This document summarizes a study that examined English as a foreign language students' motivation levels towards using computer-assisted language learning. The study involved 126 students who completed a questionnaire measuring their motivation. The results showed that most students had high motivation levels and that motivation was significantly correlated with how important students felt learning English was. However, motivation was not significantly correlated with other factors like age, gender, parents' education levels, or computer experience. The study concluded that integrating computers into language learning can be effective for motivating students, as beliefs about a language's importance strongly influence motivation levels.
Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second La...ijtsrd
This study aimed to document the demonstrating factors that demotivate college students at the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus from learning English as a Second Language ESL . Based on the findings, the researchers developed institutional teaching strategies to address demotivation factors. The study employed a descriptive research design. A total of 552 randomly sampled college students enrolled in GE 2 Purposive Communication during the Second Semester of Academic Year 2020 2021 were considered as research participants. The questionnaire was adapted from the study of Gardner 1985 . Findings revealed that with a total weighted mean of 3.46, the respondents are “much demotivated†on the internal factors. On external factors, six 6 categories were found out, teachers' behavior, 3.75 “much demotivated †teachers' competence, 3.63 “much demotivated †classroom learning resource preparedness availability, 3.53, “much demotivated †course content, 3.27 “demotivated †class size, and course assessment and requirements, 3.26 “demotivated.†The 3.39 total weighted mean suggest that they are “demotivated†on external factors. The general weighted mean of 3.43, suggest that they are “much demotivated†on both internal and external factors. To address the demotivating factor issues of the language learners, the researchers came up with institutional teaching strategies framework which the language teachers may employ. These strategies include metacognitive, cognitive, social strategies, use of audio visual materials, and internet based language learning. Leah A. De Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. De Asis-Estigoy | Veronica A. Piczon "Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second Language in the University of Eastern Philippines: Basis for Institutional Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47685.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47685/demonstrating-factors-causing-demotivation-in-learning-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-university-of-eastern-philippines-basis-for-institutional-teaching-strategies/leah-a-de-asis
Libyan Secondary School Students’ Metacognitive Online Reading Strategies and...inventionjournals
This study investigates the relationship between metacognitive online reading strategies and English language performance of EFL Libyan secondary school students. It explores the use of metacognitive online reading strategies by EFL Libyan secondary school students and identifies the problems that these students encounter while reading online. This study used mixed method design, both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 for quantitative data and Nvivo version 10 for qualitative data. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between metacognitive online reading strategies and English performance of EFL Libyan secondary school students. The study also found that the participants are moderate users of metacognitive online reading strategies and they face problems while reading online. The study suggests that teachers teach the metacognitive online reading strategies to students to improve their online reading process and help them to get the benefits of online sources in less time with less effort, which will be reflected positively in their English language performance.
Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second La...ijtsrd
This study aimed to document the demonstrating factors that demotivate college students at the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus from learning English as a Second Language ESL . Based on the findings, the researchers developed institutional teaching strategies to address demotivation factors. The study employed a descriptive research design. A total of 552 randomly sampled college students enrolled in GE 2 Purposive Communication during the Second Semester of Academic Year 2020 2021 were considered as research participants. The questionnaire was adapted from the study of Gardner 1985 . Findings revealed that with a total weighted mean of 3.46, the respondents are “much demotivated†on the internal factors. On external factors, six 6 categories were found out, teachers' behavior, 3.75 “much demotivated †teachers' competence, 3.63 “much demotivated †classroom learning resource preparedness availability, 3.53, “much demotivated †course content, 3.27 “demotivated †class size, and course assessment and requirements, 3.26 “demotivated.†The 3.39 total weighted mean suggest that they are “demotivated†on external factors. The general weighted mean of 3.43, suggest that they are “much demotivated†on both internal and external factors. To address the demotivating factor issues of the language learners, the researchers came up with institutional teaching strategies framework which the language teachers may employ. These strategies include metacognitive, cognitive, social strategies, use of audio visual materials, and internet based language learning. Leah A. De Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. De Asis-Estigoy | Veronica A. Piczon "Demonstrating Factors Causing Demotivation in Learning English as a Second Language in the University of Eastern Philippines: Basis for Institutional Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47685.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47685/demonstrating-factors-causing-demotivation-in-learning-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-university-of-eastern-philippines-basis-for-institutional-teaching-strategies/leah-a-de-asis
Libyan Secondary School Students’ Metacognitive Online Reading Strategies and...inventionjournals
This study investigates the relationship between metacognitive online reading strategies and English language performance of EFL Libyan secondary school students. It explores the use of metacognitive online reading strategies by EFL Libyan secondary school students and identifies the problems that these students encounter while reading online. This study used mixed method design, both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 for quantitative data and Nvivo version 10 for qualitative data. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between metacognitive online reading strategies and English performance of EFL Libyan secondary school students. The study also found that the participants are moderate users of metacognitive online reading strategies and they face problems while reading online. The study suggests that teachers teach the metacognitive online reading strategies to students to improve their online reading process and help them to get the benefits of online sources in less time with less effort, which will be reflected positively in their English language performance.
Parker, celeste the effectiveness of two reading intervention programs nfaerj...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Parker, celeste the effectiveness of two reading intervention programs nfaerj...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Promoting Female Students Interests in Studying with Educational TechnologyIJITE
Numerous studies have discussed gender differences in technology education, and have demonstrated that male students have more confidence in using technology than do female students. Female students’ lack of interest is due to the pedagogical approaches favoring male values. By contrast, no previous research on the integration of technology in English as a foreign language has investigated gender differences and the level of confidence of students in using technology in the classroom. This study aims to investigate the perceptions of students’ use of technology in the field of English applied foreign languages and check their perceptions about the use of computer technology. For this purpose, students enrolled in a conventional class of second year license degree in Applied Foreign Languages were interviewed and answered a questionnaire. The results of this study show that female students are highly likely to gain more confidence when given activities that match their learning interests.
Os 24 Anciãos do Salmo 71 e do Apocalipse.Jair de Barros
24 ANCIÃOS : 12 + 12 = 24 ( Todos os Salvos do Antigo Testamento (12), mais os 12 Salvos do Novo Testamento (12), igual a 24 (Totalidade do Governo de Deus !!!
Parker, celeste the effectiveness of two reading intervention programs nfaerj...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Parker, celeste the effectiveness of two reading intervention programs nfaerj...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Promoting Female Students Interests in Studying with Educational TechnologyIJITE
Numerous studies have discussed gender differences in technology education, and have demonstrated that male students have more confidence in using technology than do female students. Female students’ lack of interest is due to the pedagogical approaches favoring male values. By contrast, no previous research on the integration of technology in English as a foreign language has investigated gender differences and the level of confidence of students in using technology in the classroom. This study aims to investigate the perceptions of students’ use of technology in the field of English applied foreign languages and check their perceptions about the use of computer technology. For this purpose, students enrolled in a conventional class of second year license degree in Applied Foreign Languages were interviewed and answered a questionnaire. The results of this study show that female students are highly likely to gain more confidence when given activities that match their learning interests.
Os 24 Anciãos do Salmo 71 e do Apocalipse.Jair de Barros
24 ANCIÃOS : 12 + 12 = 24 ( Todos os Salvos do Antigo Testamento (12), mais os 12 Salvos do Novo Testamento (12), igual a 24 (Totalidade do Governo de Deus !!!
The Advantages ofUsilng Technology inSecond Lanlguage E.docxmehek4
The Advantages of
Usilng Technology 'in
Second Lanlguage Educat'ion
Techwnology lntegrat'lon 'in Foreilgn ILanguage
to a Cownstructmovist Learn'lng Approach
BY Li WANG
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA
38 T.H.E. Journal I www.thejournal.com I May 2005
ith the advent of networked comrputers and lnte:rnet technology,
computer-based instruction has been widely used in language class-
rooms throughout the United States. Computer technologies have
dramatically changed the way people gather information, conduct research
and communicate with others worldwide. Considering the tremendous startupyV
expenses, copyright issues, objectionable materials and other potential dis-
advantages of technology, much research has been conducted regarding: the
effectiveness of, and better strategies for, technology integration.Taking the
characteristics of language learning into account, 'this article helps answer two
important questions: Do we need technology in language classrooms? And
what kinds of services do comp:uter technologies provide for :these classroomrs?
Background Studies
Web-based writing instruction has proved to be an impor-
tant factor in enhancing the writing quality of low-ability
English as a foreign language (EFL) students. In a study
designed to examine the effectiveness of Web-based instruction
in the writing of freshman EFL students, Al-Jarf (2004) found
that the use of Web-based lessons as a supplement to tradi-
tional in-class writing instruction was significantly more effec-
tive than teaching which depended on the textbook alone. The
experimental group of students received online instruction in
which they posted their own threads, short paragraphs, stories
and poems on a discussion board. They also located informa-
tion from the Internet, as well as wrote paragraphs and checked
their own spelling using Microsoft Word.
In another study, Hertel (2003) describes an intercultural
e-mail exchange at the college level where U.S. students in a
beginning Spanish class and Mexican students in an interme-
diate English as a Second Language class corresponded weekly
for one semester. Survey results revealed this student-cen-
tered endeavor had the potential to
change cultural attitudes, increase _
knowledge and awareness of other The best
cultures, foster language acquisition, al anguag
as well as boost student interest and active, aur
motivation in language and cultural ronmenti
studies.
Bernhardt, Rivera and Kamil technoloe
conducted a study in 2004 to exam- interet
ine the practicality and efficiency ful tools 1
of Web-based placement testing for these apj
college-level language programs.
Qualitative analysis of the data indi- langiJag
cated that students, administrators
:wi
re
ith
' 1
and instructors benefited from the online placement tests. For
students, accessing a placement test at their convenience with-
out making an extra summer trip to campus was seen as an
incredible time-saver. At the same time, havin ...
Investigating the Effects of Variables of Gender, Locality, Computer Accessibility, and Computer Familiarity on Iranian High school Students’ Attitudes towards CALL
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This study aims to identify the language needs analysis for English curriculum validation in the tertiary level. The descriptive method is utilized in the study and employed purposive sampling. This is also called judgmental sampling. A deliberate selection of individuals made by the researcher based on the predefined criteria. Three hundred forty nine (349) students were utilized as respondents to test their listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, identifying errors and correct usage. Result showed that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents profile since the computed P-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. However, speaking skills and vocabulary skills show that they are not significant to the profile of the respondents.
Governments, educators and the public often believe that combining English language with information technology skills is important to be successful (Tuan, 2011). WebQuestsare a framework for learner-centered instruction in teaching English as a foreign language when using Internet resources. This study investigated the effect of WebQuests on Grade 11 reading comprehension in a secondary school in the UAE. It also investigated perceptions of WebQuests as a study tool. A quasi-experimental research design was used with control and experimental groups. In addition, a Likert scale questionnaire examined perceptions of WebQuests. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in reading by the experimental group. Additionally, positive attitudes were reported towards WebQuests. Students felt that WebQuests enhanced collaboration, language skills, reading and higher order thinking skills. Finally, recommendations for further studies will also be discussed in this paper.
The outburst of information technology in the later parts of the twentieth century has taken the whole world into its scope. There is an ever growing use of computers in the workplaces and universities. The purpose of this study was to measure the attitudes of the English language university instructors towards the use of computers. It was a descriptive study and data was collected by a survey. This study’s population consisted of two hundred university instructors equally divided into male and female. These instructors were randomly selected from different universities. The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the views of the males and females instructors. Moreover, those who had no professional qualification had the highest mean score. The English language university instructors should be trained in the use of computers so that they might be able to use them more effectively in classroom settings.
Differentiated Learning Exemplars for
Students’ Academic Achievement in English
Grade 9
This research evaluated and assessed the learning competency level of the respondents in English and the
different determinants that hinder their learning capability in English. It utilized descriptive survey method
during the conduct of the study. To determine the subjects of the study, universal sampling techniques was
utilized. In addition, respondents’ socio economic status and learning preferences were also investigated. To
answer the socio economic status, a tool was used that was adopted from the Bureau of Census and National
Statistics quoted from the study of Pansit (2018) on “Enhanced MTB Strategic Intervention Materials for
Reading” is used with a statistical treatment on simple percentage. It was found out that education level of
respondents’ parents is in Elementary level with a percentage 63.16% which means that parents could not provide
an appropriate academic information to their children .Meanwhile, in determining, learning styles of the
respondents, adopted questionnaire from the study of Ocampo (2018) on Pedagogical Exemplars in Mathematics
Across Learning Styles utilizing weighted mean. It found out, that the highest ranked of learners’ learning style is
visual which has a weighted mean of 2.36. This is a great manifestation that learners learned best if lessons were
presented interestingly and visually given. Visuals that are chunked into bit of ideas for easier understanding.
Hence this increases student's interest in the subject matter. Meanwhile, it was revealed that, the over-all learning
competency level of the respondents, is in below average. This implies that more exposure of exercises must be
done for the learners to gain mastery of these learning competencies. Therefore, it is encouraged to craft
differentiated learning exemplars fitted to their learning styles and engage them on the different exercises for the
improvement of their academic performance.
Keywords: English Language, Assessment of Learning Styles, English Competencies, Academic Achievement,
Differentiated Learning Exemplars, Visual Learners, Kinesthetic Learners, Auditory Learners.
After School Program in Partnership with EkStep: An Experiment by Mantra4ChangeEkStepFoundation
Mantra4Change, conducted an interesting experiment to study the effectiveness of technology in improving learning outcomes. They designed a one-month pilot that would involve teaching children English on a tablet, using the Genie app provided by e-learning platform EkStep. The objectives of the experiment were to improve learning outcomes, use after-school hours profitably and increase parents’ investment in their children’s education. What were the outcomes? Read all about the experiment in this report.
ArticleThe Effects of Text-to-Speech on ReadingOutcomes .docxrossskuddershamus
Article
The Effects of Text-to-Speech on Reading
Outcomes for Secondary Students With
Learning Disabilities
Mary Cece Young1, Carrie Anna Courtad1, Karen H. Douglas1,
and Yun-Ching Chung1
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of text-to-speech (TTS) on the outcomes of reading comprehension and oral reading
fluency (ORF) for four secondary students with learning disabilities. The researchers used a single-case A–B–A–B withdrawal
design to evaluate the effectiveness of TTS on reading outcomes. All participants scored higher on reading comprehension after
using TTS when reading instructional passages and maintained the skills for 4 weeks. Results on participants’ ORF also indicated an
increased level of words read per min at the end of each accommodation condition. Comparison of pre- and posttest achievement
on the Lexile assessment showed that two of the four participants increased their reading scores. Major findings are discussed
with implications for practice and recommendations for future research to increase the use of TTS in the classroom.
Keywords
assistive technology, learning disabilities, legislation, secondary, text-to-speech
Reading is a necessary and critical skill. The acquisition of
reading substantially impacts educational outcomes, employ-
ment success, and personal and professional growth (Strang-
man & Dalton, 2005). In the United States, roughly 6 million
secondary students are reading at a level far below their grade.
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
from 2017 indicated that 74% of eighth graders do not have
proficient-level reading skills even though the data showed an
overall slight increase of reading achievement since 2015.
However, it should be noted that the growth rate is with stu-
dents who were higher achieving, whereas students with dis-
abilities remained statistically the same. The NAEP reading
achievement scores for students with disabilities in 12th grade
across the nation have not increased since 2009, the earliest
available data for students with disabilities at that grade level.
In fact, the gap between 12th graders with and without disabil-
ities has increased by 3 points since 2009, indicating that those
with disabilities are continuing to fall behind their peers with-
out disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2015, 2009,
2017).
Students With Learning Disabilities (LDs)
Several legislative actions have focused on evidence-based
practices and inclusion of students with disabilities in the gen-
eral education curriculum; yet as indicated by NAEP results,
reading scores have not improved for many students with
disabilities over the years. These results are especially concern-
ing for students with LDs who are the highest population of
students receiving special education services at 35% (Snyder,
de Brey, & Dillow, 2016; Wanzek, Otaiba, & Petscher, 2014).
Approximately 80% of students with LD exhibit deficits in the
area of reading (Cortiella & Horowitz, 2014)..
ArticleThe Effects of Text-to-Speech on ReadingOutcomes .docxfestockton
Article
The Effects of Text-to-Speech on Reading
Outcomes for Secondary Students With
Learning Disabilities
Mary Cece Young1, Carrie Anna Courtad1, Karen H. Douglas1,
and Yun-Ching Chung1
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of text-to-speech (TTS) on the outcomes of reading comprehension and oral reading
fluency (ORF) for four secondary students with learning disabilities. The researchers used a single-case A–B–A–B withdrawal
design to evaluate the effectiveness of TTS on reading outcomes. All participants scored higher on reading comprehension after
using TTS when reading instructional passages and maintained the skills for 4 weeks. Results on participants’ ORF also indicated an
increased level of words read per min at the end of each accommodation condition. Comparison of pre- and posttest achievement
on the Lexile assessment showed that two of the four participants increased their reading scores. Major findings are discussed
with implications for practice and recommendations for future research to increase the use of TTS in the classroom.
Keywords
assistive technology, learning disabilities, legislation, secondary, text-to-speech
Reading is a necessary and critical skill. The acquisition of
reading substantially impacts educational outcomes, employ-
ment success, and personal and professional growth (Strang-
man & Dalton, 2005). In the United States, roughly 6 million
secondary students are reading at a level far below their grade.
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
from 2017 indicated that 74% of eighth graders do not have
proficient-level reading skills even though the data showed an
overall slight increase of reading achievement since 2015.
However, it should be noted that the growth rate is with stu-
dents who were higher achieving, whereas students with dis-
abilities remained statistically the same. The NAEP reading
achievement scores for students with disabilities in 12th grade
across the nation have not increased since 2009, the earliest
available data for students with disabilities at that grade level.
In fact, the gap between 12th graders with and without disabil-
ities has increased by 3 points since 2009, indicating that those
with disabilities are continuing to fall behind their peers with-
out disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2015, 2009,
2017).
Students With Learning Disabilities (LDs)
Several legislative actions have focused on evidence-based
practices and inclusion of students with disabilities in the gen-
eral education curriculum; yet as indicated by NAEP results,
reading scores have not improved for many students with
disabilities over the years. These results are especially concern-
ing for students with LDs who are the highest population of
students receiving special education services at 35% (Snyder,
de Brey, & Dillow, 2016; Wanzek, Otaiba, & Petscher, 2014).
Approximately 80% of students with LD exhibit deficits in the
area of reading (Cortiella & Horowitz, 2014). ...
Language Learning Strategy among Mongolian Studentsijtsrd
In related research, learning approaches and learning strategies have been reported as important variables influencing the quality of student learning. Researcher tried to reveal language learning strategy on Mongolian students prepared for IELTS by using PISA survey. The research was conducted with 120 participations M=41, F=79 by social media. After the reliability of both instruments was computed, descriptive and regression statistics were used to analyze data. The findings showed that students’ learning approaches were associated with their learning strategy use. The results provided further evidence that gender and field of study might have an impact on learning approach adoption and language learning strategy use. Bold Javkhlan "Language Learning Strategy among Mongolian Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38377.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38377/language-learning-strategy-among-mongolian-students/bold-javkhlan
Signage is the design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message to a specific group, usually for the purpose of marketing or a kind of advocacy. A signage also means signs collectively or being considered as a group. The term signage is documented to have been popularized in 1975 to 1980.
Signs are any kind of visual graphics created to display information to a particular audience. This is typically manifested in the form of way finding information in places such as streets or on the inside and outside buildings. Signs vary in form and size based on location and intent, from more expansive banners, billboards, and murals, to smaller street signs, street name signs, sandwich boards and lawn signs. Newer signs may also use digital or electronic displays.
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The word highway goes back to the elevated Roman roads that had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches thrown toward the center, thus high way. The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially, “paved”) and later strata via (“a way paved with stones”).
On June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The bill created a 41,000-mile “National System of Interstate and Defense Highways” that would, according to Eisenhower, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of “speedy, safe transcontinental travel.”
Everyone knows what bridges is, particularly for the engineer. A civil engineer can design a bridge that used to cross from point A to point B etc. Below is the history of bridges.
Bridge is not a construction but it is a concept, the concept of crossing over large spans of land or huge masses of water, and to connect two far-off points, eventually reducing the distance between them. The bridge provides passage over the obstacle of small caverns, a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the nature of the terrain and the function of the bridge and where it is constructed.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from German root brugj?.
Giving instruction is a way when we order or ask someone to do something for us. This is very closely related to one type of text that is used to give members a step in the making or process of something. In this topic, we will use Procedure text. The procedure which we are going to discuss is the way explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. A procedure is a specified series of actions or operations which have to be executed in the same manner in order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for example, emergency procedures).
Under this topic title, we will learn how to ask for directions and how to give directions to someone who asked us.
When you need to go to somewhere, sometimes you don’t know the way how to get there. This is the purpose of this topic. While, if someone asks you about the direction to go to somewhere, you know how to explain the way.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks