This study examined the effects of educational software (DENIS) and computer games on 6th grade students' vocabulary learning and strategy use. A quasi-experimental design was used with 68 students who received vocabulary instruction through DENIS software, computer games, or both over 9 weeks. Tests before, during, and after the intervention measured effects on vocabulary achievement, while a vocabulary learning strategies scale assessed strategy use. Results showed that both software and games positively impacted vocabulary learning. Strategy use, particularly compensation strategies, increased significantly. Male students used compensation strategies more than females. The study concluded that computer-assisted vocabulary instruction benefited learning and supported strategy development.
ON THE USAGE OF DATABASES OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS IN MACEDONIAN EDUCATIONIJITE
Technologies have become important part of our lives. The steps for introducing ICTs in education vary from country to country. The Republic of Macedonia has invested with a lot in installment of hardware and software in education and in teacher training. This research was aiming to determine the situation of usage of databases of digital educational materials and to define recommendation for future improvements. Teachers from urban schools were interviewed with a questionnaire. The findings are several: only part of the interviewed teachers had experience with databases of educational materials; all teachers still need capacity building activities focusing exactly on the use and benefits from databases of educational materials; preferably capacity building materials to be in Macedonian language; technical support and upgrading of software and materials should be performed on a regular basis. Most of the findings can be applied at both national and international level – with all this implemented, application of ICT in education will have much
bigger positive impact
The main objective of this study is to find out the level of difficulties faced by the teachers’ in implementing modern technology at higher secondary level and also to find out whether there is any difference in their difficulties in implementing modern technology based on few personal and demographic variables. The sample for this study consists of 300 higher secondary teachers’ (both male [150] and female [150]) from government and government aided schools from Theni educational district. The tool used for the study Teacher’s difficulty in implementing modern technology questionnaire was developed by the investigator (I. Lenin, 2012). The investigator found that the level of teachers’ faced difficulties in implementing modern technology in their class room teaching is below average in nature. It is found that there is no significance difference in teachers’ difficulties in implementing modern technology with respect to the following personal and demographical variables: (i) Sex, (ii) Type of school, and (iii) Nature of the school. The investigator also found that there is significance difference in teachers’ difficulties in implementing modern technology with respect to the locality of the School.
Cooperative Learning and Student’s Academic Achievement in English Language i...iosrjce
This paper examined cooperative learning and academic achievement of students in English
language in Imo State. The study adopted quasi experimental pre-test, post-test control group design. The
sample for the study consisted of twenty (20) SS2 Students, purposively selected from two classes in a senior
secondary school in Imo State. The instrument used for the study was the English Language Achievement
Test (ELAT). Section A of the ELAT contained the bio-data of the respondents while section B consisted
of 30 multiple-choice question items. The research questions were answered using mean rating to determine the
difference between the pre-test and the post-test while the hypothesis was tested using Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference
between the achievement mean scores of subjects in the cooperative learning group and those in the control
group. The study revealed that Cooperative Learning plays a significant role in students’ academic
achievement in English Language. The paper therefore, recommended the retraining of teachers towards using
cooperative learning for student’s optimal academic achievement
The Effect of using Interactive Whiteboard on the Achievement of Eleventh Gra...ijtsrd
The interactive whiteboard is present in the classroom setting to get better achievement in a computer science subject. The study was conducted on a sample of 56 eleventh standard student’s selected using subjective sampling technique. The major objectives of the study were to find out the level of gain scores of control and experimental group students and to find out the significant difference in pretest and posttest achievement scores of the control and experimental group students. The investigator chooses the experimental method. The investigator divided by conducting intelligent test. The students of experimental group were taught using interactive whiteboard, while the students of control group were taught through normal method of teaching. Pretest and posttest equivalent groups design was followed for in this study. Statistical techniques used were paired sample‘t’ test and percentile analysis. As a result, there is an improvement in students academic achievement. Mr. S. Karuppasamy | Mr. S. Lenin "The Effect of using Interactive Whiteboard on the Achievement of Eleventh Grade Students in Computer Science Subject" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30414.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30414/the-effect-of-using-interactive-whiteboard-on-the-achievement-of-eleventh-grade-students-in-computer-science-subject/mr-s-karuppasamy
The Influence of Flipped Learning on Attitudes of Students towards Technology...inventionjournals
The basic aim of this study is to determine the influence of Flipped learning on attitudes of students towards technology in the 8th grade math lesson. The workgroup of this study is consisted of the 8th grade students of Mithatpaşa Secondary School that is in the centre of Giresun. Two of the 5 eighth grade classes were included in the study. One of the classes that has 32 students is determined as the experimental group and the other class that has 30 students is determined as the control group. In the study, in the forming of the both experimental and control groups, „rendom sampling method‟ that is one of the probability based sampling methods was used. The findings were collected by using both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools. Before-after application in the quantitative size, to determine the attitudes of students towards technology „The Turkey version of students‟ attitudes scale towards technology (PATT-TR)‟ that has 24 items and that was developed by Yurdagül and Aşkar (2008) was applied to the experimental and control groups. During the application, videos that are appropriate for the lesson content were prepared for the experimental group which was determined as flipped classroom and these videos were uploded to „Education information Network‟ by the teacher. Finally, at the end of the qualitative practice, qualitative data were collected by usingsemi-structured interview form and using document analysis developed by Koç (2016)
Design and Implementation Multimedia Learning Success for Vocational Schools IJECEIAES
This research aims to design a web-based multimedia applications, interactive learning, in order to improve the learning outcomes of students, especially students of Vocational High School. Multimedia Learning has been designed with some additional content in the form of applications: decision support system for multimedia usage based on Model of Multimedia Learning Success. The population obtained from respondents vocational school in Central Java, which is already implementing multimedia learning. The method used is qualitative analysis in the form of: the development of multimedia learning integrated with decision support systems. Design and implementation of multimedia learning success system that is abbreviated "Sikemuning". Sikemuning can be used to measure or provide guidance for teachers in the use of multimedia. Interviews with several respondents teachers from vocational schools in Central Java showed that: the system success multimedia learning developed in this study can be used as feedback to assess the success and effectiveness of the implementation of learning activities, multimedia learning can improve the performance and intelligence of vocational school students.
ACCEPTANCE AND READINESS OF MOBILE LEARNING INTEGRATION AMONG TEACHERS OF DYS...ijma
ABSTRACT
Mobile technology enables the creation of mobile applications to assist learning. However, integrating the most appropriate mobile applications as an assistive technology for dyslexic students is challenging for teachers if they are unprepared with sufficient knowledge. This preliminary study aimed to understand the acceptance and readiness of mobile learning integration among teachers of dyslexic students. The study was a qualitative study, which involved one selected mobile application to be evaluated by four selected teachers. Teachers had been interviewed. Interestingly, the teachers showed positive attitude in acceptance and readiness of using mobile application in class, with condition it suits dyslexic students learning needs. They believe using appropriate mobile application can support learning. Following this study, more studies will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of abundant implementation towards mobile learning by teachers of dyslexic learning.
Governments, educators and the public often believe that combining English language with information technology skills is important to be successful (Tuan, 2011). WebQuestsare a framework for learner-centered instruction in teaching English as a foreign language when using Internet resources. This study investigated the effect of WebQuests on Grade 11 reading comprehension in a secondary school in the UAE. It also investigated perceptions of WebQuests as a study tool. A quasi-experimental research design was used with control and experimental groups. In addition, a Likert scale questionnaire examined perceptions of WebQuests. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in reading by the experimental group. Additionally, positive attitudes were reported towards WebQuests. Students felt that WebQuests enhanced collaboration, language skills, reading and higher order thinking skills. Finally, recommendations for further studies will also be discussed in this paper.
ON THE USAGE OF DATABASES OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS IN MACEDONIAN EDUCATIONIJITE
Technologies have become important part of our lives. The steps for introducing ICTs in education vary from country to country. The Republic of Macedonia has invested with a lot in installment of hardware and software in education and in teacher training. This research was aiming to determine the situation of usage of databases of digital educational materials and to define recommendation for future improvements. Teachers from urban schools were interviewed with a questionnaire. The findings are several: only part of the interviewed teachers had experience with databases of educational materials; all teachers still need capacity building activities focusing exactly on the use and benefits from databases of educational materials; preferably capacity building materials to be in Macedonian language; technical support and upgrading of software and materials should be performed on a regular basis. Most of the findings can be applied at both national and international level – with all this implemented, application of ICT in education will have much
bigger positive impact
The main objective of this study is to find out the level of difficulties faced by the teachers’ in implementing modern technology at higher secondary level and also to find out whether there is any difference in their difficulties in implementing modern technology based on few personal and demographic variables. The sample for this study consists of 300 higher secondary teachers’ (both male [150] and female [150]) from government and government aided schools from Theni educational district. The tool used for the study Teacher’s difficulty in implementing modern technology questionnaire was developed by the investigator (I. Lenin, 2012). The investigator found that the level of teachers’ faced difficulties in implementing modern technology in their class room teaching is below average in nature. It is found that there is no significance difference in teachers’ difficulties in implementing modern technology with respect to the following personal and demographical variables: (i) Sex, (ii) Type of school, and (iii) Nature of the school. The investigator also found that there is significance difference in teachers’ difficulties in implementing modern technology with respect to the locality of the School.
Cooperative Learning and Student’s Academic Achievement in English Language i...iosrjce
This paper examined cooperative learning and academic achievement of students in English
language in Imo State. The study adopted quasi experimental pre-test, post-test control group design. The
sample for the study consisted of twenty (20) SS2 Students, purposively selected from two classes in a senior
secondary school in Imo State. The instrument used for the study was the English Language Achievement
Test (ELAT). Section A of the ELAT contained the bio-data of the respondents while section B consisted
of 30 multiple-choice question items. The research questions were answered using mean rating to determine the
difference between the pre-test and the post-test while the hypothesis was tested using Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference
between the achievement mean scores of subjects in the cooperative learning group and those in the control
group. The study revealed that Cooperative Learning plays a significant role in students’ academic
achievement in English Language. The paper therefore, recommended the retraining of teachers towards using
cooperative learning for student’s optimal academic achievement
The Effect of using Interactive Whiteboard on the Achievement of Eleventh Gra...ijtsrd
The interactive whiteboard is present in the classroom setting to get better achievement in a computer science subject. The study was conducted on a sample of 56 eleventh standard student’s selected using subjective sampling technique. The major objectives of the study were to find out the level of gain scores of control and experimental group students and to find out the significant difference in pretest and posttest achievement scores of the control and experimental group students. The investigator chooses the experimental method. The investigator divided by conducting intelligent test. The students of experimental group were taught using interactive whiteboard, while the students of control group were taught through normal method of teaching. Pretest and posttest equivalent groups design was followed for in this study. Statistical techniques used were paired sample‘t’ test and percentile analysis. As a result, there is an improvement in students academic achievement. Mr. S. Karuppasamy | Mr. S. Lenin "The Effect of using Interactive Whiteboard on the Achievement of Eleventh Grade Students in Computer Science Subject" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30414.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30414/the-effect-of-using-interactive-whiteboard-on-the-achievement-of-eleventh-grade-students-in-computer-science-subject/mr-s-karuppasamy
The Influence of Flipped Learning on Attitudes of Students towards Technology...inventionjournals
The basic aim of this study is to determine the influence of Flipped learning on attitudes of students towards technology in the 8th grade math lesson. The workgroup of this study is consisted of the 8th grade students of Mithatpaşa Secondary School that is in the centre of Giresun. Two of the 5 eighth grade classes were included in the study. One of the classes that has 32 students is determined as the experimental group and the other class that has 30 students is determined as the control group. In the study, in the forming of the both experimental and control groups, „rendom sampling method‟ that is one of the probability based sampling methods was used. The findings were collected by using both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools. Before-after application in the quantitative size, to determine the attitudes of students towards technology „The Turkey version of students‟ attitudes scale towards technology (PATT-TR)‟ that has 24 items and that was developed by Yurdagül and Aşkar (2008) was applied to the experimental and control groups. During the application, videos that are appropriate for the lesson content were prepared for the experimental group which was determined as flipped classroom and these videos were uploded to „Education information Network‟ by the teacher. Finally, at the end of the qualitative practice, qualitative data were collected by usingsemi-structured interview form and using document analysis developed by Koç (2016)
Design and Implementation Multimedia Learning Success for Vocational Schools IJECEIAES
This research aims to design a web-based multimedia applications, interactive learning, in order to improve the learning outcomes of students, especially students of Vocational High School. Multimedia Learning has been designed with some additional content in the form of applications: decision support system for multimedia usage based on Model of Multimedia Learning Success. The population obtained from respondents vocational school in Central Java, which is already implementing multimedia learning. The method used is qualitative analysis in the form of: the development of multimedia learning integrated with decision support systems. Design and implementation of multimedia learning success system that is abbreviated "Sikemuning". Sikemuning can be used to measure or provide guidance for teachers in the use of multimedia. Interviews with several respondents teachers from vocational schools in Central Java showed that: the system success multimedia learning developed in this study can be used as feedback to assess the success and effectiveness of the implementation of learning activities, multimedia learning can improve the performance and intelligence of vocational school students.
ACCEPTANCE AND READINESS OF MOBILE LEARNING INTEGRATION AMONG TEACHERS OF DYS...ijma
ABSTRACT
Mobile technology enables the creation of mobile applications to assist learning. However, integrating the most appropriate mobile applications as an assistive technology for dyslexic students is challenging for teachers if they are unprepared with sufficient knowledge. This preliminary study aimed to understand the acceptance and readiness of mobile learning integration among teachers of dyslexic students. The study was a qualitative study, which involved one selected mobile application to be evaluated by four selected teachers. Teachers had been interviewed. Interestingly, the teachers showed positive attitude in acceptance and readiness of using mobile application in class, with condition it suits dyslexic students learning needs. They believe using appropriate mobile application can support learning. Following this study, more studies will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of abundant implementation towards mobile learning by teachers of dyslexic learning.
Governments, educators and the public often believe that combining English language with information technology skills is important to be successful (Tuan, 2011). WebQuestsare a framework for learner-centered instruction in teaching English as a foreign language when using Internet resources. This study investigated the effect of WebQuests on Grade 11 reading comprehension in a secondary school in the UAE. It also investigated perceptions of WebQuests as a study tool. A quasi-experimental research design was used with control and experimental groups. In addition, a Likert scale questionnaire examined perceptions of WebQuests. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in reading by the experimental group. Additionally, positive attitudes were reported towards WebQuests. Students felt that WebQuests enhanced collaboration, language skills, reading and higher order thinking skills. Finally, recommendations for further studies will also be discussed in this paper.
The Role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on Students’ Language Profici...InternationalPublica
The purpose of the study is to find out the role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on
students’ language proficiency. This study used an experimental design whereby two groups of
students underwent into two different teaching methods: The controlled group who was taught
using traditional method of teaching and the experimental group who was taught with the
integration of CAI. Research evidenced indicates that the students taught using CAI had higher
increase in their language proficiency compared to the other group. CAI is an innovative approach
to the teaching learning process. Thus, the study assumes its significance and relevance in the
present context.
After School Program in Partnership with EkStep: An Experiment by Mantra4ChangeEkStepFoundation
Mantra4Change, conducted an interesting experiment to study the effectiveness of technology in improving learning outcomes. They designed a one-month pilot that would involve teaching children English on a tablet, using the Genie app provided by e-learning platform EkStep. The objectives of the experiment were to improve learning outcomes, use after-school hours profitably and increase parents’ investment in their children’s education. What were the outcomes? Read all about the experiment in this report.
Mc collum, dixie effects of a speech to-text software nfsej v25 n1 2014William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national and international refereed, blind-reviewed academic journals. NFJ publishes articles academic intellectual diversity, multicultural issues, management, business, administration, issues focusing on colleges, universities, and schools, all aspects of schooling, special education, counseling and addiction, international issues of education, organizational behavior, theory and development, and much more. DR. WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS is Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982). See: www.nationalforum.com
An Analysis on the Attitudes of Academic Staff towards Distance Educationinventionjournals
In this study, the attitudes of the academic staff working in NamıkKemal University (NKU) towards distance education were examined according to different variables. Within this scope, the distance education attitude scale developed by Ağır et al. was used. 283 out of 955 academic staff working in NKU participated in this research in 2015. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. In the evaluation of the data; numbers, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistical methods. T-test was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, while One-Way ANOVA was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. In order to determine the differences after the ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was used as the complementary post-hoc analysis. The obtained findings were evaluated at the confidence interval of 95% and at the significance level of 5%. It was determined in the study that the attitude level of the participants as to “the positive aspects of distance education” proved to be moderate (2,851 ± 0,716); whereas the attitude level as to “the negative aspects of distance education” proved to be weak (2,430 ± 0,757); and the attitude level as to “the advantages of distance education” proved to be high (3,618 ± 0,713).While age and gender were seen to have not affected the attitudes towards distance education, the academic title was seen to have affected these attitudes. The obtained statistical data and findings contributed to the studies regarding the foundation and constitution of Distance Education Center (DEC) as well as raising awareness for DEC
Investigating the Effects of Variables of Gender, Locality, Computer Accessibility, and Computer Familiarity on Iranian High school Students’ Attitudes towards CALL
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The PDF version of a power point project that I put together for an online graduate level education course I took with American Intercontinental University
ArticleThe Effects of Text-to-Speech on ReadingOutcomes .docxrossskuddershamus
Article
The Effects of Text-to-Speech on Reading
Outcomes for Secondary Students With
Learning Disabilities
Mary Cece Young1, Carrie Anna Courtad1, Karen H. Douglas1,
and Yun-Ching Chung1
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of text-to-speech (TTS) on the outcomes of reading comprehension and oral reading
fluency (ORF) for four secondary students with learning disabilities. The researchers used a single-case A–B–A–B withdrawal
design to evaluate the effectiveness of TTS on reading outcomes. All participants scored higher on reading comprehension after
using TTS when reading instructional passages and maintained the skills for 4 weeks. Results on participants’ ORF also indicated an
increased level of words read per min at the end of each accommodation condition. Comparison of pre- and posttest achievement
on the Lexile assessment showed that two of the four participants increased their reading scores. Major findings are discussed
with implications for practice and recommendations for future research to increase the use of TTS in the classroom.
Keywords
assistive technology, learning disabilities, legislation, secondary, text-to-speech
Reading is a necessary and critical skill. The acquisition of
reading substantially impacts educational outcomes, employ-
ment success, and personal and professional growth (Strang-
man & Dalton, 2005). In the United States, roughly 6 million
secondary students are reading at a level far below their grade.
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
from 2017 indicated that 74% of eighth graders do not have
proficient-level reading skills even though the data showed an
overall slight increase of reading achievement since 2015.
However, it should be noted that the growth rate is with stu-
dents who were higher achieving, whereas students with dis-
abilities remained statistically the same. The NAEP reading
achievement scores for students with disabilities in 12th grade
across the nation have not increased since 2009, the earliest
available data for students with disabilities at that grade level.
In fact, the gap between 12th graders with and without disabil-
ities has increased by 3 points since 2009, indicating that those
with disabilities are continuing to fall behind their peers with-
out disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2015, 2009,
2017).
Students With Learning Disabilities (LDs)
Several legislative actions have focused on evidence-based
practices and inclusion of students with disabilities in the gen-
eral education curriculum; yet as indicated by NAEP results,
reading scores have not improved for many students with
disabilities over the years. These results are especially concern-
ing for students with LDs who are the highest population of
students receiving special education services at 35% (Snyder,
de Brey, & Dillow, 2016; Wanzek, Otaiba, & Petscher, 2014).
Approximately 80% of students with LD exhibit deficits in the
area of reading (Cortiella & Horowitz, 2014)..
ArticleThe Effects of Text-to-Speech on ReadingOutcomes .docxfestockton
Article
The Effects of Text-to-Speech on Reading
Outcomes for Secondary Students With
Learning Disabilities
Mary Cece Young1, Carrie Anna Courtad1, Karen H. Douglas1,
and Yun-Ching Chung1
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of text-to-speech (TTS) on the outcomes of reading comprehension and oral reading
fluency (ORF) for four secondary students with learning disabilities. The researchers used a single-case A–B–A–B withdrawal
design to evaluate the effectiveness of TTS on reading outcomes. All participants scored higher on reading comprehension after
using TTS when reading instructional passages and maintained the skills for 4 weeks. Results on participants’ ORF also indicated an
increased level of words read per min at the end of each accommodation condition. Comparison of pre- and posttest achievement
on the Lexile assessment showed that two of the four participants increased their reading scores. Major findings are discussed
with implications for practice and recommendations for future research to increase the use of TTS in the classroom.
Keywords
assistive technology, learning disabilities, legislation, secondary, text-to-speech
Reading is a necessary and critical skill. The acquisition of
reading substantially impacts educational outcomes, employ-
ment success, and personal and professional growth (Strang-
man & Dalton, 2005). In the United States, roughly 6 million
secondary students are reading at a level far below their grade.
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
from 2017 indicated that 74% of eighth graders do not have
proficient-level reading skills even though the data showed an
overall slight increase of reading achievement since 2015.
However, it should be noted that the growth rate is with stu-
dents who were higher achieving, whereas students with dis-
abilities remained statistically the same. The NAEP reading
achievement scores for students with disabilities in 12th grade
across the nation have not increased since 2009, the earliest
available data for students with disabilities at that grade level.
In fact, the gap between 12th graders with and without disabil-
ities has increased by 3 points since 2009, indicating that those
with disabilities are continuing to fall behind their peers with-
out disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2015, 2009,
2017).
Students With Learning Disabilities (LDs)
Several legislative actions have focused on evidence-based
practices and inclusion of students with disabilities in the gen-
eral education curriculum; yet as indicated by NAEP results,
reading scores have not improved for many students with
disabilities over the years. These results are especially concern-
ing for students with LDs who are the highest population of
students receiving special education services at 35% (Snyder,
de Brey, & Dillow, 2016; Wanzek, Otaiba, & Petscher, 2014).
Approximately 80% of students with LD exhibit deficits in the
area of reading (Cortiella & Horowitz, 2014). ...
Similar to Effect of denis n games and on vocabulary learning and strategies (20)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Effect of denis n games and on vocabulary learning and strategies
1. Education and Science
Vol 39 (2014) No 176 305-316
305
The Effect of Educational Software (DENIS) and Games on Vocabulary
Learning Strategies and Achievement *
Orhan Kocaman 1
, Gonca Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu 2
Abstract Keywords
This study was carried out to measure the impact of the use of
educational software (An individual educational software and
games) used in vocabulary teaching on the success and the
strategy use of the students. To measure the impact of educational
software and games on the success of students, a quasi-
experimental method consisting of one group repeated
measurements was applied. A quasi-experimental method
consisting of a one group pre-test and post-test was used to test
the second question of the study which was the impact of the
educational software and games on the students’ use of
vocabulary learning strategies . Two types of educational
software were used in the study. One of them (Dynamic English
Vocabulary Instruction Software) was a type of educational
software used individually and the other consisted of four
different computer games. The implementation process of the
research consisted of a total of 9 weeks. Vocabulary was taught to
the same group of students with the help of two different types of
educational software (DENIS and Games setting) consecutively,
and the success of the students in pre, mid and post-tests were
compared. After the analysis, it was concluded that both types of
software had positive effects on vocabulary learning. A foreign
language vocabulary learning strategies scale (Kocaman &
Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu, 2014) was applied at the beginning and end
of the application process. When pre and post-test scores of the
scale were compared to subscale and total scores, it was
concluded that the use of compensation strategies by the
students increased significantly. In the study, vocabulary learning
strategies were also analysed to figure out whether they changed
according to gender. When strategy use was analysed according
to gender, it was found that compensation strategies were more
used by male students than female students.
Educational software
Vocabulary learning strategies
Vocabulary games
Language learning
English vocabulary learning
Article Info
Received: 06.15.2014
Accepted: 11.10.2014
Online Published: 12.16.2014
DOI: 10.15390/EB.2014.3704
* This paper was generated from the study of doctoral thesis titled “Effects of Computer Assisted Vocabulary Instruction on
Vocabulary Learning and Vocabulary Learning Strategies.”
1 Sakarya University, Faculty of Education, Department of Foreing Languages Education, Turkey, okocaman@sakarya.edu.tr
2 Yeditepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Computer and Instructional Technologies, Turkey,
gonca.kizilkaya@yeditepe.edu.tr
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Introduction
Vocabulary development is a very important foundation for students who are learning a
language because a word is a tool that conveys its meaning to our minds (Dewey, 1910). Shejbalová
(2006) mentions that vocabulary learning is one of the most significant components of learning a
new language. Thus, various instructional designs should be referred to, to actualise vocabulary
acquisition and sustain the learners’ effort and motivation (Nation, 2001). Wachob (2006) emphasized
the importance of the sense of autonomy and Dickinson (1987; 1995) associated autonomy with
motivation and success in language learning and supported the view that autonomy reduces the
obstacles by providing learners with self-confidence (as cited in Murray). Qingzhao (2011) stated that
no matter how perfect their teacher is, learners without autonomous learning and having no
additional assistance apart from their teacher, cannot be successful in learning a language. As
understood from the related literature, learner autonomy plays an important role in learning a
language. One of the most influential ways of providing learner autonomy is Computer Assisted
Language Learning and Teaching applications (CALLT). These applications bear a serious potential to
enable teachers to turn their perceptions of teacher centeredness into student centeredness. While
some studies conducted in Computer Assisted Language Learning (Tozcu & Coady, 2004; Eşit, 2007;
Nakata, 2008; Kılıçkaya & Krajka, 2010; Lin et al., 2011; Kayaoğlu et al., 2011; Gorjian et al., 2011; Fehr
et al., 2012) only examined instructional software where a teacher is not present, some others (Koçak,
1997; Özdemir, 2001; Tokaç, 2005; Cellat, 2008) based their studies on comparing teacher-led
instruction with computer-assisted instruction(as cited in Başöz & Çubukçu, 2013).
Zhao (2005) who studied the effect of technology on language learning reported that
technology is used in various ways to create fruitful language learning settings, the most important
four dimensions of which are increasing language input and output, providing exercise and feedback,
providing and sustaining motivation and authentic communication. The use of computers in language
acquisition provides learners with educational software tools containing all varieties of practice for
lexical knowledge, grammar subjects and pronunciation (Seljan, Berger & Dovedan, 2004). It can be
said that computer assisted vocabulary learning is one of the most widely used applications of
computer assisted language learning.
Naraghizadeh and Barima (2013) expressed in their experimental study on language learners
that computer-assisted language learning had a strong influence in the development of vocabulary
skills. In a similar study, Tamjid and Moghadam (2012) concluded that computer-assisted vocabulary
learning extrapolates in a shorter period compared to traditional vocabulary learning. In addition,
Oxford and Scarcella (1994) expressed that students generally prefer learning vocabulary on their own
rather than being instructed by someone. (p. 231).
Given these findings in the literature, it seems that vocabulary learning software which
students can use on their own will provide students with autonomy and support them in learning
vocabulary faster and more effectively. Taking these necessary features for educational software into
account, it should be borne in mind that computer games have high educational value (Dyck, Pinella,
Brown & Gutwin, 2003; Sandford, Ulicsak, Face & Rudd, 2006; Rovertso & Howells, 2008; Vagel,
Bowers, Muse & Wright, 2006). At this stage, it should also be taken into consideration what features
educational software should have. In this regard, taking into account the implicit and explicit
vocabulary learning, Ma and Kelly (2006) argued that, useful strategies should be taught for the
design of computer-assisted vocabulary learning software. It seems that if software is to be used
specifically in vocabulary learning, it should be developed in accordance with the learning strategies,
and it will inevitably contribute to success. As a matter of fact, Hong-Nam, Leavell (2006) stated that
those who use more language learning strategies have a faster and more continuous development
than those who use less.
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Researchers in the field of language teaching accentuate that software provide autonomy for
learners on one hand and support strategy use on the other, should be developed, and this raises the
question of what type of software has more impact on learning or maybe on strategy use. Arising from
this question, the current study was carried out to measure the impact of the use of educational
software in vocabulary learning and to measure the effects of computer assisted vocabulary learning
on the use of strategies
Research questions
1) Do educational software (DENIS) and computer games have any significant impact on
grade 6grade 6 students’ success in vocabulary learning?
a. Does the educational software (DENIS) have any significant impact on grade 6
students’ success in vocabulary learning?
b. Do computer games have any significant impact on grade 6 students’ success in
vocabulary learning?
c. Do educational software (DENIS) and computer games have any significant impact on
grade 6 students’ success in vocabulary learning?
2) Do educational software (DENIS), computer games and gender have any significant
impact on grade 6 students’ strategy use?
Method
Design
While a semi-experimental method consisting of one group repeated measurements was
applied to test the first research question, to test the second question of the study a semi-experimental
method consisting of a single-group pre-test-post-test was used.
Study Group
The Study group consisted of 68 grade 6 students studying at a public school in the province
of Sakarya. The purpose of choosing the 6th graders as the study group comprised the students who
had not used the book ”Spring 7” which was published by Ministry of National Education (MONE)
because the words used in the software and games were taken from this book. The other reason for
choosing the study group was that 6th graders feel more carefree and mentally comfortable than the 7th
and 8th graders who are to take an important test such as high school entrance exams. Based on their
past experiences, researchers are aware of the fact that the students who are to sit such nationwide
tests like High School Entrance Exam (LGS) usually have problems in focusing especially on English
classes.
The Study group consisted of 40 (59%) female and 28 (41%) male students. Researchers also
collected the information on how many of the students had computers and internet access at home
and for what purposes they used them. Table 1 shows this information.
Table 1. Some Demographic Characteristics of the Study Group
Gender
Female % 59 (n= 40)
Male % 41 (n= 28)
Having computer % 66.2 (n=45)
Having Internet access % 54.4 (n=37
Purpose of using the computer and the Internet
Doing homework % 91.2 (n=62)
Watching films % 50.0 (n=34)
Playing games % 77.9 (n=53)
Listening to music % 10.3 (n=7)
Chatting with friends % 41.2 (n=28)
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Implementation Process
The Implementation process of the research consisted of a total of 9 weeks. In the first week,
students were informed about the software to be used in the laboratory and the 8-week process, and
then the pre-tests of vocabulary learning strategies scales and an achievement test were administered.
The educational software (DENIS) was implemented two hours a week for the next three weeks. In the
fifth week, an achievement test was administered again. In the 6th, 7th and 8th week, the students
played the computer-assisted games for 2 hours per week. In the 9th week, the post-tests of the
achievement test and the vocabulary learning strategies scale were applied. A summary of the
implementation process is displayed in Table 2.
Table 2. The Implementation Process
Measurement
(Week 1)
Implementation
(Weeks 2, 3 and 4)
Measurement
(Week 5)
Implementation
(Weeks 6, 7 and 8)
Measurement
(Week 9)
Achievement test
(pre-test)
VLS-Scale pre-test
Educational
Software
(DENIS)
Achievement
test (Mid-test)
Educational games Achievement test
(post-test)
VLS-Scale post-test
Data Collection Instruments
In this study, an achievement test and a foreign language vocabulary learning strategy scale
were used. In addition to this, an information form was used to get the demographic information on
students’ computer and internet access possession and their intended use.
Vocabulary learning Strategies in a Foreign Language (VLS-S)
This scale was developed by the researchers (Kocaman & Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu, 2014).The
purpose of the scale is to determine the vocabulary learning strategies the students while learning
vocabulary. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as .92 in the pre-scale and .90
in the post-scale. This scale was used twice as pre-test and post-test throughout the study. The scale
includes six sub-dimensions; Memory, Cognitive, Metacognitive, Affective, Social and Compensation
strategies.
Achievement Tests
To measure the success of the students in this study, a 50-item paper based exam was
prepared. The same test was used as Pre-and post-test. A multiple choice test was prepared in which
the students were given the visuals of the words and asked to choose the matching word from four
options. In order to prepare the content of the achievement test, the course book followed at the 7th
grade was analyzed in detail and abstract vocabulary was eliminated due to difficulty of illustration.
Thirty words in an equal proportion of lexical types (noun, verb, adjective) were selected from each
chapter of the first eight units from the 16-chapter course book “Spring 7” These words constituted
the contents of the educational software (120 words) and game applications (120 words). Thus, a
vocabulary pool of 240 words was created. A paper based vocabulary test comprising 50 picture-based
multiple choice questions was prepared from 240 words to give to the students at the beginning and
end of the study to measure overall change. The first 25 words in the test were the words taught by
the educational software DENIS and the last 25 of the words were the words taught by the games. The
achievement test consisted of 50 words. Students’ scores from the first twenty-five words were used to
analyse the impact of the educational software DENIS as the first question of the study, and their
scores from second twenty-five words were used to analyse the impact of the games. One point was
given for each correct answer in the tests.
An item analysis of the test was done through a package program called “Iteman” The test
consisted of 50 multiple choice questions and p and r values were calculated to see the item
discrimination and difficulty. Correlation Coefficient (r) values were obtained as over .40 and item
difficulty (p) values ranged from 0.21 to 0.90. Internal consistency reliability (KR-20) value was
computed as .83. For the validity of the achievement test, two English teachers and an expert in the
field of language teaching were consulted. In line with the expert advice, necessary arrangements for
content and appearance validity were made.
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Instructional Materials
Two types of educational software were used in the study. One of them (Dynamic English
Vocabulary Instruction Software) was a type of educational software used individually and the other
consisted of four different computer games. All educational materials used by the researchers were
developed based on the opinions of experts.
a) Educational Software- DENIS (Dynamic English Vocabulary Instruction Software)
This software was designed by using DELPHI: Embarcadero ® RAD Studio XE programming
languages. This programme aims to provide students with an opportunity to practice vocabulary by
delivering three forms of them (audial, visual and textual). The program progresses step by step. In
the first step, by allowing the users to choose the level of language or area of interest, the user selects
the vocabulary pool to practice. Then visual and written forms of the words are randomly displayed
on the screen and the audio of the word is played synchronously. After every single word is displayed
and played by the computer one by one, the very same words appear on the screen again randomly
but this time the user can only see the visual and listen to the audio of the word. At this stage, the
user tries to remember the spelling and pronunciation of the word. Repetition of different forms of the
words is assumed to consolidate user’s vocabulary. Users can turn on or off the audio of the words at
will. When the software is used under the supervision of a teacher, with the instructions given,
vocabulary can be taught in accordance with certain strategies. The program can also be used for self-
study. Students, by developing their own learning strategies, can use the program with different
combinations of the words- with or without audio and with or without text. The program’s dynamism
stems from the fact that it can be used for different languages with different data. The program can be
used for different languages by loading the desired audial, visual or textual forms of the words in that
language.
This software can also be used to measure reaction time in bilingualism studies.
b) Computer games
Four different educational games were presented to the students for the purpose of teaching
vocabulary: Hangman, card matching, puzzle, and matching games.
Hangman: One of the commonly known games, hangman was developed with the help of
Adobe Flash software. The students were asked to know the word the image and sound of what was
projected on the screen. Due to the rules of the game in the case of a wrong answer, one line was
drawn. After 8 wrong answers, the picture of the hanged man was completed. After a wrong answer,
the correct answer with the sound of the word was provided on the screen at the same time.
Card matching: The game developed in Adobe Flash program is one of the frequently used
memory games. In this game students were asked to match photos labelled pictures with voiced ones.
Puzzle: This game was developed by The Hot Potatoes 6 program. Students were asked to
place the word in the puzzle with the help of given picture.
Matching: Including activities such as drag and drop, Matching game like Puzzle game were
developed through The Hot Potatoes 6 program. In this game, students were asked to drag words or
phrases to the correct pictures or match the picture with the word.
All of these games were applied to students on an individual basis in the laboratory under the
supervision of teacher and researcher for 2 hours per week. During the application, students were
given guidance on only technical problems. One of the differences between DENIS and game
applications is that the software applied vocabulary teaching unit by unit in a sequence, whereas in
the game applications, while playing whichever game they liked, the students learned the vocabulary
items in a mixed form from the pool of 120 words. That is to say, while students were exposed to 40
words per week in the implementation of DENIS, the students learned 120 words in a mixed form in
three weeks by playing the games.
Data Analysis
In order to test the research questions, two-factor ANOVA, multiple comparison tests
(Bonferroni), T-test and descriptive statistics for related samples were used.
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Results
The 1st Research question investigates whether there is a significant difference between the
vocabulary learning achievements of the grade 6 students who learn vocabulary in the educational
software (DENIS) and computer game settings.
a) Is there a significant effect of DENIS applications on vocabulary achievement scores of the
6th grade students?
One way ANOVA for repeated measures was applied to figure out whether there is a
significant difference between the tests applied in the 1st, 4th and 9th weeks in the process of
implementation. The analysis was performed on the basis of scores obtained from the first 25 items
which consisted of the vocabulary in DENIS. Table 3 displays descriptive statistics of the DENIS
application achievement test. ANOVA test results are presented in Table 4.
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of DENIS Application Achievement Test
Measures 𝑿̅ Sd
1. measure 8.15 3.11
2. measure 15.82 5.12
3. measure 15.59 5.15
Table 4. Test Results for Repeated Measures of ANOVA for DENIS
Source of Variance Sum of Squares df
Mean
squares
F p
Partial
eta-square
Between subjects 3162.26 67 47.20
Measure 2592.04 1.29 2005.11 170.16 0.000 0.717
Error 1020.63 86.61 11.78
Total 6774.93 154.9
When examined, the Mauchly's test conducted to test the assumptions of the analysis
(Sphericity W (2) = .453, p <.05) it was found that the assumptions were violated. Greenhouse-Geisser
correction was used to ensure assumptions. ANOVA results indicate that there are significant
differences between the measurements. Bonferroni multiple comparison test was conducted to figure
out which measurements significantly differed from each other. The results are displayed in Table 5.
These results revealed that while there was a significant difference between measurements 1 and 2.
there was no significant difference between measurements 2 and 3. These results suggest that there is
a significant increase in the success of the students after the application of DENIS. The availability of
significant difference between the 1st and 3rd measurements indicate that the success did not change in
time after the application of DENIS.
Table 5. Bonferroni Test Results for Multiple Comparisons for DENIS.
Comparison Mean difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
p
I J
1. measure
2. measure -7.676* .549 .000
3. measure -7.441* .559 .000
2. measure
1. measure 7.676* .549 .000
3. measure .235 .242 1.000
3. measure
1. measure 7.441* .559 .000
2. measure -.235 .242 1.000
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b) Is there a significant effect of Game applications on vocabulary achievement scores of the
6th grade students?
One way ANOVA for repeated measures was applied to figure out whether there is a
significant difference between the tests applied in the 1st, 4th and 9th weeks in the process of
implementation. The analysis was performed on the basis of scores obtained from the first 25 items
which consist of the vocabulary in Games. Table 6 displays descriptive statistics of Games application
achievement test. ANOVA test results are presented in Table 7.
Table 6. Descriptive Statistics of DENIS Application Achievement Test
Measures 𝑿̅ Sd
1. measure 10.66 3.79
2. measure 11.59 4.75
3. measure 18.37 5.37
Table 7. Test Results for Repeated Measures of ANOVA for Games
Source of Variance Sum of Squares df
Mean
squares
F p
Partial
eta-square
Between subjects 3488.02 67 52.06
Measure 2407.19 1.73 1394.85 175.41 0.000 0.724
Error 919.48 115.63 7.95
Total 6814.69 184.36
When examined the Mauchly's test conducted to test the assumptions of the analysis
(Sphericity W (2) = .453, p <.05) it was found that the assumptions were violated. Greenhouse-
Geisser correction was used to ensure assumptions. ANOVA results indicate that there are significant
differences between the achievements of students as measured at different times. Bonferroni multiple
comparison test was conducted to figure out which measurements are different from each other.
These results revealed that there was no significant difference between measurements 1 and 2, while
significant differences were found between measurements 1 and 3.These results suggest that there is a
significant increase in the success of the students who are learning in the game environment. On the
other hand, the unavailability of difference between the 1st and 2nd measurements supports the finding
that the students’ learning was actualized through game application.
Table 8. Bonferroni Test Results for Multiple Comparisons for Games
Comparison Mean difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
p
I J
1. measure
2. measure -.926 .385 .056
3. measure -7.706* .530 .000
2. measure
1. measure .926 .385 .056
3. measure -6.779* .421 .000
3. measure
1. measure 7.706* .530 .000
2. measure 6.779* .421 .000
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c) Is there a significant effect of combined applications (educational software (DENIS) and
computer game settings) on vocabulary achievement scores of the 6th grade students?
In order to investigate whether the combined applications (DENIS and Games) have an effect
on students’ achievement scores, a paired samples t-test was applied to see the united effect of
applications in this analysis. The paired samples t test results for the achievement test are displayed in
Table 9. The results reveal that the applications of DENIS and Games significantly increased students’
vocabulary learning achievement scores.
Table 9. Paired Samples t Test Results for Achievement Test
N 𝑿̅ sd df t p
Pre test (50 items) 68 18.81 6.03
67 -16.90 0.000
Post test (50 items) 68 33.96 9.82
The 2nd Research Question was expressed as "Do Computer-assisted vocabulary learning
settings and gender have an impact on vocabulary learning strategies of 6th Grade students?” In the
investigation of this question, the scores obtained from vocabulary learning strategies scale applied to
the students before and after the experimental processes were compared. For this, paired samples t-
test was conducted.
Table 10. Paired Samples T-test Results for Vocabulary Learning Strategies
N 𝑿̅ Sd df t p
Eta
Square
Memory Pre-test 68 3.38 6.264
67 1.262 .211
Memory post-test 68 3.26 5.571
Cognitive pre-test 68 2.91 4.666
67 1.141 .258
Cognitive Post-test 68 2.78 4.138
Compensation pre-test 68 2.86 4.399
67 -2.021 .047 .05
Compensation post-test 68 3.15 4.512
Meta-cognitive pre-test 68 3.60 3.452
67 -1.402 .165
Meta-Cognitive Post-test 68 3.76 3.372
Affective Pre-test 68 3.49 4.497
67 .423 .673
Affective post-test 68 3.45 5.014
Social pre-test 68 3.27 5.328
67 .429 .669
Social post-test 68 3.22 5.026
Total Pre-test 68 3.27 23.746
67 .097 .923
Total post-test 68 3.26 20.565
According to the results in Table 10, significant differences were found between the mean
scores (t (67) = -2.021, p = .047) of subscale compensation strategies. Although total scale scores and the
other five sub-dimensions mean scores showed a difference, the difference was not statistically
significant.
Independent samples t-test were carried out to determine whether vocabulary learning
strategies changed according to gender.
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Table 11. Independent samples T-test results for vocabulary learning strategies scale according to gender
Gender N 𝑿̅ Sd df t p
Pre-test
Memory
Female 40 3,21 6.437
66 -1.861 .067
Male 28 3,62 5.716
Cognitive
Female 40 2,00 4.306
66 -1.238 .220
Male 28 2,20 5.101
Compensation
Female 40 2,63 4.374
66 -2.130 .037*
Male 28 3,19 4.160
Metacognitive
Female 40 3,52 3.555
66 -.961 .340
Male 28 3,72 3.304
Affective
Female 40 3,39 4.693
66 -1.336 .186
Male 28 3,64 4.128
Social
Female 40 4,76 4.790
66 -1.098 .276
Male 28 5,12 6.003
Total
Female 40 3,14 23.145
66 -1.774 .081
Male 28 3,46 23.702
Post-test
Memory
Female 40 3,14 5.600
66 -1.543 .128
Male 28 3,44 5.388
Cognitive
Female 40 2,01 4.455
66 .327 .745
Male 28 1,96 3.710
Compensation
Female 40 3,09 4.990
66 -.550 .584
Male 28 3,24 3.786
Metacognitive
Female 40 3,75 3.545
66 -.085 .932
Male 28 3,77 3.173
Affective
Female 40 3,48 5.497
66 .330 .742
Male 28 3,41 4.316
Social
Female 40 4,75 5.337
66 -.652 .517
Male 28 4,95 4.598
Total
Female 40 3,23 22.594
66 -.559 .578
Male 28 3,31 17.524
* p < .05 ** p < .05
The results in Table 11 revealed that male students (𝑋̅ = 3.19) used compensation strategies
more than female students (𝑋̅= 2.63) before the implementation (t (66) = -2130. P <.05). A significant
difference was not found in other strategies and post-test results in terms of gender.
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Discussion and Conclusion
There were two main goals in this study. One of them was to determine in which educational
software, grade 6 students are more successful in learning vocabulary. The other was to determine
how much the vocabulary learning strategies alter with computer assisted vocabulary learning
applications.
In order to test the first question of the study, a one-group experimental setting of repeated
measures was developed. A nine-week application process was carried out with grade 6 students
using the software developed by the researchers. Vocabulary was taught with the help of two
separate educational softwares (DENIS and Games) and the success of the students in pre, mid and
post-tests were compared. After the analysis, it was concluded that both types of softwares had
positive effects on vocabulary learning whereas the game software improved the success of the
students more than DENIS did. When the literature was reviewed, a positive contribution of game
applications to the success were encountered in many studies supporting that games increase the
motivation of the students and make learning process fun (Dyck, Pinella, Brown & Gutwin, 2003;
O'Neil, Wainess & Baker, 2005, Ellis, Heppell, Kirriemuir, Krotoski, & McFarlane, 2006; Whitton,
2007).
To test the second main objective of the study, a foreign language vocabulary learning
strategies scale (Kocaman & Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu, 2014) was applied at the beginning and end of the
application process. When pre and post-test scores of the scale were compared to subscale and total
scores, it was concluded that the use of compensation strategies by the students increased
significantly.
The studies conducted by Demirel (2012), Chi-Him Tam (2013), Chang, Liu & Lee (2007),
Alexandros (2012), Andrew (2011) on language learning strategies revealed that compensation
strategies were most widely used by the participants. The study conducted by Sarıçoban & Sarıcaoğlu
(2008) for the purpose of identifying the strategies used by the students and the teachers revealed
that metacognitive and compensation strategies are the most favoured strategies by both students and
teachers. In the light of research conducted in the field, it can be deduced that computer assisted
vocabulary learning feeds the widely used dimension of compensation strategies. Hence, Groot (2000)
refers to the value of designing computer-assisted vocabulary software products in terms of broadly
approved strategies in vocabulary acquisition. From this point of view, he emphasizes the
improvement of computer-assisted vocabulary software that involves different features of vocabulary.
From the results of research, software developers may be encouraged to develop
an instructional design which will increase the use of strategy in teaching languages. Besides,
Instructors could be recommended to take the level of the students into consideration while selecting
and using such software. Studies which will be conducted to show in which sub-dimensions strategy
use affect success more will guide teachers about which strategies they should be teaching.
In the study, vocabulary learning strategies were also analysed to see whether they changed
according to gender. When strategy use was analysed according to the gender, it was found out that
compensation strategies are more used by male students than female students.
The results of the experimental study conducted by Hong-Nam and Leavell (2006) revealed
that females employed learning strategies more frequently than males tended to use metacognitive
and compensation strategies most and affective strategies the least. Female participants reported using
social and metacognitive strategies most and memory strategies the least.
In the future studies, Conducting experimental studies related to the types of software that can
be used in teaching vocabulary in computerized settings, it can be searched what kind of software
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