Shock, Fire, Explosions
Dave Lohbeck
as presented to the Central Texas Product Safety Engineering Society (PSES)
This document discusses energy sensors. It defines energy and different types of sensors. It then describes various energy sensors including mechanical energy sensors like accelerometers and force sensors, thermal energy sensors like thermocouples and thermistors, and heat flux sensors. The document highlights key characteristics and applications of different energy sensors.
This document summarizes a student project to design a smart trash sorting system using Arduino. The system uses various sensors like IR, inductive proximity, laser, and FSR to sort materials into 4 categories: paper, plastic, glass, and metal. It aims to facilitate recycling and reduce waste sorting time/costs. The system design and circuit implementation are presented. Potential issues discussed are sensor accuracy for similar materials and reducing errors. Future work proposed includes adding audio feedback, replacing sensors to reduce errors, and integrating the system with automation.
Ideal 3D Stacked Die Test - IEEE Semiconductor Wafer Test Workshop SWTW 2013Ira Feldman
My presentation from IEEE SWTW 2013 - For a full description please see my blog:
http://hightechbizdev.com/2013/06/10/ira-feldman-high-technology-business-development-ieee-semiconductor-wafer-test-workshop-2013/
The ALMDS laser system is designed to detect naval mines from helicopters. It uses a diode-pumped solid-state laser operating at 532nm integrated into an external pod. The laser transmitter unit and electronics unit undergo military-standard testing for environmental extremes. The laser operates at 350Hz pulse repetition frequency, delivering 45W average power. Precise temperature control is required for consistent doubling of the laser light to 532nm for underwater imaging.
Testo thermal imagers provide high-quality thermography for industrial applications in 3 sentences or less:
Thermal imagers from Testo detect anomalies, weak spots, and damage across industries through contactless imaging to prevent issues and ensure efficiency and safety. Their high resolution and temperature sensitivity allow for comprehensive analysis and precise identification of even small temperature differences. Intuitive operation and innovative technologies like SuperResolution deliver optimum image quality for reliable decision making.
Automated Design of Digital Microfluids Lab-on-ChipACMBangalore
This letter nominates Dr. Fei Su for an Outstanding Ph.D. Dissertation Award for his work on design automation and test methods for digital microfluidic biochips. Digital microfluidic biochips use electrowetting-on-dielectric to manipulate discrete droplets of fluids, revolutionizing applications like DNA sequencing and clinical diagnostics. Dr. Su's dissertation focused on synthesis, testing, and reconfiguration techniques to address design challenges for these emerging lab-on-chip devices. The work exploits the reconfigurability of droplet-based "digital" microfluidics to automate labor-intensive tasks and allow remapping of bioassays in the case of chip defects.
History of atomic structure pisay versionMika Gancayco
1. Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil and detected their scattering with a fluorescent screen.
2. Contrary to expectations, some alpha particles were scattered at high angles or even back in the direction of the source.
3. This unexpected result led Rutherford to conclude that atoms are mostly empty space, with a tiny, dense positively charged nucleus at their center that could deflect the alpha particles. This challenged the prevailing plum pudding model of the atom.
11.calculation of electric field distribution at high voltage cable terminationsAlexander Decker
This document presents an analytical method for calculating the voltage distribution at high voltage cable terminations that use resistive materials like deionized water. The method models the cable termination as a coaxial cable end enclosed in a resistive medium. Equations are derived to relate the voltage, current, and electric field distributions as a function of position along the cable end based on the cable's capacitance and the resistivity of the termination material. The analytical solution provides insight into how different design parameters affect the voltage and stress distributions at cable terminations, which is important for controlling electrical stresses.
Magnetic position sensors aim at electric power steering applications.HEINZ OYRER
Electric power steering (EPS) is the gateway technology to autonomous driving of the future. It is needed to enable advanced driver assistance systems such as side-wind compensation, lane assist/keeping and parking assistance systems. EPS uses a combination of electric motors, actuators, sensors and controllers to give drivers the best steering control for all driving conditions - with Magnetic Position Sensors sensors playing a key role. This event will outline the importance of magnetic position sensors, discuss emerging magnetic sensor trends, such as the inclusion of dynamic angle error compensation and stray field immunity features, to provide higher levels of accuracy performance, and provide an overview of ams’ solutions for this market. Moreover, the talk will discuss how magnetic position sensors are helping to pave the way to electric assisted power steering solutions to meet new government safety and improved fuel efficiency regulations, as well as new industry safety standards such as ISO26262 – ASIL.
Overuse of antibiotics has led to the spread of resistant bacteria through mutation and horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes. This has created an antibiotics crisis with few new antibiotics being developed. Biostrike proposes decentralized citizen science initiatives to research new antibiotics and alternative cures through digital biology techniques like nanopore sequencing, microfluidics, and DNA synthesis. One approach is phage therapy using programmable bacteriophages that could provide personalized treatment.
Bio world going digital, 27 March 2015, Irelandbioflux
Recent advances in synthetic biology open up new possibilities in healthcare, agriculture, chemicals, materials, energy, and bioremediation. With approximated 15bn molecular assays performed per year in biological laboratories, the automation of these procedures is a strong demand by laboratory scientists. Digital Biology is the computer aided programming of biological assays using digital microfluidic biochip (DMFB) devices based on electrowetting on dielectric technology. Digital Biology allows for wide scale automation of laboratory procedures in synthetic biology by improving efficiency between 1000 to 100000 fold compared to manual laboratory work, for the first time enabling wide scale rapid prototyping for the iterative creation of biological systems. We want to develop the Droplet Flux Technology for intricate control of droplets on DMFBs. Droplet Flux will be a combination of an online software suit for researchers to plan experiments, an open source operating system for DMFB devices and wetware kits to perform a wide range of standardized bioassays used in synthetic biology. Provided that yet open safety questions around synthetic biology are resolved, a portable device using Flux Technology could be constructed and its use extended for e.g. environmental monitoring in agriculture or point of care diagnostics for regular citizens.
Fundamentals and applications of microfluidics - ch1明輝 劉
This document discusses the history and fundamentals of microfluidics. It begins with a brief history of microfluidics starting in the 1950s and developments in microelectronics, MEMS, and early microfluidic devices in subsequent decades. It then defines microfluidics as handling small fluid volumes typically on the microscopic scale and discusses commercial and scientific applications of microfluidics like human genome sequencing, medical diagnostics, and new chemical reactions. Key milestones are also outlined such as miniaturization of devices in earlier decades and exploration of new effects and applications in more recent decades.
The document discusses harnessing the power of lightning for energy production. It notes that lightning strikes produce enormous amounts of energy but capturing this energy is challenging due to the sporadic and unpredictable nature of lightning. The document proposes using lightning strikes to power water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, which could be used as a clean energy source. It also outlines some of the technical challenges involved in capturing lightning's power and transforming it into a usable form of energy storage.
This document provides an overview of microfluidics presented by Rajan Arora. It defines microfluidics as manipulating small amounts of fluids using channels 10-100 micrometers in size. Typical microfluidic systems are described including a DNA separation system and lab-on-a-chip for diagnosing heart attacks. The origins and history of microfluidics are discussed from Richard Feynman's 1959 talk to developments in the 1990s. Key components, physics principles, and flow mechanisms of microfluidic systems are explained. Various applications are highlighted such as lab-on-a-chip, low-cost paper and plastic-based microfluidics, and emerging uses in textiles, optofluidics and acou
This document provides information and guidelines for conducting bottle tests to evaluate demulsifiers for crude oil emulsions. It discusses the typical processing sequence in a gas-oil separation plant, including initial separation in a high pressure production trap and subsequent vessels. Key information needs for bottle tests are outlined, such as processing temperatures, residence times in vessels, typical water separation percentages, and crude oil properties. Factors that influence emulsion stability like aging and crude grade are also explained. The goal of the document is to train technicians on properly conducting bottle tests to formulate effective demulsifier formulations.
This document discusses the purity aspects of liquid dielectrics and how it affects dielectric breakdown. It explains that the purity of a liquid dielectric impacts properties like dielectric strength, ion size, viscosity, and density. Pure liquid dielectrics exhibit different breakdown behavior than impure liquids, which can be modified by dissolved gases and impurities. Factors like temperature, pressure, electrode shape and position, frequency, and viscosity can further influence the dielectric strength and breakdown of both pure and impure liquid dielectrics.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
The MOSFET is an important element in embedded system design which is used to control the loads as per the requirement. The MOSFET is a high voltage controlling device provides some key features for circuit designers in terms of their overall performance.
Microfluidics and nanofluidics involve the manipulation of fluids in channels with small dimensions, including cross-sectional areas less than 100 micrometers for microfluidics and the nanometer scale for nanofluidics. Key applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics include lab-on-a-chip systems, molecular biology, and the study of transport phenomena at small scales. Forces that dominate at the nanoscale include electrostatic, van der Waals, and capillary forces. Nanofluidic systems have potential applications in analytical chemistry, studying gene expression, and water purification.
Point-of-Need Testing: Application of Microfluidic Technologies - 2016 Report...Yole Developpement
Decentralized testing for both human and non-human in-vitro diagnostics is increasingly taking advantage of innovative microfluidic technologies
PLENTY OF APPLICATIONS HAVE STARTED TO BENEFIT FROM MICROFLUIDICS FOR DECENTRALIZED TESTING, BUT HAVE NOT REALIZED THEIR FULL POTENTIAL – YET
Point-of-Care (PoC) testing is not a new concept - the first applications arose in the 1990s. Since then, microfluidic technologies have been increasingly used to solve technical problems and bring economic benefits to the healthcare industry. In the past few years, other applications have benefited from recent technological improvements: veterinary testing, environmental testing, agro-food and industrial testing are also part of the scope of the report. Decentralized testing brings significant operational benefits to various players across these applications.
Microfluidics is part of the diagnostics revolution, with an explosion in the number of products on the market. However, with many applications but few solutions existing today, these markets have not yet reached their full potential.
In the report, Yole Développement (Yole)’s analysts explain why the human healthcare market still looks much more attractive to technology developers. However, in the near future the greatest opportunities will be in all the other markets. The report also explores which barriers still need to be taken down for decentralized, or “point-of-need” (PoN), testing to flourish.
Microfluidics-based point-of-need testing will grow from a $2.6B market in 2015 to $10.3B in 2021, which is a 26% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). This value represents more than 500 million tests in 2021, but only 61 million will be outside human diagnostics. In the report, Yole’s analysts detail the evolution of each application in terms of microfluidic technology’s use.
Microfluidic Applications 2015 Report by Yole DeveloppementYole Developpement
This document provides a summary and analysis of the microfluidic applications market from 2013 to 2020. It includes:
- An overview of key market segments and the status of the microfluidic market since 2013.
- Market data and forecasts for the microfluidic devices market, which is projected to reach $6 billion by 2020.
- Segmentation of the microfluidic chips and tests markets, totaling $1.77 billion and $4.5 billion respectively in 2014.
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Study on Droplet-based Liquid Cooling of an Hotspot using Digital Microfluidics
1. DIGITAL MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE FOR HOTSPOT
COOLING IN ICS USING ELECTROWETTING ON
DIELECTRIC
ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering
Congress & Exposition
Shreyas Bindiganavale1, Hyejin Moon1*, Seung M You2
1Integrated
Micro and NanoFluidics Lab (IMNFLab)
2Micro-scale Heat Transfer Laboratory
University of Texas at Arlington
hyejin.moon@uta.edu
2. Integrated Circuit Cooling – Introduction
• Heat generation in IC?
– Heat generated from the IC due to conversion of electric power to
thermal energy
– Dissipated through wire bonds and leads
• Need for electronics cooling?
– Improve operating efficiency & increase
reliability of IC
• Conventional cooling systems
– Heat sinks, fans, heat pipes & vents
– Not suitable for present day electronics
IMECE 2012 2
3. Digital Microfluidics (DMF) – Introduction
• Manipulation of discrete droplets in micro scale with high
automation
• Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD)
– Digital microfluidic technique to transport, merge or create drops
– Electric field induces relocation of charges at the solid liquid
interface line
– Wettability of droplet on
hydrophobic surface changed
Reversible
• Main advantages
– Pump less operation Change in wetting of drop when electric field is
applied on a sessile drop
– Adaptive cooling of hotspots Moon, et al. J. App. Phys. 2002, 92, 4080-4087
IMECE 2012 3
4. IC Hotspot Cooling using EWOD DMF
• Long term application target – Near junction hotspot cooling in 3-D ICs
– Small & thin form factor – Capability of integrating device in constraint 2D spaces
– Minimum contact resistance compared to other cooling methods
– Ease of fabrication – In-line with conventional cleanroom semiconductor
fabrication
– No mechanical parts like pumps, pressure sources, valves etc.
– Easy integration techniques for 3D ICs
EWOD cooling device
*Image Source: IBM, 3M *Image Source: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
IMECE 2012 4
5. Objective of EWOD DMF Cooling
• To demonstrate proof of concept
– Integrate fluidic components, EWOD device operation, temperature measurement
and data collection
– Motion of drops across hotspot by EWOD – miniature heaters emulates hotspots
Top glass chip
Cool Hot Cool Hot
~ Droplet ~ Droplet ~ Droplet Droplet
Electrical
insulator ITO Heater/RTD Bottom glass chip
Cross section of device and its operation.
IMECE 2012 5
6. Objective of EWOD DMF Cooling
• Direct microscale temperature measurement
– To measure/control temperature at hotspot by thin film ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) RTD
• Study EWOD DMF cooling phenomena
– Cooling studies to help focus on untapped potential of EWOD cooling
– Single-phase with traces of phase-change cooling observed during low heat flux
application (< 10 W/cm2)
– To build a strong practical and theoretical foundation for phase-change dominant
studies (> 103 W/cm2)
IMECE 2012 6
7. Temperature Measurement with ITO RTD
• Motivation behind material selection
– ITO thin film (150 nm) was standard material of choice for EWOD patterning
– Provides optical transparency without sacrificing function
– Cheap fabrication process when compared to other materials
1440 510 µm
1430
510 µm
1420
1410
Resistance Ω
1400
- Curve indicates ITO is a PTC
1390
Top view of ITO RTD. - Linear within temperature range
1380
1370 - TCR value is 1.0797
1360
1350
1340
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Temperature C
Calibration of ITO thin film RTD.
IMECE 2012 7
8. Experimental Setup
EWOD AC Camera system
Voltage
supply
Control Panel
Heater/RTD
DAQ
Computer control
DMF EWOD
cooling device
IMECE 2012 8
9. DMF hotspot cooling device
Cr EWOD connections
Liquid reservoir
Droplet motion path
ITO heater
busbar
EWOD device used in the experiment.
IMECE 2012 9
10. Experimental Procedure
• Simultaneous operation of the following
– Droplet dispensing
Reservoir filling and droplet generation
– Start EWOD motion
Automated control of droplet motion
– Power ON heater
Supply required power
to heater to emulate hotspot
– Collect RTD data
Acquire RTD resistance and
time data simultaneously Liquid inlet Liquid exit
View of assembled
device with tubing
for liquid dispensing.
IMECE 2012 10
12. Summary of Results
1490 No
105
drop Drop
95
1480
85
1470
Temperature ( C)
75
1460 2 No drop
36.6 W/cm2 Uncooled
65
1450 2
36.6 W/cm2
55
1440 2
20 W/cm2 uncooled
No drop
45
1430 2
20 W/cm2
35
1420
2
8.7 W/cm2 uncooled
No drop
25
1410
2
15
1400
8.7 W/cm2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (s)
Heating No. of drops Calib. ΔR/ΔT Switching EWOD
element area time voltage
0.002601 cm2 6 1.085 Ω/K 1.5 sec 100 VAC,
1KHz
IMECE 2012 12
13. Summary of Results
1490
105
95
1480
85
1470
Temperature ( C)
2
36.6 W/cm2 Uncooled
75
1460 No drop
2
65
1450
36.6 W/cm2
55
1440 2
20 W/cm2 Uncooled
No drop
45
1430 2
20 W/cm2
35
1420
2
8.7 W/cm2 uncooled
No drop
25
1410
2
8.7 W/cm2
15
1400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (s)
Heating No. of drops Calib. ΔR/ΔT Switching EWOD
element area time voltage
0.002601 cm2 7 1.085 Ω/K 1.25 sec 100 VAC,
1KHz
IMECE 2012 13
14. Summary of Results
1490
105
95
1480
85
1470
Temperature ( C)
2
36.6 W/cm2 Uncooled
75
1460 No drop
2
65
1450
36.6 W/cm2
55
1440 2
20 W/cm2 Uncooled
No drop
45
1430 2
20 W/cm2
35
1420
2
No drop
8.7 W/cm2 uncooled
25
1410
2
15
1400
8.7 W/cm2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (s)
Heating No. of drops Calib. ΔR/ΔT Switching EWOD
element area time (t) voltage
0.002601 cm2 9 1.085 Ω/K 1 sec 100 VAC,
1KHz
IMECE 2012 14
15. Observations
• Distinct kinks observed at high q’’
– At entry due to advancing meniscus formation over heater
– At exit due to receding meniscus formation over heater
– Visuals show evaporation and condensation
Lower temperature drop at kinks
Indication of phase-change heat transfer
Advancing
Receding
Meniscus
Meniscus
Droplet
Droplet
IMECE 2012 15
16. Observations
T’nd
T’max
• For fixed t, varying q’’ (Figure A) ΔTthigh
T’d
– ΔT’ (T’max – T’min) > ΔT (Tmax – Tmin)
Due to higher phase-change heat transfer
ΔT’
q’’high thigh = 1.5s
at q’’high than at q’’low
T’min
Tnd
ΔTtlow
• For varying t, high q’’ (Figure B) Td
– ΔTthigh (T’nd – T’d) < ΔTtlow (Tnd – Td) Tmax
Indicates room for temperature stabilization ΔT tlow = 1s
by further minimizing t
q’’low Tmin
Figure A Figure B
thigh = 1.5s
• For varying t , low q’’ (Figure C)
– ΔTthigh = ΔTtlow = 0
Poor clarity in data as RTD noise higher at
q’’low due to lower current tlow = 1s
Figure C 16
IMECE 2012
17. Conclusions
• Demonstrated proof of concept
• Temperature measurement using ITO RTD performed
• Fundamentals of EWOD DMF cooling phenomena observed
IMECE 2012 17
18. Future Work
• Droplet generation
– High frequency
– Long time duration
• Looping of liquid supply to hotspot
– To incorporate internal supply of liquid using return EWOD electrode
paths
• Silicon substrate to be chosen for future demonstration
– Towards embedded IC cooling
• Better synchronization between RTD data and high speed
imagery
– High speed camera imagery will be matched with RTD data for pinpoint data
relation
• Better RTD noise reduction techniques for data clarity
IMECE 2012 18
19. Acknowledgements
• This study was supported by:
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Microsystems
Technology Office (DARPA/MTO)
Dr. Avram Bar-Cohen, Program Manager
Program grant number: W31P4Q-11-1-0012
• Travel support was provided by the University of Texas at
Arlington through the College of Engineering
Thank you!
IMECE 2012 19
Editor's Notes
Good Morning everyone! I am Shreyas and today I am talking about a device for hotspot cooling in integrated circuits using digital microfluidics
Thermal management in integrated circuits is commonly understood by the heat transfer community. As we enter a new era of computing where performance of the IC increases as the real estate decreases, there arises a great demand for a compact cooling system which can take over the role of conventional cooling systems like heat sinks, fans and pipes
Explain highlighted words. An approach which we took at the IMNfL is by using Digital microfluidics. DMF is the process of micromanipulation of discrete droplets in small quantities and high automation…EWOD used as a DMF technique to transport, merge or create drops. Heat transfer point of view, the main advantages are pump less operation – no need of external pumps to drive coolants – and adaptive cooling – coolant can be sent anywhere on the chip to cool hotspots. Some of the applications include L-o-c devices for drug delivery etc.
Emphasize on near junction hotspot cooling….minimum contact resistance compared to ufluidics methods….thin form factor….easy integration….no pumps…pressure sources…..long term vision is targeting near junction IC cooling in 3D IC packagesIn 3D packages, the heat can be removed only from the top of the entirepackage….EWOD DMF device can be integrated in-between the individual layers of the 3D IC packageDo research on literature based on thru hole conducting vias….heat removal in 3D IC’s is made possible using THV’s but EWOD DMF can be also comparable
Using this technique, we list out objectives which includes illustrating the proof of concept of the combination of EWOD and the need for IC cooling by emulating hotspots. Coolant drops are moved by digitally actuating a series of electrodes in the desired direction of transport. In this case, drops are transported across hotspot to cool them…Why liquid cooling better than air cooling? Higher ‘k’; Higher ‘h’; q’’ evap higher
The second objective is to devise a microscale temperature measurement technique and the third is to study the EWOD DMF cooling phenomena at the microscale level to understand single-phase and phase change cooling
This plot shows the TCR curve of the ITO RTD for the temperature of interest. The reason we calibrated ITO was because its not a conventional material used for RTD – need for transparency
The experimental setup involves the voltage supply source for EWOD motion, the heater/RTD DAQ for rtd data acquisition, the camera system for the image capture and the control panel for setting up the experimental parameters. The ewod device under test is the focus of attention in the upcoming slides
Since measurement is not well controlled, the power we provided to the hotspot is dissipated elsewhere through the glass substrate. Hence, the actual power provided to the hotspot is not entirely available for cooling. We are in the process of improving the experimental design by lowering spreading or by coming up with a better RTD busbar design. Our main intention here was to demonstrate the drop in temperature with droplet cooling.
Past success/failures with Si substrate…..Don’t spend too much time on this slide
Just thank “other members for their continued recommendations and support throughout my research work”