The document provides a comprehensive overview of syntax, explaining its importance in language structure and rules for constructing sentences to ensure clarity and coherence. It details basic rules of syntax in English, types of sentences, common errors, and various sentence patterns. Additionally, the document discusses sentence diagramming and the order of adjectives and adverbs in descriptive phrases.

1. 1. bloom the flowers.
2. postcard he friend sent his a.
3. painted the house they.
4. cat the dog the chased.

3. SYNTAX
•is the study of the structure of
language, particularly the way in
which words can be put together to
create meaningful phrases, clauses,
or sentences.

4. Importance of Syntax in Language
Syntax is crucial in language
because it defines the rules that govern
how words are combined to form
phrases, clauses, and sentences. These
rules dictate the structure of language,
ensuring that communication is
coherent and meaningful.

5. FIVE BASIC RULES OF
SYNTAX IN ENGLISH

6. 1All sentences require a subject and averb.
However,imperative sentences(commands)
do not need to include their subject because
it’s assumed to be the person the sentence is
directed at.

7. 2A single sentence should include one
main idea. If a sentence includes two
or more ideas, it’s best to break it up
into multiple sentences.

8. 3The subject comes first, and the verb
comes second. If the sentence has
objects, they come third, after the
verb.

9. 4Subordinate clauses(dependent clauses)
also require a subject and verb.

10. 5Adjectives and adverbs go in front of
the words they describe. If there are
multiple adjectives describing the same
noun, use the properadjective order.

11. What is syntax errors in
communication?
Syntax errors in communication
refer to mistakes in the grammatical
structure of sentences that can affect
clarity and understanding. These
errors can have a significant impact on
effective communication.

12. SENTENCE
A sentence is a group of words
that communicate a complete idea.
There are two basic and necessary
parts for a sentence to be complete:
the subject and the predicate.

13. SUBJECT
-identifies the topic of the sentence.

14. PREDICATE
-provides information about the topic of the
sentence

15. •She and her friend play every day in the garden.
•The dog barked at the mailman.
•He ate a sandwich for lunch.
•The cat and the dog slept on the couch.

16. Compound Subjects
Sentences can have compound subjects. A compound subject is when there
is more than one noun in the subject.

17. For example, the sentence below has a
compound subject
•The sun and the moon shine brightly
in the sky.
•The young boy and his sister happily
eat some fruits with their family.

18. COMPOUND PREDICATES
Sentences can also have compound
predicates. A compound predicate is
when there is more than one action
taking place in the predicate.

19. •I read a book and listened to music.
•They laughed and cried during the emotional
movie.
•She sang and danced at the talent show.
•The artist painted a masterpiece and sold it for a
high price.

20. SENTENCE DIAGRAMMING

21. SENTENCE DIAGRAMMING
• There are four types of lines you’ll need for sentence
diagramming.
• Horizontal lines (____) to write subjects, verbs and
objects.
• Vertical lines ( | )to separate subjects and objects
• Diagonal lines ( ) to write modifiers, prepositions and
articles
• Dotted vertical or diagonal lines (.) for conjuctions
:
:

22. Diagramming Sentences
SUBJECT AND VERBS

23. Diagramming Modifiers
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

24. Henry bowed very politely.

26. LET’S TRY!
1. The green box fell.
2. Two fat birds chirped.
3. Walter ran very quickly.
4. Thomas Edison worked diligently.

32. The hairy dog sat in the corner of the room

33. Word order refers to how the words are
organized and sequenced in a sentence.
Basic word order of English is Subject +
Verb + Object (S+V+O). The object is the
item which receives the action from the
verb.
WORD ORDER OF A SENTENCE

34. 1. ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
In a sentence we may have more than one
adjective at a time. At this time they should follow
the following order.

36. •She is wearing a (silk red new) dress.
She is wearing a new red silk dress.
•I carried a (black small) suitcase
I carried a small black suitcase

37. •He found a (tiny Chinese white triangular historic
fascinating porcelain) teacup.
He found a fascinating tiny historic triangular white
Chinese porcelain teacup.
•They purchased a (little unique new silver Japanese
cylindrical metal) pen.
They purchased a unique little new cylindrical
silver Japanese metal pen.

38. 2. ORDER OF ADVERBS
In a descriptive sentence, there may be more
than one adverb, although we rarely see
sentences with more than two adverbs modifying
a verb. At this time they should follow the
following order; Adverb of manner, place,
frequency, time, purpose

40. The following statements are true about sentences in
English:
A new sentence begins with a capital letter.
• He obtained his degree.
A sentence ends with punctuation (a period, a
question mark, or an exclamation point).
• He obtained his degree.
A sentence contains a subject that is only given once.
• Smith he obtained his degree.

41. A sentence must have a complete idea that stands
alone. This is also called an independent clause.
• He obtained his degree.
A sentence contains a verb or a verb phrase.
• He obtained his degree.
A sentence follows Subject + Verb + Object word order.
• He (subject) obtained (verb) his degree (object).

42. The 5 Basic Sentence Patterns
in English

43. 1.Subject + Linking Verb + Complement ( S – LV – C)
2.Subject + Intransitive Verb ( S – IV )
3.Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object ( S – TV – DO
)
4.Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct
Object ( S – TV – IO – DO )
5.Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object
Complement ( S – TV – DO – OC)

44. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement
( S – LV – C)
•She is a doctor.
•The cake smells delicious.
•They feel happy.

45. Subject + Intransitive Verb ( S – IV )
• She sings.
• The bird flew.
• He laughed.
• I sleep.
• The child giggled.
• The cat meowed.
• The river flows.

46. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object
( S – TV – DO )
•She ate an apple.
•He reads a book.
•She plays the piano.
•He wrote a letter.

47. Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct
Object ( S – TV – IO – DO )
•She gave him a gift.
•They bought their children toys.
•The teacher handed the students worksheets.

48. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object
Complement ( S – TV – DO – OC)
•He appointed her manager.
•They declared the party a success.
•I found the book interesting.
•She considers him a friend.
•He named the dog Max.
•They elected her president.

49. 1. She painted the wall blue.
2. They danced.
3. The sun shines.
4. Coleen is a teacher.
5. They watched a movie.
6. She baked a cake.
7. She told me a story.
8. He showed his parents his artwork.

50. SENTENCES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
 COMPLEX SENTENCE
 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

51. Simple Sentence
Simple sentence consists of one independent
clause. (An independent clause contains a subject
and verb and expresses a complete thought.)
•I like coffee.
•Mary likes tea.
•Mary did not go to the party.

52. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or
semicolon. Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone.
I like coffee and Mary likes tea.
Mary went to work but John went to the
party.
Our car broke down; we came last.

53. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause
plus a dependent clause. (A dependent clause starts with a
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, and contains
a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.)
We missed our plane because we were late.
Our dog barks when she hears a noise.
He left in a hurry after he got a phone call.

54. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:
after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once,
since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether,
while
Here are the five basic relative pronouns:
that, which, who, whom, whose

55. Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
John didn't come because he was ill so Mary was not happy.
He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he came back five
minutes later.

56. TYPES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING
TO PURPOSE
Declarative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Imperative Sentences
Exclamatory Sentences.

57. Declarative Sentences
The first type of sentence in the English language is
the declarative sentence. Declarative sentences, or
declarations, convey information or make statements.

58. For example:
o My cat chases rabbits.
o Harry Potter is the boy who lived.
o Her brother has lived in Alabama for seven years.
o A tornado destroyed the grain bins.

59. Interrogative Sentences
The second type of sentence in the English
language is the interrogative sentence.
Interrogative sentences, or questions, request
information or ask questions.

60. For example:
o When does the train leave?
o Do your dogs like peanut butter?
o How old is your daughter?
o Is your husband a firefighter?

61. Imperative Sentences
The third type of sentence in the English
language is the imperative sentence.
Imperative sentences, or imperatives, make
commands or requests.

62. For example:
o Buy some bread and milk on your way home.
o Shut the door please.
o Turn right at the park.
o Stop talking so loudly!
o Open the windows to let the smoke out!

63. Exclamatory Sentences
The fourth type of sentence in the English
language is the exclamatory sentence. Exclamatory
sentences, or exclamations, show emphasis.
Unlike the other three sentences purposes,
exclamatory sentences are not a distinct sentence
type. Instead, declarative, interrogative, and
imperative sentences become exclamatory through
added emphasis.

64. For example:
o The train left an hour ago! (declarative)
o How did you break your leg?! (interrogative)
o What the heck was that?! (interrogative)
o Stop chewing with your mouth open! (imperative)
o Do not open the presents until the morning!
(imperative)

65. THANK YOU, chers! Mabuhay!

66. REFERENCES
• Muin, Fatchul. (2019). Chapter 7 SYNTAX.
• 5 Basic sentence patterns in English: rules and structures you must know. (2021, April 21).
QQEnglish | English Language School.https://qqeng.net/Learning/basic-sentence-
patterns-in-english/
• What is syntax? Learn the meaning and rules, with examples. (2022, April 29). What Is
Syntax? Definition, Rules, and Examples |
Grammarly.https://www.grammarly.com/blog/syntax/?
msockid=1bd45d93344b6517146b4903357b6469