This document summarizes a student paper on cultural competency in baccalaureate nursing education. It provides background on the importance of cultural competency in nursing, discusses definitions of culture and cultural competency from nursing and other fields, and analyzes key attributes of the concept of cultural competency, including cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters, desire, sensitivity and humility. Conceptual models for teaching cultural competency in nursing are also examined. The document concludes that developing cultural competency in nursing students is important for reducing health disparities and ensuring positive patient outcomes.
Deactivated
4 posts
Re:Topic 3 DQ 1
"Cultural competency is described as a set of congruent practice skills, behaviors, attitudes and policies that come embedded in a system, agency, or among consumer providers and professionals.*Cultural competency facilitates the ability to carry out tasks effectively in an environment that has cross cultural situations.' Hence, cultural competence is the mastery of skills that provide appropriate awareness and sensitivity to individuals who are in cross cultural situations. Cultural competency is related to diversity and disparity. As Buchbinder and Shanks'" pointed out, diversity has been historically defined by broad categorical markers such as age, sexual orientation religion, and ethnicity, which involves many factors, including economic status and marginalization. Therefore, not only must the prolific numbers of ethnic groups in the United States be taken into account in anticipating care, but also factors that are relevant to a patient's minority status (i.e., whether they are migrants, uninsured, poor, or refugees) which contribute to economic, social, welfare, and psychological despair" (Green& Reinckens, 2013).
If we want better outcomes for our patients it is extremely important to take into consideration the types of culture these patients possess. With that being said as I read this article it made such clear sense to me. Take for instance you have patient that speaks Spanish or another language for their language. Then to add on top of the mix the patient is unable to maintain a high paying job due to his language barrier and lack of funds for education. This them snow balls into the patient is unable to receive the proper health care because he cant afford insurance. This is something other cultures face all the time. However if we as nurses take the time to educate OURSELVES about the different cultures and the barriers they may have, as well as put ourself out in the community and help these patients with opportunities to receive health care with clinics and programs then we might have a strong chance to lessen the amount of poor outcomes that may develop in the end. These patients a every other patient should be treated with equality and respect as we would treat our own family.
References
Green, Z. D., & Reinckens, J. (2013). Cultural Competency in Health Care: What Can Nurses Do?. Maryland Nurse, 14(4), 16.
.
Cultural Competence and PovertyExploring Play Therapists’ AOllieShoresna
Cultural Competence and Poverty:
Exploring Play Therapists’ Attitudes
Lauren Chase and Kristie Opiola
Department of Counseling, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This article reports the findings of a survey that investigated attitudes toward poverty
among play therapists (N � 390) and its relation to demographic information. Multi-
variate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to measure the relationship
between play therapists’ demographics and their attitudes toward poverty, specifically
their structural, personal deficiency, and stigma scores. Results indicated that both
region and age resulted in differing views on poverty. Participants living in the
Northeast held stronger structural views of poverty than participants in the South.
Similarly, participants in the 50 –59 and 60 plus age groups disagreed to strongly
disagree with a personal explanation toward poverty than participants in the 30 –39 age
group. The importance of play therapists’ examining their attitudes toward poverty and
the direct impact on their work is discussed. Finally, implications of the results,
including overall findings, are explained.
Keywords: play therapy, attitudes of poverty, cultural competence
Culturally competent training is an element
of credentialing requirements that ensures men-
tal health providers offer adequate and respon-
sive care to diverse populations. Although the
mental health field has embedded cultural com-
petence in their standards and guidelines, there
are discrepancies in the way the profession as-
sesses and measures competence (Sue et al.,
1996). Researchers have investigated attitudes
toward poverty in the helping professions
(Levin & Schwartz-Tayri, 2017; Noone et al.,
2012; van Heerde & Hudson, 2010; & Wit-
tenauer et al., 2015), but no study has focused
on play therapists’ attitudes toward poverty.
The purpose of this study is to fill a gap in the
literature regarding play therapist’s attitudes to-
ward poverty because awareness and knowl-
edge are key elements to implement culturally
responsive services and skills with diverse chil-
dren in a variety of settings.
Cultural Competence
Cultural competence is an important compo-
nent of professional practice, and practitioners
are expected to develop skills and understand-
ing pertaining to diverse clientele. Researchers
define cultural competence as the set of beliefs,
knowledge, and skills mental health providers
possess in order to deliver effective interven-
tions and services to members of various cul-
tures (Gilbert et al., 2007; Sue, 2006). The New
Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003)
recognized disparities in mental health delivery
and viewed the lack of cultural competence for
minority populations as a persistent problem.
Culturally competent health care is essential to
providing effective care to all populations. To
aid practitioners in their ability to increase their
cultural competence, leading professional men-
tal health associations have published ...
This document discusses transcultural nursing. It begins by defining key terms like transculture, transcultural nursing, and Leininger's Culture Care Theory. It then examines the importance of transcultural nursing, factors that affect it like communication, and how to perform a transcultural nursing assessment involving six cultural dimensions. The document also explores the role of transcultural nursing in considering a patient's cultural heritage, health beliefs, home remedies, and socioeconomic status. It emphasizes providing holistic care adapted to a patient's cultural background.
Discussion 1In today’s society, certain types of cultural barrie.docxcharlieppalmer35273
Discussion 1
In today’s society, certain types of cultural barriers in healthcare have the power to negatively impact outcomes and can lead to expensive consequences for health systems. Cultural competency refers to the ability to interact with people across cultures. When used in healthcare, it focuses on being able to care for patients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors. Today, the delivery of healthcare needs to be tailored to patients’ social, cultural and linguistic needs. According to the health care service company Cigna, cultural competency in healthcare can overcome health disparities. Some of these disparities include language barriers, cultural beliefs and practices, medical bias, variations in care access and quality, and low health literacy (Husson University, 2019).
The Purnell Model of Clinical Competence is a mid-range theory that is used for the research examining culture and within the context of culture and values. This theory was created by Larry Purnell and it was developed based on his observations of undergraduate nursing students and how they would interact with patients that are from different cultural backgrounds. In the United States, culturally competency is a key area for nurses and advanced practitioners (Marzilli, 2017).
Having the ability to communicate effectively with patients and their families is key for good patient care. The importance of communicating effectively in cross-cultural encounters is necessary. Cultural competence includes providing effective health care across diverse cultures by working collaboratively and communicating effectively. Advanced practice nurses and physicians who are aware of their own and their patients’ cultural backgrounds, along with the values that are often implicit in current medical models, are better able to achieve mutual understanding within the patient encounter and to focus on culturally appropriate health care interventions (Ladha et al., 2018)
With the Purnell Model, all aspects and domains of this model work by affecting one another, rather than standing alone. With this model there are specific cultural domains that include, heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, bicultural ecology, high risk behaviors, nutrition, childbearing, death rituals, spirituality, health care practices and the healthcare practitioner (National Association for School Nurses, 2019).
As nurse practitioners, understanding the impact that cultural competence and interaction with your patients are key in quality patient care and trust. Cultural competency is relevant to healthcare education due to the fact that minorities will constitute 54% of the total United States population by 2050. The Purnell Model helps by evaluating the impact of interventions such as service learning and the change on cultural competence following the specific intervention. Research involving the Purnell Model is used as the theoretical framework for determining the h.
Culture in Nursing DQ 1 student reply Martha Gomez.docxwrite31
1) Dr. Madeleine Leininger is considered the founder of transcultural nursing. In the 1950s, she observed differences in how nurses and patients from different cultures interacted. This led her to study how culture influences healthcare and develop theories to provide culturally competent care.
2) The Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) model provides a framework for delivering patient-centered care that considers a patient's cultural context. The model emphasizes collaboration between healthcare professionals and effective communication.
3) Key concepts in transcultural nursing developed by Dr. Leininger include the Sunrise model, three nursing modalities, and eight standards for evaluating culturally competent care. Her work established transc
The nursing workforce should reflect the diverse cultures, genders, and ethnicities of modern American society. A more diverse nursing staff has several benefits, including providing culturally competent care that makes patients from all backgrounds feel more comfortable. Exposing young people from all cultural backgrounds to healthcare careers can help increase the diversity of the nursing workforce. As patient populations become more varied, having a nursing staff that also represents different cultures and experiences is valuable.
Discussion 1 (Lindsay)
Module 1 Discussion
Cultural competence is having the capability to effectively interact with individuals belonging to different cultures. Being culturally competent is essential in the nursing profession. Specifically, because advanced practice nurses (APN) care for many different cultural groups in the community. Cultural competence plays a significant role in eliminating and decreasing health care disparities. Therefore, APNs must have the ability to communicate appropriately with different cultural backgrounds to effectively treat patient’s health concerns in a manner that is acceptable to the patient.
The Purnell model defines culture as behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, lifestyles, and all other factors that influence the human work and thought characteristics of a group of people that guide their worldview and decision making (Purnell, 2005). The Purnell model was a framework designed to use across all disciples and practice settings to assess different cultures. Every healthcare discipline values communication and must know their patients ethnocultural beliefs. Healthcare providers are more effective in caring for patients when they understand ethnocultural diversity. The model is a circle with three rims, the outlying rim represents global society, a second rim representing community, a third rim representing family, and the inner rim representing the person (Purnell, 2005). The interior of the circle is split into 12 parts representing cultural domains and their concepts. The 12 cultural domains construct the framework of the model. The Purnell model was developed for multiple purposes. These include providing a framework to learn concepts and characteristics of culture; define instances that affect an individual’s worldview; provide a tool that links the most significant relationships of culture; interrelate characteristics of culture that promote congruence to deliver sensitive and competent care; provide a structure for analyzing cultural data; and view individuals, families, and communities within their unique ethnocultural environment (Purnell, 2005). Communicating in a culturally sensitive way can minimize prejudices and biases.
Culturally competent communication means communicating with mindfulness and knowledge of health disparities and understanding that sociocultural influences have important effects on beliefs, behaviors, and the skills used to manage these factors appropriately (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). It is also important to recognize and understand different communication needs and styles. For example, identifying patient language preferences, literacy levels, and level of English proficiency. Promoting culturally competent communication in the health care setting reflects high quality care and a holistic approach. Good patient-provider communication is associated with increased adherence to treatment plans, higher patient satisfaction, and improved health outcomes (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). ...
Salon 2 15 kasim 11.00 12.00 nuran aydin-ingtyfngnc
The document discusses the importance of cultural competency in nursing care. It notes that culture shapes individuals' experiences, perceptions, and decisions. Providing culturally sensitive care requires understanding how culture influences health beliefs, behaviors, and patient-provider relationships. The best solution is for healthcare professionals to become culturally competent by developing knowledge of different cultural groups, skills in cross-cultural communication and patient-centered care, and awareness of one's own cultural values. Ongoing training and education can help improve cultural competency and lead to better patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Deactivated
4 posts
Re:Topic 3 DQ 1
"Cultural competency is described as a set of congruent practice skills, behaviors, attitudes and policies that come embedded in a system, agency, or among consumer providers and professionals.*Cultural competency facilitates the ability to carry out tasks effectively in an environment that has cross cultural situations.' Hence, cultural competence is the mastery of skills that provide appropriate awareness and sensitivity to individuals who are in cross cultural situations. Cultural competency is related to diversity and disparity. As Buchbinder and Shanks'" pointed out, diversity has been historically defined by broad categorical markers such as age, sexual orientation religion, and ethnicity, which involves many factors, including economic status and marginalization. Therefore, not only must the prolific numbers of ethnic groups in the United States be taken into account in anticipating care, but also factors that are relevant to a patient's minority status (i.e., whether they are migrants, uninsured, poor, or refugees) which contribute to economic, social, welfare, and psychological despair" (Green& Reinckens, 2013).
If we want better outcomes for our patients it is extremely important to take into consideration the types of culture these patients possess. With that being said as I read this article it made such clear sense to me. Take for instance you have patient that speaks Spanish or another language for their language. Then to add on top of the mix the patient is unable to maintain a high paying job due to his language barrier and lack of funds for education. This them snow balls into the patient is unable to receive the proper health care because he cant afford insurance. This is something other cultures face all the time. However if we as nurses take the time to educate OURSELVES about the different cultures and the barriers they may have, as well as put ourself out in the community and help these patients with opportunities to receive health care with clinics and programs then we might have a strong chance to lessen the amount of poor outcomes that may develop in the end. These patients a every other patient should be treated with equality and respect as we would treat our own family.
References
Green, Z. D., & Reinckens, J. (2013). Cultural Competency in Health Care: What Can Nurses Do?. Maryland Nurse, 14(4), 16.
.
Cultural Competence and PovertyExploring Play Therapists’ AOllieShoresna
Cultural Competence and Poverty:
Exploring Play Therapists’ Attitudes
Lauren Chase and Kristie Opiola
Department of Counseling, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This article reports the findings of a survey that investigated attitudes toward poverty
among play therapists (N � 390) and its relation to demographic information. Multi-
variate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to measure the relationship
between play therapists’ demographics and their attitudes toward poverty, specifically
their structural, personal deficiency, and stigma scores. Results indicated that both
region and age resulted in differing views on poverty. Participants living in the
Northeast held stronger structural views of poverty than participants in the South.
Similarly, participants in the 50 –59 and 60 plus age groups disagreed to strongly
disagree with a personal explanation toward poverty than participants in the 30 –39 age
group. The importance of play therapists’ examining their attitudes toward poverty and
the direct impact on their work is discussed. Finally, implications of the results,
including overall findings, are explained.
Keywords: play therapy, attitudes of poverty, cultural competence
Culturally competent training is an element
of credentialing requirements that ensures men-
tal health providers offer adequate and respon-
sive care to diverse populations. Although the
mental health field has embedded cultural com-
petence in their standards and guidelines, there
are discrepancies in the way the profession as-
sesses and measures competence (Sue et al.,
1996). Researchers have investigated attitudes
toward poverty in the helping professions
(Levin & Schwartz-Tayri, 2017; Noone et al.,
2012; van Heerde & Hudson, 2010; & Wit-
tenauer et al., 2015), but no study has focused
on play therapists’ attitudes toward poverty.
The purpose of this study is to fill a gap in the
literature regarding play therapist’s attitudes to-
ward poverty because awareness and knowl-
edge are key elements to implement culturally
responsive services and skills with diverse chil-
dren in a variety of settings.
Cultural Competence
Cultural competence is an important compo-
nent of professional practice, and practitioners
are expected to develop skills and understand-
ing pertaining to diverse clientele. Researchers
define cultural competence as the set of beliefs,
knowledge, and skills mental health providers
possess in order to deliver effective interven-
tions and services to members of various cul-
tures (Gilbert et al., 2007; Sue, 2006). The New
Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003)
recognized disparities in mental health delivery
and viewed the lack of cultural competence for
minority populations as a persistent problem.
Culturally competent health care is essential to
providing effective care to all populations. To
aid practitioners in their ability to increase their
cultural competence, leading professional men-
tal health associations have published ...
This document discusses transcultural nursing. It begins by defining key terms like transculture, transcultural nursing, and Leininger's Culture Care Theory. It then examines the importance of transcultural nursing, factors that affect it like communication, and how to perform a transcultural nursing assessment involving six cultural dimensions. The document also explores the role of transcultural nursing in considering a patient's cultural heritage, health beliefs, home remedies, and socioeconomic status. It emphasizes providing holistic care adapted to a patient's cultural background.
Discussion 1In today’s society, certain types of cultural barrie.docxcharlieppalmer35273
Discussion 1
In today’s society, certain types of cultural barriers in healthcare have the power to negatively impact outcomes and can lead to expensive consequences for health systems. Cultural competency refers to the ability to interact with people across cultures. When used in healthcare, it focuses on being able to care for patients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors. Today, the delivery of healthcare needs to be tailored to patients’ social, cultural and linguistic needs. According to the health care service company Cigna, cultural competency in healthcare can overcome health disparities. Some of these disparities include language barriers, cultural beliefs and practices, medical bias, variations in care access and quality, and low health literacy (Husson University, 2019).
The Purnell Model of Clinical Competence is a mid-range theory that is used for the research examining culture and within the context of culture and values. This theory was created by Larry Purnell and it was developed based on his observations of undergraduate nursing students and how they would interact with patients that are from different cultural backgrounds. In the United States, culturally competency is a key area for nurses and advanced practitioners (Marzilli, 2017).
Having the ability to communicate effectively with patients and their families is key for good patient care. The importance of communicating effectively in cross-cultural encounters is necessary. Cultural competence includes providing effective health care across diverse cultures by working collaboratively and communicating effectively. Advanced practice nurses and physicians who are aware of their own and their patients’ cultural backgrounds, along with the values that are often implicit in current medical models, are better able to achieve mutual understanding within the patient encounter and to focus on culturally appropriate health care interventions (Ladha et al., 2018)
With the Purnell Model, all aspects and domains of this model work by affecting one another, rather than standing alone. With this model there are specific cultural domains that include, heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, bicultural ecology, high risk behaviors, nutrition, childbearing, death rituals, spirituality, health care practices and the healthcare practitioner (National Association for School Nurses, 2019).
As nurse practitioners, understanding the impact that cultural competence and interaction with your patients are key in quality patient care and trust. Cultural competency is relevant to healthcare education due to the fact that minorities will constitute 54% of the total United States population by 2050. The Purnell Model helps by evaluating the impact of interventions such as service learning and the change on cultural competence following the specific intervention. Research involving the Purnell Model is used as the theoretical framework for determining the h.
Culture in Nursing DQ 1 student reply Martha Gomez.docxwrite31
1) Dr. Madeleine Leininger is considered the founder of transcultural nursing. In the 1950s, she observed differences in how nurses and patients from different cultures interacted. This led her to study how culture influences healthcare and develop theories to provide culturally competent care.
2) The Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) model provides a framework for delivering patient-centered care that considers a patient's cultural context. The model emphasizes collaboration between healthcare professionals and effective communication.
3) Key concepts in transcultural nursing developed by Dr. Leininger include the Sunrise model, three nursing modalities, and eight standards for evaluating culturally competent care. Her work established transc
The nursing workforce should reflect the diverse cultures, genders, and ethnicities of modern American society. A more diverse nursing staff has several benefits, including providing culturally competent care that makes patients from all backgrounds feel more comfortable. Exposing young people from all cultural backgrounds to healthcare careers can help increase the diversity of the nursing workforce. As patient populations become more varied, having a nursing staff that also represents different cultures and experiences is valuable.
Discussion 1 (Lindsay)
Module 1 Discussion
Cultural competence is having the capability to effectively interact with individuals belonging to different cultures. Being culturally competent is essential in the nursing profession. Specifically, because advanced practice nurses (APN) care for many different cultural groups in the community. Cultural competence plays a significant role in eliminating and decreasing health care disparities. Therefore, APNs must have the ability to communicate appropriately with different cultural backgrounds to effectively treat patient’s health concerns in a manner that is acceptable to the patient.
The Purnell model defines culture as behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, lifestyles, and all other factors that influence the human work and thought characteristics of a group of people that guide their worldview and decision making (Purnell, 2005). The Purnell model was a framework designed to use across all disciples and practice settings to assess different cultures. Every healthcare discipline values communication and must know their patients ethnocultural beliefs. Healthcare providers are more effective in caring for patients when they understand ethnocultural diversity. The model is a circle with three rims, the outlying rim represents global society, a second rim representing community, a third rim representing family, and the inner rim representing the person (Purnell, 2005). The interior of the circle is split into 12 parts representing cultural domains and their concepts. The 12 cultural domains construct the framework of the model. The Purnell model was developed for multiple purposes. These include providing a framework to learn concepts and characteristics of culture; define instances that affect an individual’s worldview; provide a tool that links the most significant relationships of culture; interrelate characteristics of culture that promote congruence to deliver sensitive and competent care; provide a structure for analyzing cultural data; and view individuals, families, and communities within their unique ethnocultural environment (Purnell, 2005). Communicating in a culturally sensitive way can minimize prejudices and biases.
Culturally competent communication means communicating with mindfulness and knowledge of health disparities and understanding that sociocultural influences have important effects on beliefs, behaviors, and the skills used to manage these factors appropriately (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). It is also important to recognize and understand different communication needs and styles. For example, identifying patient language preferences, literacy levels, and level of English proficiency. Promoting culturally competent communication in the health care setting reflects high quality care and a holistic approach. Good patient-provider communication is associated with increased adherence to treatment plans, higher patient satisfaction, and improved health outcomes (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). ...
Salon 2 15 kasim 11.00 12.00 nuran aydin-ingtyfngnc
The document discusses the importance of cultural competency in nursing care. It notes that culture shapes individuals' experiences, perceptions, and decisions. Providing culturally sensitive care requires understanding how culture influences health beliefs, behaviors, and patient-provider relationships. The best solution is for healthcare professionals to become culturally competent by developing knowledge of different cultural groups, skills in cross-cultural communication and patient-centered care, and awareness of one's own cultural values. Ongoing training and education can help improve cultural competency and lead to better patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Cultural competency in healthcare is important because patients come from diverse backgrounds. Healthcare providers must be aware of different cultures and treat all patients with respect, without projecting personal beliefs. They should receive ongoing education on diverse cultures to best meet patient needs. As the US population changes, healthcare administrators must ensure standards and resources are in place to provide culturally appropriate care for all.
This document provides an overview of transcultural nursing concepts and cultural competence in healthcare. It defines key terms like culture, ethnicity, religion, and discusses Giger and Purnell's model for assessing cultural variations. The document also summarizes Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory, which focuses on discovering culturally appropriate caring behaviors. It outlines the basic assumptions and key concepts of the theory, including cultural diversity, universality, and the need to interface generic and professional care to provide culturally congruent nursing.
Instructions to writer- this is a peer respond- please respond to Gabr.docxhye345678
Instructions to writer: this is a peer respond, please respond to Gabriella and Olga with a minimum of 150 words to each peer and at least 1 academic resource to each peer .
Must meet the following:
I need this in APA Style . Thank you!
This’s Gabriella Discussion Post ↓
The Purnell model for cultural competency is considered a model to improve comprehension on cultural competence for individuals within the healthcare community. The Model’s efficiency has been well-rooted in the globally, informing and bringing awareness, to the client’s culture using assessments, health-care planning, interventions, and evaluations (Purnell, 2013). Members of the healthcare field are acquainted to people from distinct backgrounds, cultures, beliefs, and values daily. The population is growing nationwide and is becoming more assorted. Therefore, nurses and other medical professionals need to become more familiar with cultural diversity or it might have a negative impact on the population. Purnell’s model aims at preventing this from happening by making nurses more culturally knowledgeable and catering to their needs regardless of a patient’s culture and background.
Purnell’s model of cultural competence is an ethnographic model that provides a cultural understanding of people in the process of health protection, development, and coping with diseases (Yalçın Gürsoy, & Tanrıverd, 2020). Purnell’s model is characterized as a model with a focus on four essential concepts which includes person, community, global society, and family. The most outer part of the diagram or model consists of the global society which emphasizes the obligation for healthcare workers to view the world and society as allied and not separate items. The model discusses how globalization and communication skills are effective in the influence of society and the method that individuals depict others based on their cultural background. Nonetheless, the model applies the community as a means of getting healthcare members involved and have the want to explore it as a way of comprehending one’s ethics and viewpoints. The way a certain community is seen, impacts decision making and goals to understand them can provide better care. In communities, family is also very important, as a patient may want a member to be included in any decision-making process. Additionally, professionals within the healthcare community must comprehend that a patient’s cultural tendencies, values and beliefs may revolve around familial connections. Finally, one of the most important concepts of the Purnell model is the person. When a medical professional is providing care to a patient, they must treat them as an individual who has their own morals and values. The four concepts of Purnell’s model, family, person, community, and global society have different ways that an individual interrelates, which may influence the treatment they receive and some of the decisions that are made.
Purnell’s mode.
Running Head TEACHING PLAN2TEACHING PLAN2.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: TEACHING PLAN 2
TEACHING PLAN 2
High-Level Teaching Plan for A Diverse Learning Environment
Student’s Name
Course Code
Institution Affiliation
Date
A Patient Educator in A Hospital
Introduction
Nursing is not all about giving medications or treating patients. It is the responsibility of the nurses to educate patients on how to prevent illnesses and how to manage certain medical conditions. Nurses can do these by interacting and communicating with patients. By doing this, they will help patients understand how to take control of their health care. When patients take part in their health care, they are likely to change their behaviors and do things that are likely to improve their general health.
My role and the environment I will utilize for teaching
According to Burke and Mancuso (2012), learning is very important in any nursing environment. Effective education of patients happens from the time they are admitted at the hospital and goes on until the patients are discharged from the hospital. For out-patients, I will educate them during their waiting time. As a nurse I will take every opportunity I will come across during the patients’ visit to the hospital and throughout their admission in the hospital to educate them about their health care. I will provide patients with instructions to follow on self-care and how to maintain certain problems. Some of the self-care instructions include;
· How to follow the steps of self-care
· How to know early signs of certain illnesses
· How to go about emergency problems
· Who to contact in case of problems
The intended audience
I will educate people of all populations in my education program regardless of their age, culture, illness, ethnicity, and gender. General education will be provided to all patients on how to take care of themselves when they leave the hospital. This important because sometimes patients go home, neglect themselves, resume their unhealthy practices, and forget to manage their medical conditions. For patients suffering from diabetes, I will educate and provide them with instructions on how to inject themselves with insulin. For new mothers, they will learn how to take care of their new born babies and how to bath the infants. I will provide instructions on how to change a colostomy pouching system for the concerned patients.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Key points of the theory
This theory concentrates on the impacts of social factors on a person’s thinking, perception and motivation. According to the social cognition theory, a patient must have different perspectives, approaches, and reactions to situations in the health care environment. The players in the health care setting would be expected to have different perceptions, interpretations, and responses to a situation that are strongly colored by their social and cultural experiences (Braungart, Braungart, & Gramet, 2008).
Why this theory fits the topic, audience, and the context
The ...
The demographic profile of the countries suggests that countries are rapidly becoming heterogeneous, multicultural societies. So it is imperative that nurses develop an understanding about culture and its relevance to competent care. Transcultural nursing represents and reflects the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all human beings.
It is essential to remember that regardless of race ethnicity or cultural heritage, every human being is culturally unique. Professional nursing care is culturally sensitive, culturally appropriate and culturally competent
22CHAPTER 2 Cultural CompetencyAchieving cultural .docxrobert345678
This document discusses cultural competence in healthcare. It makes three main points:
1) Achieving cultural competence requires self-awareness, knowledge of different cultures, and effective communication skills. It involves understanding one's own biases and adapting care to meet patients' unique cultural and personal needs.
2) Culture encompasses many aspects of human behavior and identity, including ideas, beliefs, language, and ways of relating. It is important for healthcare providers to understand culture without making assumptions about patients based on physical characteristics or stereotypes.
3) Providing culturally competent care means recognizing the impact of factors like race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and discrimination on health outcomes and accessing care. It requires awareness of one
This document discusses transcultural nursing concepts and theories. It begins by defining transcultural nursing and describing key concepts related to it such as culture, ethnicity, and cultural identity. It then explains Madeleine Leininger's transcultural nursing theory and care concepts of cultural preservation, accommodation, and re-patterning. The document outlines the nursing process in transcultural care and concludes that nurses must be aware of and sensitive to patients' cultural needs to provide effective care.
The document discusses the development of a teaching program to raise awareness of vulnerable populations in a workplace. It describes nursing theorists Leininger and Watson who emphasized holistic and culturally competent care. The author developed posters on ethical cultural competence that were displayed and will be used in a September presentation. The presentation aims to discuss how understanding different cultures can help provide equitable, patient-centered care and meet quality standards. Understanding cultural factors is important for implementing effective health interventions in a holistic manner.
AbstrActOne of the biggest challenges in nursing educati.docxransayo
AbstrAct
One of the biggest challenges in
nursing education is to develop cul-
turally sensitive graduates. Although
theory and lecture are appropriate to
introduce cultural issues, the applica-
tion of those skills is limited by the
kinds of clinical experiences and pa-
tient populations students may treat.
Literary works are a rich source of
information for nursing. This assign-
ment was created to sensitize the
students to the influence of cultural
diversity. Students were assigned to
read one novel from an approved list
and answer the questions posed on
the Cultural Discovery worksheet.
The only direction that was given re-
garding novel selection was that the
novel had to represent a culture other
than the student’s own. The focus
was to expose students to a different
culture. Classroom discussion, based
on worksheet answers, followed. The
assignment’s good, bad, and ugly out-
comes are discussed. Suggestions for
adaptation of this assignment to an
online format are also provided.
T
he United States is home to
one of the most ethnically and
culturally heterogeneous popu-
lations in the world. There are more
than 150 ethnic groups (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2006) and 430 recognized
tribes of Native Americans in the
United States (Redish & Lewis, 2007),
all with their own diverse practices
and beliefs. Culture and ethnicity of-
ten determine the clients’ perception
of health and illness. This includes
kinds of acceptable treatment, type
of follow up permitted, and who will
make health care decisions. As a cul-
ture defines health and illness, it also
defines health care and treatment
practices. Cultural values determine,
in part, how patients will behave.
The provision of culturally compe-
tent care is a dynamic process that
requires individuals to be aware of
their own values and beliefs, as well
as understand how these affect their
responses to those from cultures dif-
ferent from their own. Leininger
(1991) defined culture as the learned,
shared, and transmitted values, be-
liefs, norms, and life practices of a
particular group that guide their
thinking, decisions, and actions in
patterned ways. Cultural competence
includes the attributes of caring, re-
spect, adaptation, honesty, appropri-
ate body language, and interest and
the ability to develop working rela-
tionships across lines of difference
(Galanti, 2004). This encompasses
self-awareness, cultural knowledge
about illness and health practices, in-
tercultural communication skills, and
behavioral flexibility (Strivastava,
2006). Even the concept of transcul-
tural nursing is relatively new in the
nursing literature. In fact, only in the
past 3 decades have nurses begun to
develop an appreciation for the need
to incorporate culturally appropriate
clinical approaches into the daily rou-
tine of client care (Giger & Davidhi-
zar, 1999). Educators strive to develop
students into sensitive practitioners,
and they are challenged .
1 postsRe Topic 3 DQ 2Community health nurses must be c.docxaulasnilda
1 posts
Re: Topic 3 DQ 2
Community health nurses must be culturally compliant to provide the most adequate and highest level of quality care. Understanding certain feelings and recognizing these is the first step for the nurse to put aside stereotypes and bias. Most of the time, they are learned behaviors prior to nursing. Stereotyping in nursing is a preconceived assumption regarding a certain group of people; this, in turn, leads to various personal feelings built upon that stereotype resulting in being bias. In health care, these feelings can lead to implicit bias feelings we unconsciously display towards patients and can impact patient care (Falkner, 2018). It is challenging for nurses not to be biased against one group or the other due to the fact that medically and scientifically there are certain groups or populations that certain condition/diseases are more prevalent than others, but "jumping the gun" per say could result in false diagnosis or inadequate treatments (Puddifoot, 2019). Community nurses must take into account the scientific and medical data related to each and every individual.
Campinha-Bacote and Munoz (2001) proposed a five-component model for developing cultural competence: Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural skill, Cultural encounters, and Cultural desire. One important way for nurses to achieve cultural competence and promote respect is to challenge our own beliefs and ask better questions regarding our patient populations. For example, nurses should avoid unintentionally stereotyping a patient into a specific cultural or ethnic group based on characteristics like outward appearance, race, country of origin or religious preference. Additionally, many subcultures and variations can exist within a cultural or ethnic group. For instance, the term Asian-American includes cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Korean and Vietnamese, and within these cultures, there are variations in a geographic region, religion, language, family structure and more.
Using 200-300 APA format with references to support the discussion.
How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue
.
Running head CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING
CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING12
Literature Review: Cultural Incompetence in Nursing
Bettina Vargas
Kaplan University
Literature Review: Cultural Incompetence in NursingComment by Tracy Towne: Use citations to support yoru statements so the reader knows it is not just your opinion
In healthcare, cultural incompetence impedes the delivery of quality care at the global, national and healthcare organizational level. In the United States, the minority disproportionate access of healthcare is mainly due to cultural incompetence in nursing and so are the increasing health issues they face, such as high rates of diseases and deaths. At the practicum site, Coral Gables Nursing and Rehabilitation, the effect of cultural incompetence in reference to the delivering poor quality care to a culturally diverse patient population is evident. With this in mind, the focus of this literature review is to provide insight on the trends of cultural incompetence, explore theories used to examine cultural incompetence, gaps in the pre-existing literature and solutions to cultural incompetence. This will help to contextual cultural incompetence and find lasting solutions for eradicating cultural incompetence and prioritizing cultural competence.
Trends
Cultural incompetence in nursing finds its roots in the nursing education and training. According to Bednarz, Schim, & Doorenbos (2010), as the general population records increased diversity, so do the nursing classroom where the minorities are enrolling in nursing education at a higher rate. This increases the need to focus on diversity in nursing education to nurture cultural competent nursing professionals. However, cultural incompetence among the teaching staff in terms of the inability to counter diversity barriers make it difficult to teach a diverse classroom and impart students with cultural competence. These barriers emerge from values and common attitudes held by nursing education and culture such as avoiding unwanted discrimination and the Golden Rule, which is “do unto others as you would have them do unto you” (para. 9). As Hassouneh (2013) indicate, the effect of such barriers, is “unconscious incompetence” as well intentioned faculties are unable to recognize realities, including the fact that each student is unique and deserves unique treatment, thus generating more barriers towards instilling students with cultural competence. The nursing education and training lacks uniformity in accommodating the needs of diverse students. Lack of efficiency in cross-cultural communication, both in written and spoken form aggravates this. Besides, nursing education has no profound way of bringing the different cultures, jargon and professional languages that the students and the faculty possess together to create coherence and increasingly enable the nurses and the faculty to understand each other. The effect is a learning environme ...
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Diversity in nursing and the health care field.docxwrite5
This document discusses diversity in nursing and healthcare. It states that diversity refers to differences between individuals in terms of attributes like age, sex, race, and experience. A diverse workforce provides different perspectives that can improve problem-solving, decision-making, and patient satisfaction. As societies become more diverse, the healthcare field must also diversify so that patients feel understood and cared for. Researchers are studying ways to increase diversity through cultural self-evaluation and inclusion initiatives in healthcare organizations and institutions.
NUR 4551 UP Mitigating Bullying and Lateral Violence Presentation.docxwrite30
This document discusses cultural diversity in healthcare and provides guidelines for incorporating cultural aspects into nursing leadership and management. It describes how to capitalize on a diverse workforce and support cultural differences to improve efficiency. The chapter presents concepts of transculturalism and techniques for managing a culturally diverse workforce. It emphasizes respecting different lifestyles and discusses how diversity affects staff performance.
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
DINA TRISNAWTATI & FITRI DIANA ASTUTI purnel’s cultural competency.pptxFITRIDIANAASTUTI
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence provides a framework to help healthcare providers deliver culturally sensitive care. The model includes 12 domains that describe cultural considerations, such as overview/heritage, communication, family roles, and health practices. It assumes that understanding a patient's culture is vital for compliance and outcomes. The model also has four levels of cultural competence that providers can develop. Its organizational structure allows practitioners to systematically account for cultural factors.
This document provides information on transcultural nursing concepts and models. It discusses Madeleine Leininger's theory of transcultural nursing, which introduced the concepts of cultural care preservation, accommodation, and repatterning. It also describes Joyce Geiger and Ruth Davidhizer's transcultural assessment model, which identifies six cultural phenomena to assess: communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations. Finally, it examines cultural values and care meanings and actions for several cultures including Anglo-American, Mexican American, Haitian American, African American, and North American Indian cultures.
Population Growth and Water ResourcesOf all natural resources, wat.docxblazelaj2
Population Growth and Water Resources
Of all natural resources, water is the most essential. It supports vital processes of value to mankind such as food production, drinking water, and fisheries, among others. Water may seem abundant at first sight; after all, approximately 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. The reality is that supplying water to support mankind’s needs has not kept with pace with population and economic growth. Discuss the role that population growth has played in water pollution. List and describe 2 potential solutions to the potential “water crisis” we may face if water resources continue to be misused.
.
Pop Art MovementReview our reading on the Pop Art movement. Writ.docxblazelaj2
Pop Art Movement
Review our reading on the Pop Art movement. Write an essay in your own words that addresses the points below:
Much of Pop Art focused on mundane objects and repetitive imagery. Was there a meaningful “message” to Pop Art?
Using an art example from the Pop Art movement, describe what social or political statements the Pop artists were trying to make.
How did Pop Art challenge conventional ideas about originality? Consider the subject matter and techniques of artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.
You do not need an abstract page for this assignment, but please make sure you include an APA-style title page at the beginning of your essay. The body of your essay should be no less than 750 words. Make sure to include your photograph in the document and be sure to cite your sources both in the text and in a References page according to APA standards
.
More Related Content
Similar to Student PaperCultural Competency in Baccalaureate Nursing
Cultural competency in healthcare is important because patients come from diverse backgrounds. Healthcare providers must be aware of different cultures and treat all patients with respect, without projecting personal beliefs. They should receive ongoing education on diverse cultures to best meet patient needs. As the US population changes, healthcare administrators must ensure standards and resources are in place to provide culturally appropriate care for all.
This document provides an overview of transcultural nursing concepts and cultural competence in healthcare. It defines key terms like culture, ethnicity, religion, and discusses Giger and Purnell's model for assessing cultural variations. The document also summarizes Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory, which focuses on discovering culturally appropriate caring behaviors. It outlines the basic assumptions and key concepts of the theory, including cultural diversity, universality, and the need to interface generic and professional care to provide culturally congruent nursing.
Instructions to writer- this is a peer respond- please respond to Gabr.docxhye345678
Instructions to writer: this is a peer respond, please respond to Gabriella and Olga with a minimum of 150 words to each peer and at least 1 academic resource to each peer .
Must meet the following:
I need this in APA Style . Thank you!
This’s Gabriella Discussion Post ↓
The Purnell model for cultural competency is considered a model to improve comprehension on cultural competence for individuals within the healthcare community. The Model’s efficiency has been well-rooted in the globally, informing and bringing awareness, to the client’s culture using assessments, health-care planning, interventions, and evaluations (Purnell, 2013). Members of the healthcare field are acquainted to people from distinct backgrounds, cultures, beliefs, and values daily. The population is growing nationwide and is becoming more assorted. Therefore, nurses and other medical professionals need to become more familiar with cultural diversity or it might have a negative impact on the population. Purnell’s model aims at preventing this from happening by making nurses more culturally knowledgeable and catering to their needs regardless of a patient’s culture and background.
Purnell’s model of cultural competence is an ethnographic model that provides a cultural understanding of people in the process of health protection, development, and coping with diseases (Yalçın Gürsoy, & Tanrıverd, 2020). Purnell’s model is characterized as a model with a focus on four essential concepts which includes person, community, global society, and family. The most outer part of the diagram or model consists of the global society which emphasizes the obligation for healthcare workers to view the world and society as allied and not separate items. The model discusses how globalization and communication skills are effective in the influence of society and the method that individuals depict others based on their cultural background. Nonetheless, the model applies the community as a means of getting healthcare members involved and have the want to explore it as a way of comprehending one’s ethics and viewpoints. The way a certain community is seen, impacts decision making and goals to understand them can provide better care. In communities, family is also very important, as a patient may want a member to be included in any decision-making process. Additionally, professionals within the healthcare community must comprehend that a patient’s cultural tendencies, values and beliefs may revolve around familial connections. Finally, one of the most important concepts of the Purnell model is the person. When a medical professional is providing care to a patient, they must treat them as an individual who has their own morals and values. The four concepts of Purnell’s model, family, person, community, and global society have different ways that an individual interrelates, which may influence the treatment they receive and some of the decisions that are made.
Purnell’s mode.
Running Head TEACHING PLAN2TEACHING PLAN2.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: TEACHING PLAN 2
TEACHING PLAN 2
High-Level Teaching Plan for A Diverse Learning Environment
Student’s Name
Course Code
Institution Affiliation
Date
A Patient Educator in A Hospital
Introduction
Nursing is not all about giving medications or treating patients. It is the responsibility of the nurses to educate patients on how to prevent illnesses and how to manage certain medical conditions. Nurses can do these by interacting and communicating with patients. By doing this, they will help patients understand how to take control of their health care. When patients take part in their health care, they are likely to change their behaviors and do things that are likely to improve their general health.
My role and the environment I will utilize for teaching
According to Burke and Mancuso (2012), learning is very important in any nursing environment. Effective education of patients happens from the time they are admitted at the hospital and goes on until the patients are discharged from the hospital. For out-patients, I will educate them during their waiting time. As a nurse I will take every opportunity I will come across during the patients’ visit to the hospital and throughout their admission in the hospital to educate them about their health care. I will provide patients with instructions to follow on self-care and how to maintain certain problems. Some of the self-care instructions include;
· How to follow the steps of self-care
· How to know early signs of certain illnesses
· How to go about emergency problems
· Who to contact in case of problems
The intended audience
I will educate people of all populations in my education program regardless of their age, culture, illness, ethnicity, and gender. General education will be provided to all patients on how to take care of themselves when they leave the hospital. This important because sometimes patients go home, neglect themselves, resume their unhealthy practices, and forget to manage their medical conditions. For patients suffering from diabetes, I will educate and provide them with instructions on how to inject themselves with insulin. For new mothers, they will learn how to take care of their new born babies and how to bath the infants. I will provide instructions on how to change a colostomy pouching system for the concerned patients.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Key points of the theory
This theory concentrates on the impacts of social factors on a person’s thinking, perception and motivation. According to the social cognition theory, a patient must have different perspectives, approaches, and reactions to situations in the health care environment. The players in the health care setting would be expected to have different perceptions, interpretations, and responses to a situation that are strongly colored by their social and cultural experiences (Braungart, Braungart, & Gramet, 2008).
Why this theory fits the topic, audience, and the context
The ...
The demographic profile of the countries suggests that countries are rapidly becoming heterogeneous, multicultural societies. So it is imperative that nurses develop an understanding about culture and its relevance to competent care. Transcultural nursing represents and reflects the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all human beings.
It is essential to remember that regardless of race ethnicity or cultural heritage, every human being is culturally unique. Professional nursing care is culturally sensitive, culturally appropriate and culturally competent
22CHAPTER 2 Cultural CompetencyAchieving cultural .docxrobert345678
This document discusses cultural competence in healthcare. It makes three main points:
1) Achieving cultural competence requires self-awareness, knowledge of different cultures, and effective communication skills. It involves understanding one's own biases and adapting care to meet patients' unique cultural and personal needs.
2) Culture encompasses many aspects of human behavior and identity, including ideas, beliefs, language, and ways of relating. It is important for healthcare providers to understand culture without making assumptions about patients based on physical characteristics or stereotypes.
3) Providing culturally competent care means recognizing the impact of factors like race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and discrimination on health outcomes and accessing care. It requires awareness of one
This document discusses transcultural nursing concepts and theories. It begins by defining transcultural nursing and describing key concepts related to it such as culture, ethnicity, and cultural identity. It then explains Madeleine Leininger's transcultural nursing theory and care concepts of cultural preservation, accommodation, and re-patterning. The document outlines the nursing process in transcultural care and concludes that nurses must be aware of and sensitive to patients' cultural needs to provide effective care.
The document discusses the development of a teaching program to raise awareness of vulnerable populations in a workplace. It describes nursing theorists Leininger and Watson who emphasized holistic and culturally competent care. The author developed posters on ethical cultural competence that were displayed and will be used in a September presentation. The presentation aims to discuss how understanding different cultures can help provide equitable, patient-centered care and meet quality standards. Understanding cultural factors is important for implementing effective health interventions in a holistic manner.
AbstrActOne of the biggest challenges in nursing educati.docxransayo
AbstrAct
One of the biggest challenges in
nursing education is to develop cul-
turally sensitive graduates. Although
theory and lecture are appropriate to
introduce cultural issues, the applica-
tion of those skills is limited by the
kinds of clinical experiences and pa-
tient populations students may treat.
Literary works are a rich source of
information for nursing. This assign-
ment was created to sensitize the
students to the influence of cultural
diversity. Students were assigned to
read one novel from an approved list
and answer the questions posed on
the Cultural Discovery worksheet.
The only direction that was given re-
garding novel selection was that the
novel had to represent a culture other
than the student’s own. The focus
was to expose students to a different
culture. Classroom discussion, based
on worksheet answers, followed. The
assignment’s good, bad, and ugly out-
comes are discussed. Suggestions for
adaptation of this assignment to an
online format are also provided.
T
he United States is home to
one of the most ethnically and
culturally heterogeneous popu-
lations in the world. There are more
than 150 ethnic groups (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2006) and 430 recognized
tribes of Native Americans in the
United States (Redish & Lewis, 2007),
all with their own diverse practices
and beliefs. Culture and ethnicity of-
ten determine the clients’ perception
of health and illness. This includes
kinds of acceptable treatment, type
of follow up permitted, and who will
make health care decisions. As a cul-
ture defines health and illness, it also
defines health care and treatment
practices. Cultural values determine,
in part, how patients will behave.
The provision of culturally compe-
tent care is a dynamic process that
requires individuals to be aware of
their own values and beliefs, as well
as understand how these affect their
responses to those from cultures dif-
ferent from their own. Leininger
(1991) defined culture as the learned,
shared, and transmitted values, be-
liefs, norms, and life practices of a
particular group that guide their
thinking, decisions, and actions in
patterned ways. Cultural competence
includes the attributes of caring, re-
spect, adaptation, honesty, appropri-
ate body language, and interest and
the ability to develop working rela-
tionships across lines of difference
(Galanti, 2004). This encompasses
self-awareness, cultural knowledge
about illness and health practices, in-
tercultural communication skills, and
behavioral flexibility (Strivastava,
2006). Even the concept of transcul-
tural nursing is relatively new in the
nursing literature. In fact, only in the
past 3 decades have nurses begun to
develop an appreciation for the need
to incorporate culturally appropriate
clinical approaches into the daily rou-
tine of client care (Giger & Davidhi-
zar, 1999). Educators strive to develop
students into sensitive practitioners,
and they are challenged .
1 postsRe Topic 3 DQ 2Community health nurses must be c.docxaulasnilda
1 posts
Re: Topic 3 DQ 2
Community health nurses must be culturally compliant to provide the most adequate and highest level of quality care. Understanding certain feelings and recognizing these is the first step for the nurse to put aside stereotypes and bias. Most of the time, they are learned behaviors prior to nursing. Stereotyping in nursing is a preconceived assumption regarding a certain group of people; this, in turn, leads to various personal feelings built upon that stereotype resulting in being bias. In health care, these feelings can lead to implicit bias feelings we unconsciously display towards patients and can impact patient care (Falkner, 2018). It is challenging for nurses not to be biased against one group or the other due to the fact that medically and scientifically there are certain groups or populations that certain condition/diseases are more prevalent than others, but "jumping the gun" per say could result in false diagnosis or inadequate treatments (Puddifoot, 2019). Community nurses must take into account the scientific and medical data related to each and every individual.
Campinha-Bacote and Munoz (2001) proposed a five-component model for developing cultural competence: Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural skill, Cultural encounters, and Cultural desire. One important way for nurses to achieve cultural competence and promote respect is to challenge our own beliefs and ask better questions regarding our patient populations. For example, nurses should avoid unintentionally stereotyping a patient into a specific cultural or ethnic group based on characteristics like outward appearance, race, country of origin or religious preference. Additionally, many subcultures and variations can exist within a cultural or ethnic group. For instance, the term Asian-American includes cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Korean and Vietnamese, and within these cultures, there are variations in a geographic region, religion, language, family structure and more.
Using 200-300 APA format with references to support the discussion.
How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue
.
Running head CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING
CULTURAL INCOMPETENCE IN NURSING12
Literature Review: Cultural Incompetence in Nursing
Bettina Vargas
Kaplan University
Literature Review: Cultural Incompetence in NursingComment by Tracy Towne: Use citations to support yoru statements so the reader knows it is not just your opinion
In healthcare, cultural incompetence impedes the delivery of quality care at the global, national and healthcare organizational level. In the United States, the minority disproportionate access of healthcare is mainly due to cultural incompetence in nursing and so are the increasing health issues they face, such as high rates of diseases and deaths. At the practicum site, Coral Gables Nursing and Rehabilitation, the effect of cultural incompetence in reference to the delivering poor quality care to a culturally diverse patient population is evident. With this in mind, the focus of this literature review is to provide insight on the trends of cultural incompetence, explore theories used to examine cultural incompetence, gaps in the pre-existing literature and solutions to cultural incompetence. This will help to contextual cultural incompetence and find lasting solutions for eradicating cultural incompetence and prioritizing cultural competence.
Trends
Cultural incompetence in nursing finds its roots in the nursing education and training. According to Bednarz, Schim, & Doorenbos (2010), as the general population records increased diversity, so do the nursing classroom where the minorities are enrolling in nursing education at a higher rate. This increases the need to focus on diversity in nursing education to nurture cultural competent nursing professionals. However, cultural incompetence among the teaching staff in terms of the inability to counter diversity barriers make it difficult to teach a diverse classroom and impart students with cultural competence. These barriers emerge from values and common attitudes held by nursing education and culture such as avoiding unwanted discrimination and the Golden Rule, which is “do unto others as you would have them do unto you” (para. 9). As Hassouneh (2013) indicate, the effect of such barriers, is “unconscious incompetence” as well intentioned faculties are unable to recognize realities, including the fact that each student is unique and deserves unique treatment, thus generating more barriers towards instilling students with cultural competence. The nursing education and training lacks uniformity in accommodating the needs of diverse students. Lack of efficiency in cross-cultural communication, both in written and spoken form aggravates this. Besides, nursing education has no profound way of bringing the different cultures, jargon and professional languages that the students and the faculty possess together to create coherence and increasingly enable the nurses and the faculty to understand each other. The effect is a learning environme ...
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Diversity in nursing and the health care field.docxwrite5
This document discusses diversity in nursing and healthcare. It states that diversity refers to differences between individuals in terms of attributes like age, sex, race, and experience. A diverse workforce provides different perspectives that can improve problem-solving, decision-making, and patient satisfaction. As societies become more diverse, the healthcare field must also diversify so that patients feel understood and cared for. Researchers are studying ways to increase diversity through cultural self-evaluation and inclusion initiatives in healthcare organizations and institutions.
NUR 4551 UP Mitigating Bullying and Lateral Violence Presentation.docxwrite30
This document discusses cultural diversity in healthcare and provides guidelines for incorporating cultural aspects into nursing leadership and management. It describes how to capitalize on a diverse workforce and support cultural differences to improve efficiency. The chapter presents concepts of transculturalism and techniques for managing a culturally diverse workforce. It emphasizes respecting different lifestyles and discusses how diversity affects staff performance.
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
DINA TRISNAWTATI & FITRI DIANA ASTUTI purnel’s cultural competency.pptxFITRIDIANAASTUTI
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence provides a framework to help healthcare providers deliver culturally sensitive care. The model includes 12 domains that describe cultural considerations, such as overview/heritage, communication, family roles, and health practices. It assumes that understanding a patient's culture is vital for compliance and outcomes. The model also has four levels of cultural competence that providers can develop. Its organizational structure allows practitioners to systematically account for cultural factors.
This document provides information on transcultural nursing concepts and models. It discusses Madeleine Leininger's theory of transcultural nursing, which introduced the concepts of cultural care preservation, accommodation, and repatterning. It also describes Joyce Geiger and Ruth Davidhizer's transcultural assessment model, which identifies six cultural phenomena to assess: communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations. Finally, it examines cultural values and care meanings and actions for several cultures including Anglo-American, Mexican American, Haitian American, African American, and North American Indian cultures.
Similar to Student PaperCultural Competency in Baccalaureate Nursing (20)
Population Growth and Water ResourcesOf all natural resources, wat.docxblazelaj2
Population Growth and Water Resources
Of all natural resources, water is the most essential. It supports vital processes of value to mankind such as food production, drinking water, and fisheries, among others. Water may seem abundant at first sight; after all, approximately 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. The reality is that supplying water to support mankind’s needs has not kept with pace with population and economic growth. Discuss the role that population growth has played in water pollution. List and describe 2 potential solutions to the potential “water crisis” we may face if water resources continue to be misused.
.
Pop Art MovementReview our reading on the Pop Art movement. Writ.docxblazelaj2
Pop Art Movement
Review our reading on the Pop Art movement. Write an essay in your own words that addresses the points below:
Much of Pop Art focused on mundane objects and repetitive imagery. Was there a meaningful “message” to Pop Art?
Using an art example from the Pop Art movement, describe what social or political statements the Pop artists were trying to make.
How did Pop Art challenge conventional ideas about originality? Consider the subject matter and techniques of artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.
You do not need an abstract page for this assignment, but please make sure you include an APA-style title page at the beginning of your essay. The body of your essay should be no less than 750 words. Make sure to include your photograph in the document and be sure to cite your sources both in the text and in a References page according to APA standards
.
Policymaking in the United States is very complex. It involves num.docxblazelaj2
Policymaking in the United States is very complex.
It involves numerous steps and the interaction of various political institutions.
In a well-developed five page
essay,
discuss how each political institution plays a role at each stage of the policymaking process.
The Stages of the Policymaking Process:
Agenda Setting
Formulation
Implementation
Evaluation
The Political Institutions:
Congress
The President
The Bureaucracy
The Courts
Due Wedndesday November 23rd by 6pm eastern time
.
Population - Mentally IllAddictsYour presentation should be a.docxblazelaj2
Population - Mentally Ill/Addicts
Your presentation should be at least 15–20 slides, not including your cover slide or reference slides. Your reference slides should cite at least seven references. Your presentation should, at the minimum, include the following topics regarding your chosen vulnerable population and related health education program/plan:
Clearly states population chosen
Describes the vulnerable population
States the current population demographics
Discusses background of the problem, and its effect on public health
Discusses the cultural background of the selected population and any relevant history pertaining to the population
Discusses the psychosocial concerns and/or norms of the population
Discusses the economic concerns of the population including, but not limited to, income levels, educational levels and occupation
Discusses specific health concerns of the population
Information on specific risk factors for target population is presented concisely and accurately
Discusses prevention and control of health concerns and risk factors (primary, secondary and tertiary)
Discusses the role of the public health nurse in caring for vulnerable populations
States the core functions of public health and applies it to the care of the specific population
Three local agencies/facilities delivering services to the target population are identified and accessibility and service rendered are fully described
Additional resources needed in the community are identified.
Information discussed is current, within the last 5 years.
Remember that your presentation will be viewed/critiqued by your classmates and your instructor, and should be professional in format/appearance.
You will submit your presentation to the assignment dropbox
and
the Health Education Program Presentation Blog area in the main menu on the left, so that your classmates have a chance to comment on your presentation and provide feedback.
During week 7, you will be asked to review at least two of your classmates’ presentations and give substantive comments/feedback. To do this, click on the Health Education Program blog, find a presentation, watch it, and click comment in the entry to type your feedback.
Due: Sunday, 11:59 p.m. (Pacific time)
Points Possible: 120
Videos can be recorded using any software or tool, but all videos are
required
to be uploaded to
My Panopto Videos
for assignment submission.
You can also use the Panopto Desktop Recording tool to create your video.
.
Policy RulesHallar & Gerrie (2007) argued that Decisions must be .docxblazelaj2
Policy Rules
Hallar & Gerrie (2007) argued that “Decisions must be made and not postponed until absolute scientific consensus has been reached, and thus, scientific input to contentious policy debates must be solicited in the here and now.” (p. 143). Discuss how public policy makers can incorporate scientific input into their strategy to insure policies reflect the best thinking available and policies have a high probability to resolve problems addressed. Respond to at least two of your fellow students’ postings.
.
Policy networks are a prevalent feature of democratic governance. Th.docxblazelaj2
Policy networks are a prevalent feature of democratic governance. The policy network approach requires collaboration among interested parties in order to make progress in forming public policy. The various actors in a policy network organize, form coalitions, communicate, coordinate, and compete around policy issues of interest to them. Policy networks are organic entities that may change over time. Depending on the policy issue, today’s allies in a policy network may be tomorrow’s enemies. For example, conservative and libertarian groups may work together to defeat a new tax proposal but may quickly part ways over the legalization of medical marijuana. The operation of policy networks is shaped by the political, social, and economic climate in which they operate.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the articles “Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the definitions of policy network presented and the evolving structures and processes associated with the term
policy network
.
Review Chapter 1 of “The Network Society from Knowledge to Policy” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the effect of networks on society.
Review the article “The Development of Policy Network Analyses: From Modest Origins to Overarching Frameworks” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider whether basic concepts of democratic governance play a role in policy networks.
Review the article “Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework to Understand Freight Transportation Policy Change” in this week’s Learning Resources. Think about how the advocacy coalition framework is used to advance policy change.
Reflect on the elements of the policy network approach present in the advocacy coalition framework.
Recall the issue you selected for this week’s Discussion and think about which actors and organizations might be part of the policy network related to the issue.
Pay particular attention to how actors in a policy network might communicate and coordinate.
Consider how democratic governance might influence the operation of policy networks.
The Assignment (2–3 pages):
Briefly describe the issue you selected.
Describe the actors and organizations in the policy network related to your chosen issue.
Explain how democratic governance influences the operation of policy networks, specifically the one(s) related to your issue. Next, explain how policy networks influence democratic governance.
Based on your analysis, draw conclusions and share insights about the relationship between democratic governance and policy networks.
Support your Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are asked to provide a reference list only for those resources
not
included in the Learning Resources for this course.
.
Political Participation and the InternetMany supporters of democ.docxblazelaj2
Political Participation and the Internet
Many supporters of democratic participation hope that the Internet will improve citizens’ access and participation in government.
In this context, explore your state’s or city’s Web site and respond to the following:
Evaluate and share the information value of the Web site. In your opinion, how well does the Web site provide information about important policy issues?
How well does it invite citizen participation? Share your views on how well the Web site facilitates citizen participation in governance.
.
Poetic TermsFill in the letter that corresponds to the poetic .docxblazelaj2
Poetic Terms
Fill in the letter that corresponds to the poetic term that belongs in the blank.
1.
If you read a poem that leaves you with a sad feeling, the __________ of the poem is melancholy.
1.
an instrument that measures weight and density
2.
a substance capable of neutralizing (working against) a poison
3.
study of and writing down of the vital statistics of people (birth, death, etc.)
4.
in drama, when an actor gives a speech while alone on stage
5.
a morbid fear of work
a.
ergophobia
b.
demography
c.
soliloquy
d.
gravimeter
e.
antitoxin
Apostrophes
Choose the sentence that uses apostrophes correctly.
17.
Choose the sentence that uses apostrophes correctly.
1.
a star-like sign used in printing
2.
an ancient or prehistoric drawing or painting on a rock wall
3.
fear of water
4.
of or relating to the commerce of the sea
5.
the part of the world where life can exist
a.
pictograph
b.
maritime
c.
hydrophobia
d.
asterisk
e.
biosphere
"Why Poetry?"
Choose the best multiple-choice answers for the following questions about the article "Why Poetry?"
27.
According to Polonsky, what is the first "tool" for understanding poetry?
[removed]
enthusiasm
[removed]
cleverness
[removed]
patience
[removed]
intelligence
28.
Which of the following poetry analogies is not mentioned in "Why Poetry?"
[removed]
Poetry is like music and can affect your mood.
[removed]
Learning to enjoy poetry is like learning to swim.
[removed]
Poetry is like chocolate cake – a rich sensory experience.
[removed]
A poem is like a piece of code to be deciphered.
29.
According to Marc Polonsky (the author of "Why Poetry?"), how is poetry similar to yoga?
[removed]
Yoga relaxes the body; poetry relaxes the mind.
[removed]
Yoga and poetry both help build a person's concentration.
[removed]
Yoga limbers up the body; poetry stretches the imagination.
[removed]
Yoga and poetry reading become easier with practice.
"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer"
Choose the best multiple-choice answers for the following questions about the poem "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer."
30.
Which line from the poem contains an example of alliteration?
[removed]
"in the mystical moist night air"
[removed]
"till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself"
[removed]
"the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me"
[removed]
"how soon unaccountable I became tired and sick"
31.
When the speaker goes outside, the mood changes. What word best describes this new mood?
[removed]
stressful
[removed]
exciting
[removed]
peaceful
[removed]
depressing
32.
Which experience would the speaker in "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer," enjoy most?
[removed]
a scientific debate
[removed]
a historical speech
[removed]
a math contest
[removed]
a stroll in the park
33.
What kind of mood does Whitman create during the astronomer's lecture?
[removed]
one of enthusiasm
[removed]
one of frustration
[removed]
one of happiness
[removed]
one of relaxation
"Today"
Choose the b.
Pop Art MovementReview our reading on the Pop Art movement. Write .docxblazelaj2
Pop Art Movement
Review our reading on the Pop Art movement. Write an essay in your own words that addresses the points below:
Much of Pop Art focused on mundane objects and repetitive imagery. Was there a meaningful “message” to Pop Art?
Using an art example from the Pop Art movement, describe what social or political statements the Pop artists were trying to make.
How did Pop Art challenge conventional ideas about originality? Consider the subject matter and techniques of artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.
You do not need an abstract page for this assignment, but please make sure you include an APA-style title page at the beginning of your essay. The body of your essay should be no less than 750 words. Make sure to include your photograph in the document and be sure to cite your sources both in the text and in a References page according to APA standards please
.
Policies are constantly being reviewed and considered to help improv.docxblazelaj2
Policies are constantly being reviewed and considered to help improve the federal, state, or local health care systems. Each one has the potential to affect each of us on a daily basis, so careful consideration must be given when policies are proposed. It is important to understand the process of how a topic eventually becomes a policy.
Choose
a health care topic for which a policy might be formed.
Write
a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on the complete process of how your chosen topic becomes a policy. In your paper, include the following information:
State the objective of the policy.
Define Formulation stage:
Explain the process to formulate your policy and the involvement of stakeholders.
Define Legislative stage:
Explain the legislative body's approval process needed to gain support (ie funding) for the policy and how stakeholders influence legislators' decisions.
Define Implementation stage:
Identify the accountable parties and their roles in the various implementation stages of your policy.
Cite
a minimum of five references.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Materials
Week 3 Grading Rubric
.
Police Mission Fighting Crime or Public ServicePolicing is comple.docxblazelaj2
Police Mission: Fighting Crime or Public Service
Policing is complex and involves different characteristics to fight crime and serve the public.
Write
a 2 page paper. Address the following in your paper:
Explain
what is meant by service to the public and how do officers fulfill this mission.
Provide
specific examples.
Include a title page and 3-5 references. Please adhere to the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition, 2nd printing when writing and submitting papers. Papers should be grammatically correct. Lastly, avoid first person and contractions in your paper. You can provide an opinion without using “I think” statements.
.
Police FunctionsResearch the major functions of the police and bri.docxblazelaj2
Police Functions
Research the major functions of the police and briefly describe the purposes and techniques of these police functions:
Patrol.
Investigation.
Internal Affairs.
Vice (public morals).
Community relations.
Civilian: Identify some examples of "civilian" jobs found in a local law enforcement agency.
Looking at job descriptions from a police department would be helpful. You might also try contacting a police department's public relations officer.
.
plz read the questions and after that give me your offerplagiarism.docxblazelaj2
plz read the questions and after that give me your offer
plagiarism not allows
tag the references and the citation
the resource that you can use it in the answers is :
Savage
T
., & Vogel, K. (
2014
).
An Introduction to Digital Multimedia
. (
2
ed).
Burlington
:
Jones and
Barlett
Learning
. ISBN: 144968839 (print),
9781449688394
(e-text).
.
Police Community Relations Often, the community in which the polic.docxblazelaj2
Police Community Relations
Often, the community in which the police work is not accepting of the police or authority, making the police officer’s job more difficult.
Identify and discuss the barriers to a good police-community relationship. How would you avoid these issues or work to resolve them if you were a police administrator? How would you avoid these issues or work to resolve them if you were head of a federal agency, state agency, sheriff’s office, or a municipal agency? (In addition to answering from a police administrator’s perspective, answer from the perspective of two of the aforementioned agencies.) Would your techniques be different for each type of agency? How and why?
Your initial response should be 250-300 words in length. Your claims should be supported by the text and/or other academic resources.
.
Police officers believed that Deft had assaulted Bart because Bart f.docxblazelaj2
Police officers believed that Deft had assaulted Bart because Bart failed to pay Deft for cocaine Deft sold to Bart. The others obtained a valid warrant for the arrest of Deft on an assault charge. They went to Deft's apartment and arrested Deft at the front door when he responded to their knock. The officers then walked through the apartment and, in a rear bedroom, saw drug paraphernalia which they left in place.
A police officer advised Deft of his
Miranda
rights. Deft immediately stated: "I do not want to talk to you." Deft was booked and placed in a cell with Snitch, an inmate who was known by the jailers to be an informant. Snitch asked Deft why he had been arrested and engaged Deft in a conversation about drug sales during which Deft made statements incriminating himself concerning drug trafficking. Snitch promptly related Deft's statements to jail personnel.
Police then obtained a warrant authorizing a search of Deft's apartment for cocaine and drug paraphernalia. The affidavit in support of the warrant recited that Deft had sold cocaine to Bart. The affidavit also recited that a police officer had seen drug paraphernalia in Deft's apartment. The affidavit did not disclose Deft's statements to Snitch or the circumstances in which police observed the drug paraphernalia. Officers who executed the search warrant seized the drug paraphernalia and cocaine which they also found in the apartment.
Deft has been charged with possession of cocaine and drug paraphernalia under applicable state laws.
Deft has moved to exclude from evidence his statements to Snitch. Deft claims his statements were involuntary, were elicited after he invoked his
Miranda
rights, and were obtained in the absence of counsel. He argues that admission of the evidence would violate his rights under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution. What arguments should the prosecutor make in opposition to the motion, and how should the court rule on the motion? Discuss.
Deft has also moved to exclude any testimony regarding the police officers' initial observations of drug paraphernalia in Deft's home and to exclude the items seized in the search made pursuant to the search warrant.
a. What arguments based on the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution should Deft make in support of this motion?
b. What arguments should the prosecutor make in opposition to the motion, and how should the court rule on the motion? Discuss.
.
Poetry Essay InstructionsIn preparation for the Poetry Essay and b.docxblazelaj2
Poetry Essay Instructions
In preparation for the Poetry Essay and by completing your textbook readings, you will be equipped to objectively respond by compiling information from a variety of sources to compose a paper that allows you to write a persuasive analysis of a literary work; follow standard usage in English grammar and sentence structure; identify the theme and structure of each literary selection as well as the significant characteristics or elements of each genre studied; and evaluate the literary merit of a work (Syllabus MLOs: A, B, C, D, F, G and Module 5 LOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
In Module/Week 5, you will write a 750-word (3–4 pages) essay that analyzes 1 poem from the Poetry Unit. Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below. Review the Poetry Essay Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded. Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a 1-page thesis statement and outline for your essay as you did for your Fiction Essay. Format the thesis statement and the outline in a single Microsoft Word document using current MLA, APA, or Turabian style (whichever corresponds to your degree program).
You are required to submit the thesis and outline by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 4 for instructor feedback.
The Poetry Essay is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 5 and must include, a title page (see the General Writing Requirements), a thesis/outline page, and the essay itself followed by a works cited/references/bibliography page of any primary and/or secondary texts cited in the essay.
Guidelines for Developing Your Paper Topic
Chapter 41 of the Kennedy and Gioia textbook (Chapter 43, pp. 1132–1142 in the eText) provides some helpful pointers for reading poems, taking notes, brainstorming, developing a clearly-defined thesis statement, preparing an outline, writing a cogent literary analysis of a poem, and citing your sources. This chapter specifically addresses Robert Frost’s “Design,” which is studied in this course, so be sure to read it before doing any further work for this assignment. Also, take notice of the example of a poetry thesis and outline on pp. 1344–1345 (pp. 1135–1136 in the eText).
Choose 1 of the poems from the list below to address in your essay:
The Lamb” or “The Tiger” or “The Chimney Sweeper” by William Blake;
“Batter my heart, three-personed God” or “Death Be Not Proud” by John Donne (watch the video lecture on
John Donne’s “Batter my heart, three-personed God”
for more ideas to help you write your essay on this poem);
“Journey of the Magi” by T. S. Eliot;
“God’s Grandeur” or “Pied Beauty” or “Spring” by Gerard Manley Hopkins;
“Ode on a Grecian Urn” or “Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats;
“Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley;
“My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning (watch the video lecture on
Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”
for more.
Point of View EssayMajor Paper #1--The Point of View Essay.docxblazelaj2
Point of View Essay
Major Paper #1--The Point of View Essay
We will be working on this paper for the next three units. The final draft of the paper--with all three sections described below--will be due at the end of Unit #4.
Purpose:
This paper assignment has several purposes. As the first major paper for this class, the Point of View Essay is designed to re-engage you with the fundamentals of all good writing, including using lush sensory details to show the reader a particular place (rather than tell them about it), basic organization, clear focus, etc. However, this unit does not function as a mere review. The Point of View Essay will also introduce you to the concept of "thinking and seeing rhetorically, and analyzing writing rhetorically"--using the Writer's Toolbox described in this unit to improve your writing and critical reading skills. Finally, the Point of View Essay allows you to reflect on this process.
The Assignment:
1. Pleasant/Unpleasant Description of the Place:
Choose a place you can observe for an extended period of time (at least 20-30 minutes). Use all of your senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, even taste if possible) to experience the place, and record all of the sensations that you experience. As you record your data, you may wish to note which details naturally seem more positive, negative, or neutral, in terms of tone. (For instance, a stinky and overflowing trash barrel swarming with flies in a nearby alley might seem more inherently negative than a little white bunny rabbit hopping playfully across the lawn.) Then, you will use this information to help your write descriptions of the place: one positive, one negative. Both descriptions should be factually true (same real time and real place), but you will want one description to be positive in terms of tone and the other to be negative. In addition to including the information and sensory details you've collected as the basis for these descriptions, you will also use the Writer's Toolbox to create your two contrasting impressions for this assignment. (The Writer's Toolbox is explained in the Lecture Notes section of this unit.) As you revise and refine your descriptions, please be sure you are "showing" your readers your place (really putting the readers "there" in the moment and in this scene), rather than simply "telling" them about it. You will also want to try to eliminate unnecessary linking verbs as much as you can, incorporating verbs that show "action" whenever possible.
2. Rhetorical Analysis:
Looking back at your descriptions, analyze how you created these two very different impressions of the place (one positive, one negative) without changing any of the facts. How did you make your place seem so positive in one paragraph and yet so negative in the other paragraph, without changing the facts? Discuss how you incorporated each of the tools from the Writer's Toolbox, and cite examples of this from each of your descriptions. (This.
Poem Enemies by Wendel BerryA typed copy of the poem should be .docxblazelaj2
Poem: Enemies by Wendel Berry
A typed copy of the poem should be annotated noting various elements of poetry found within. These features include but are not limited to: form/structure, imagery, voice/persona, symbols, archetypes, simile, metaphor, allusion, personification, hyperbole, alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, etc. (Consult your text or lecture notes.) Please make these explanatory notes and comments clearly and legibly on the page.
Additionally, you should note the theme of the poem (in one, full sentence) as well as any other important or significant information or further discussion of the elements noted. This might include further discussion of symbols or metaphors found in the poem, imagery, archetypes, references to historical events or literature, information about the reason for the poet’s writing of the poem, etc. Consider why the poet chose certain words, or chose to rhyme or not to, or why he/she included or left out certain features of poetry, etc. (If you do not have enough space, please attach a separate page STAPLED to the first.)
.
Pluto is one of the most interesting objects in our solar system. Li.docxblazelaj2
Pluto is one of the most interesting objects in our solar system. Like our solar system's planets, it has enough mass to maintain a nearly round shape. It's dense and rocky like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. On the other hand, it's smaller than all of the other planets, even smaller than the Earth's moon.
On August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted Pluto from full planet status.
In an essay of at least 400 words (minimum):
Part 1: Describe why Pluto was demoted.
Describe what class of planetoid it is considered now.
Describe the other bodies that share this distinction in our solar system.
Part 2: What have been the ramifications of this decision?
Describe the reaction by the scientific community and by the public.
What are your thoughts on this matter? Do you agree or disagree with the decision?
Part 3: Documentation
Use at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. The body of the paper must have in-text citations that correspond to the references. Integrate all sources into your paper using proper techniques of quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing, along with proper use of in-text citations to credit your sources.
Your report must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA style.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.
The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length
.
.
Pls finish this problem professional and I will attach some instruct.docxblazelaj2
Pls finish this problem professional and I will attach some instruction about format(you can find it on syllabus) pls follow it. And other attachment is an example. But this example is too long, you dont have to write too much things. Just make sure finish the problem clearly.
Casino Queen, Inc. operates a gambling and hotel establishment in East St. Louis, Illinois. Casino Queen’s location places it within a large metropolitan area comprised of East St. Louis, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri, and several other cities in both Illinois and Missouri. Casino Queen advertises through print, radio, and television media in Missouri. Mark Myers is a resident of St. Louis County, Missouri. Myers went to Casino Queen to gamble and won $17,500. He cashed out his winnings and took a cab to Missouri. Two individuals who saw him cash out his winnings at the casino followed Myers in a cab to Missouri, where they beat and robbed him of his winnings. Myers sued Casino Queen in a Missouri court, alleging that the casino was negligent in not providing Myers warnings of such illegal activities and protecting him from such activities. Casino Queen, an Illinois corporation, made a motion to have the lawsuit dismissed by the Missouri court, alleging that the Missouri court did not have personal jurisdiction over the Illinois casino. Myers argued that Missouri’s long-arm statute gave it personal jurisdiction over Casino Queen. Does the Missouri court have personal jurisdiction over the Illinois casino based on Missouri’s long-arm statute?
Myers v. Casino Queen, Inc.
, 689 F.3d 904 (United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, 2012)
.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Student PaperCultural Competency in Baccalaureate Nursing
1. Student Paper
Cultural Competency in Baccalaureate Nursing Education: A
Conceptual Analysis
Deborah Byrne, RN, MSN, La Salle University, Villanova
University
Abstract
The ability to deliver culturally competent nursing care is an
expected competency of
undergraduate nursing education programs. The American
Association of Colleges of Nursing
(AACN) and the National League for Nursing (NLN) have
developed toolkits that provide nurse
educators with models and teaching strategies to facilitate
student learning in cultural
competency. However, the concept of cultural competency
varies as does the best method for
integrating and evaluating cultural competency in undergraduate
nursing curriculum. With the
growing number of diverse clients, it is imperative that nursing
students deliver culturally
competent care. This article explores the current view of the
concept of cultural competency from
the standpoint of nursing education and the methods used to
evaluate cultural competency in
undergraduate nursing education programs.
Keywords: cultural competency, simulation,
undergraduate nursing education, cultural
2. awareness, cultural humility
Background and Significance
Health care is increasingly complex, diverse,
and growing in the United States. The United
States Census Bureau (2009) predicts that the
U.S. population of non-European Caucasians will
be equivalent to Caucasian Americans by 2050.
According to Healthy People 2020, there are
significant health disparities among minority
groups. A fundamental goal of Healthy People
2020 is to eliminate health disparities for all
groups (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services [USDHHS]). The need for culturally
competent health care is essential to reduce
health disparities and ensure positive health
outcomes.
The National League for Nursing (NLN) and
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
(AACN) include culturally appropriate care in their
accreditation standards and have developed
toolkits for nurse educators to assist with
incorporating cultural competency in
undergraduate nursing curricula (NLN, 2009;
AACN, 2008). There is, however, no consensus in
the literature regarding effective ways to teach
cultural competency to undergraduate
baccalaureate nursing students. Most nursing
programs in the United States include the concept
and skill of cultural competency as a program
outcome and attempt to integrate cultural
competency into their curricula. Attempts at
integration have been reported as inadequate in
developing culturally competent nurses (Brennan
3. & Cotter, 2008). As the diversity of the population
increases, so too must the cultural competency of
nurses in practice. It is imperative that
undergraduate nursing students develop cultural
competency knowledge, awareness, and skills
while experiencing didactic courses, clinical, and
simulation experiences.
Culture is integral to how people view death,
birth, illness, and health (Delgado et al., 2013).
For individuals to seek health care, they need to
feel safe and secure with their providers. Health
care providers need to understand client culture
and deliver culturally sensitive and competent
care to achieve the best patient outcomes. For
health care providers to deliver culturally
competent care, they must be aware of their own
biases about the culture they are serving to
prevent poor patient outcomes (Campinha-
Bacote, 2007).
In nursing education, interaction with culturally
diverse clients, families, and communities is
essential for student development of cultural
competence (Campinha-Bacote, 2003).
Integration of cultural nursing skills, knowledge,
and attitudes will produce the best outcomes.
Cultural knowledge is the basis of cultural
competence, but it is the application of knowledge
in clinical, simulation, and immersion experiences
that will develop culturally competent nurses
(Campinha-Bacote, 2003). The concept analysis
model by Walker and Avant (1988) clarifies
understanding of the various attributes of the term
cultural competence. This method provides a
systematic process by which a concept can be
4. clarified further by identifying the attributes,
antecedents, and consequences of the concept.
In order to deliver quality care to a diverse
population, it is imperative that nurse faculty
incorporate cultural competency skills in
undergraduate nursing programs.
Background of Concept
Culture is defined as a pattern of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings
among a group of people (Campinha-Bacote,
2007). Competency refers to performing, ‘‘in a
manner that is satisfactory to the demand of the
situation, to interact effectively with the
environment’’ (Thomas, 1993, p. 429). The
definition of the concept cultural competence
varies, but a commonly used definition of cultural
competency is ‘‘the ongoing process in which the
healthcare professional continuously strives to
achieve the ability and availability to work
effectively within the cultural context of the patient
(individual, family, community)’’ (Campinha-
Bacote, 2003, p. 5). Cultural competency is
embedded in various fields of study, including
social and behavioral sciences, law, and nursing.
All three disciplines profess the same definition of
culture but apply the term cultural competency
based on relevance to their respective fields
(Singer, 2012; Gould & Martindale, 2013;
Leininger & McFarland, 2002).
Numerous definitions of culture are based in
the social and behavioral sciences; however,
there are four basic concepts that the social and
5. behavioral sciences use in their definitions
(Singer, 2012). The first concept describes culture
as learned through the process of socialization
from birth. This concept is incorporated in many
psychological interpretations of culture. The
second concept is that all members of the same
group share the same cultural values and beliefs.
This concept is broad and does not include
subgroups of larger cultural groups. For example,
in the Jewish faith there are multiple subgroups
with shared values and beliefs; each has some
variation from the larger group (IJS Israel &
Judaism Studies, n.d.). The third concept of
culture is the adaptability of a cultural group to
social and environmental conditions, and the
fourth concept states that culture is an ever-
changing process (Singer, 2012). The third and
fourth concepts appear crucial to delivering
culturally competent care. Each generation
presents with new circumstances that affect the
care they receive. An older Hispanic client may
believe in folklore to treat illnesses, but a younger
Hispanic client may prefer technology and
modern medicine.
In the legal field, cultural competency and
sensitivity are increasingly important when
performing child custody evaluations (Gould &
Martindale, 2013). The authors define culture as a
‘‘pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms,
symbols, and meanings’’ (Gould & Martindale,
2013, p. 3.). More than half the U.S. population
are from immigrant families, and many of the
families are experiencing separation or divorce. In
the field of matrimonial law, it is understood that
cultural competence has three broad dimensions.
6. Attorneys and child evaluators need to have an
awareness of their own beliefs toward different
cultures and an awareness of the expectations of
their clients. They also need to utilize culturally
appropriate assessment tools when conducting
evaluations with culturally diverse people. The
International Journal for Human Caring114
attorneys and evaluators are aware of the
importance of delivering culturally competent
assessments to properly arrange the best custody
arrangement for children. Gould and Martindale
(2013) noted the lack of literature providing
guidance on how to address cultural issues in
child custody assessments.
There are several components to integrating
cultural competency into a child custody
evaluation: interviews, psychological testing,
direct parent-child observations, record review,
expert opinions, cultural relativism, and
responsible opinion formulation. Cultural
sensitivity and awareness must be integrated into
all of these components. The evaluator should
retain professional interpreters when necessary
when interviewing a parent or child. The evaluator
should also be cognizant of the family’s beliefs,
customs, and attitudes when evaluating direct
parent-children observations, psychological
testing, and record review. Experts engaged in
the case should also be familiar with the cultural
background of the child and parents.
7. In nursing, culture has been defined as by
Leininger and McFarland (2002) as, ‘‘the learned
and shared beliefs, values, and lifeways of a
designated or particular group that are generally
transmitted intergenerationally and influence
one’s thinking and action modes’’ (p. 9). This
definition has been central in transcultural nursing
and allows for a holistic approach to delivering
culturally congruent nursing care. Both definitions
and their concepts guide nurses delivering care to
diverse groups of clients.
There have been numerous studies regarding
cultural competency in nursing (Jeffreys & Dogan,
2013; Jeffreys & Dogan, 2012; Kardong-Edgren
et al., 2010; Kardong-Edgren & Campinha-
Bacote, 2008; Krainovich-Miller et al., 2008;
Noble, Nuszen, Rom, & Noble, 2014; Caffrey,
Neander, Markle, & Stewart, 2005; Reyes,
Hadley, & Davenport, 2013). In nine studies,
students measured the cultural awareness level
based on self-perception reports. These studies
all had cultural competency as a program
outcome in a nursing curriculum and tested
various teaching methods and interventions to
increase cultural competency. The studies also
showed a positive outcome when cultural
competency was integrated throughout the
curriculum.
The application of cultural competence in
social and behavioral sciences, law, and nursing
is closely related and shares similar concepts. In
social and behavioral science, law, and nursing,
cultural competence is needed to ensure positive
and fair outcomes. In social and behavioral
8. sciences, cultural competency is implemented in
many fields including psychology. A psychologist
needs to be culturally competent to deliver best
practices. If psychologists are not aware of client
culture, they can cause undue harm. In law, a
child custody evaluator needs to deliver culturally
competent care in order to ensure the optimal
custody arrangement is made for the child. In
nursing, a nurse needs to practice culturally
congruent care in order to ensure positive health
outcomes and reduce health disparities.
Significance of the Concept for Nursing
There are several cultural competency
theories and models in the literature related to
nursing. Campinha-Bacote’s Cultural Competence
Model (2007) has been widely documented in
global nursing research studies. Her model has
five interdependent constructs: cultural
awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill,
cultural encounters, and cultural desire.
Campinha-Bacote (2007) contends that as
individuals move toward cultural competence,
they must experience all of these constructs. A
pilot study by Delgado et al. (2013) evaluated the
effectiveness of implementing a 1-hour class on
cultural competence at a large Midwestern
medical center. In this study, the Inventory for
Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence
Among Healthcare Professionals–Revised
(IAPCC-R) was administered to participants to
assess baseline cultural competence prior to an
intervention, and then another assessment was
given at 3 and 6 months post training. This
9. instrument was developed by Campinha-Bacote
based on her cultural competency conceptual
model and integrates five cultural competency
constructs. The intervention was a 1-hour class to
promote cultural competency and show the
impact of cultural competency on quality of care.
The intervention included participants examining
their own ethnic heritage, issues related to health
care, and implications for health care providers.
Participants included registered nurses, patient
care assistants, and unit secretaries. Results
showed a statistically significant difference (p¼
.02) in cultural awareness over time (Delgado et
al., 2013). Kardong-Edgren et al. (2010)
evaluated cultural competency in graduating
baccalaureate nursing students. The investigators
evaluated six nursing program outcomes with
different methodologies for teaching cultural
competence. They used the IAPCC-R to measure
cultural competency in graduating nursing
students. All the participating nursing programs
integrated Campinha-Bacote’s cultural care model
into the nursing curriculum except for Program 1,
which did not integrate any specific cultural care
model in the curriculum. The results showed an
increase in all five constructs by implementing this
conceptual model in the undergraduate nursing
programs (Kardong-Edgren et al., 2010).
Jeffreys (2009) also developed a conceptual
model, the Cultural Competency and Confidence
model (CCC). In a study by Jeffreys and Dogan
(2013), an instrument was administered to
evaluate culturally specific care provided for a
diverse population. The Clinical Cultural
10. Competency Evaluation Tool (CCCET) was based
on the CCC model. In the model, Jeffreys defines
cultural competence as a ‘‘multi-dimensional
learning process that integrates transcultural skills
in all three education learning domains (cognitive,
practical, and affective), involves transcultural
self-efficacy (TSE), and aims to achieve culturally
congruent care’’ (Jeffreys & Dogan, 2013, p.
189). The CCCET has three subcategories
including provision of cultural-specific care,
cultural assessment, and cultural sensitivity. The
instrument was administered to second-semester
students at the end of their medical-surgical
course. The findings in this study suggest that
educational interventions in the clinical setting
move nursing students from a passive role to an
active role (Jeffreys & Dogan, 2013).
In all three studies, cultural competency
conceptual models framed the research. Some
authors agree that cultural competency models
are needed to guide teaching cultural
competence; however, disagreements center on
the best way to integrate the models into the
curriculum. The literature supports the proposition
that delivering culturally congruent care can
decrease health disparities.
Attributes of the Concept
There are several characteristics of the
concept of cultural competence in the literature:
(a) cultural awareness, (b) cultural knowledge, (c)
cultural skill, (d) cultural encounters, (e) cultural
desire, (f) cultural sensitivity, and (g) cultural
humility. Cultural awareness is the self-evaluation
11. of our personal biases and prejudices about
individuals from a culture different than our own
and requires individuals to explore their own
cultural heritage (Campinha-Bacote, 2007). Since
biases are ingrained in the mind and not easily
recognized, cultural competence is difficult to
accomplish. Van Ryn and Burke (2000)
investigated 193 physician-patient interactions.
Findings revealed that physicians rated African-
American patients as less intelligent, less
educated, less likely to comply with medical
advice, and more likely to abuse drugs (van Ryn
& Burke, 2000).
Cultural knowledge is the process of acquiring
a strong educational base about culturally diverse
groups. This construct includes the common
knowledge of health-related beliefs, disease
incidence and prevalence, treatment efficacy, and
diagnostic clarity (Campinha-Bacote, 2007). For
example, the genetic disease Tay-Sachs is more
prevalent in the Jewish-American community
(National Tay-Sachs & Allied Diseases, n.d.).
Nurses who practice culturally competent care
possess the knowledge and skills to identify at-
risk Jewish patients for genetic screening.
Cultural skill is the ability to perform culturally
competent care, including collecting relevant
2016, Vol. 20, No. 2 115
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cultural data and performing a culturally sensitive
12. health assessment. Several assessment
instruments are available on cultural assessment,
which health care providers can employ to ensure
accurate assessment is obtained from an
individual, group, or community.
Cultural encounters are interactions with
patients from diverse backgrounds (Campinha-
Bacote, 2007). The purpose of cultural
encounters is to improve verbal and nonverbal
communication with different cultures. The
exposure to diverse cultures will assist in
obtaining effective communication skills and
increasing awareness of other cultures.
Additionally, cultural desire is the motivation of an
individual to participate in the process of
becoming culturally competent (Campinha-
Bacote, 2007). The motivation of the individual
must be genuine for the process to be successful.
To achieve this construct, the individual has to
possess the characteristics of caring, sacrifice,
commitment to social justice, and humility.
The concept of caring is fundamental to the
construct of cultural desire and is based on a
humanistic view of caring (Campinha-Bacote,
2007). Cultural sensitivity is the acceptance and
understanding of cultural differences. The
implementation of cultural sensitivity produces
better health outcomes because the practitioner is
sensitive to the beliefs, values, and attitudes of a
different culture (Burnard, 2005). For example, a
culturally sensitive, female, registered nurse
would possess the cultural knowledge to refrain
from shaking hands with a male Muslim patient.
Cultural humility is the ability of individuals to be
13. humble and think less of themselves. This
concept translates into the realization that one’s
own culture is not paramount (Schuessler, Wilder,
& Byrd, 2012). Schuessler et al. (2012) used
reflective journaling to evaluate undergraduate
nursing students’ level of cultural humility. Results
showed novice nursing students began to
understand cultural humility by interacting with
patients from different cultures. Students stated
they began to be aware of how other cultures
interacted with each other and with health care
practitioners.
Model Case
Kate, a community health registered nurse,
cares for Mary, an elderly client who lives alone in
an inner city housing complex. Mary is an 85-
year-old African-American woman with several
chronic conditions including diabetes,
hypertension, peripheral vascular disease (PVD),
obesity, and transient ischemic attacks. Mary has
been hospitalized several times in the past year
for exacerbation of her chronic conditions. Upon
arriving at Mary’s home, Kate notices the
unhealthy food on Mary’s kitchen counter, lack of
assistive devices, and swelling in Mary’s lower
extremities.
Kate has been working in this community for
several years and is aware of the beliefs, values,
behaviors, and past experiences of this African-
American community. As a result, Kate
understands the importance and value of religion
in this community. The church in this community
serves not only as a place of worship but also as
14. a community of support. Therefore, Kate has
developed a relationship with the church leaders
in this community. She also has an open line of
communication with various social programs in
this community.
Upon assessing Mary, Kate is aware of Mary’s
mistrust of health care providers based on past
encounters. In addition, Mary has a reluctance to
ask for help and likes to eat good ‘‘home
cooking.’’ Mary is on a fixed income and believes
she cannot afford to eat healthier. Mary has
missed several doctor’s appointments owing to
her lack of transportation.
Kate acknowledged and was sensitive to
Mary’s mistrust of health care professionals and
worked to develop a trust-based relationship with
Mary. Kate developed a comprehensive care
plan, in collaboration with Mary, to reduce her
frequent hospital admissions. Kate was sensitive
to the importance of religion to Mary and
contacted the minister of her church to see if they
had any programs to assist seniors with running
errands and transportation to medical
appointments. In addition, Kate contacted a local
senior group to see if they had social gatherings
to help combat Mary’s loneliness. Kate found a
food cooperative (co-op) that was not far from
Mary’s apartment.
Within 6 months of implementing this
comprehensive plan of care, Mary did not have
any hospital admissions, started to enjoy outings
with people from the senior center, and received
rides from church volunteers to visit her
15. physicians. Mary started going with a friend to the
food co-op to begin eating healthier. Mary
expressed feeling respect and understanding
from Kate, and they continue to work together.
Overall, Mary’s health has improved, and she
feels she is a participant in her health.
This model case demonstrates positive health
outcomes when culturally competent care is
delivered. This client represents an underserved
minority group that faces health disparities at an
alarming rate (USDHHS, 2010). The registered
nurse is aware of the culture of the group that she
serves and has developed the knowledge, skills,
and attitude needed to deliver culturally
competent care. The registered nurse also
demonstrated a cultural desire and sensitivity to
customs and beliefs held by the cultural group.
The client responded positively to the nurse’s
recommendations because she said she felt the
nurse listened and respected her beliefs and
feelings.
Borderline Case
Joseph is a registered nurse with 20 years
experience caring for a largely Hispanic
population. Through his work experience, Joseph
has learned a few key Spanish terms in order to
communicate with his patients. He feels confident
interacting with patients in the Hispanic
community. He is aware that many Hispanic
patients use complementary medicine and
implement healing traditions different from
American culture. Joseph is caring for an elderly
Hispanic woman named Maria who presents with
16. shortness of breath. Joseph uses his limited
Spanish to communicate with Maria and her
family. The family speaks limited English, but
through hand gestures and some Spanish,
Joseph asks Maria and her family if they take any
over-the-counter herbal supplements or practice
any healing rituals.
About 4 hours into his shift, Joseph notices
Maria’s shortness of breath is increasing despite
breathing treatments and administration of
steroids. The attending physician contacts Maria’s
family physician and learns she has chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and just
finished a course of steroids. The dose of steroids
Maria is currently receiving is too low to explain
increased shortness of breath. Maria’s
medications are adjusted and within 2 hours her
shortness of breath decreased.
Upon reviewing this case with his nurse
manager, Joseph realized that although he
showed awareness toward this patient from a
different culture, he still did not have the cultural
knowledge and skill to call for a professional
interpreter. Joseph and the nurse manager
developed an in-service program to educate the
staff on the benefits of using a professional
interpreter.
This borderline case demonstrates the need to
develop cultural competency skills continually.
The nurse in this case had the self-efficacy
desire, awareness, and knowledge to perform a
culturally sensitive assessment on his patient but
did not have the knowledge or skill to utilize a
17. professional interpreter. Not using an interpreter
could have led to further harm of the patient.
Contrary Case
Lisa, a registered nurse, works on a busy
telemetry floor at a small community hospital with
a predominantly white population. She has had
little experience with people from a different
culture and does not think it is an important part of
her job. Lisa received a report on a 22-year-old,
African-American male patient named Anthony,
with a diagnosis of exacerbation of sickle cell
anemia. Lisa notes in her report that the patient is
requesting a stronger dose of hydromorphone for
increased pain. Lisa comments to the reporting
nurse, ‘‘Of course, I get the drug addict. This is
going to be a long shift.’’ Lisa enters Anthony’s
International Journal for Human Caring116
Student Paper
room and proceeds to perform a brief
assessment. Anthony appears in distress and
rates his pain as a 10 out of 10 on the pain scale.
He begs the nurse for more pain medication. Lisa
calls the attending physician and states, ‘‘The
patient, Anthony, in room 383, is complaining of
pain. He is getting plenty of pain medication and
is just drug seeking. I recommend we discontinue
his narcotics and give him ibuprofen. He will want
to go home quicker if we stop feeding his
addiction.’’ The physician discontinues the
18. hydromorphone, and Lisa gives Anthony
ibuprofen with a lecture about abusing narcotics.
Anthony remains in pain for the rest of Lisa’s shift.
Upon discharge, Anthony feels dissatisfied with
the care he received, and he develops a distrust
of physicians and nurses.
This case demonstrates a complete lack of
cultural competency of the nurse and physician.
The nurse did not demonstrate cultural
knowledge, skills, awareness, desire, sensitivity,
or humility. The nurse works with a predominantly
white population and lacked knowledge of sickle
cell anemia. However, if Lisa had the cultural
awareness, desire, and humility, she would have
educated herself about the disease. She would
have been culturally sensitive to the pain caused
by sickle cell anemia. She did not have the
cultural awareness of her own biases and
stereotypes of cultural humility to know that each
culture is different, which resulted in harm to the
patient.
Assumptions for the Concept
There are several assumptions about the
cultural competency model:
� Cultural competence is a life-long process.
� Cultural competence is a fundamental
component in delivering culturally congruent
care.
� Cultural awareness is essential for cultural
competence to occur.
19. � Rendering culturally competent care will
reduce health disparities.
These assumptions are based on experiential
knowledge and the literature (Campinha-Bacote,
2007; Jeffreys & Dogan, 2012).
Antecedents and Consequences
Prior to the development of cultural
competence, certain behaviors, attitudes, and
ideas must occur. The following are cultural
competency antecedents based on the literature:
� Self-awareness: Practitioners must be aware
of their own biases, stereotypes, and
attitudes toward other cultures. They must
also be aware of their own cultural heritage.
� Encounters: Practitioners’ past cultural
encounters can affect their interactions with
other cultures.
� Attitude: Practitioners’ attitudes must be
open, flexible, and sensitive to others.
� Communication: Practitioners’ level of
communication skills must be high in order
to effectively interact with other cultures.
� Knowledge: Practitioners should have a
basic knowledge of the prominent culture in
which they are delivering care.
� Self-efficacy: Practitioners should have the
confidence to deliver culturally competent
20. care.
When cultural competence has been
demonstrated, the consequences of those
behaviors and events result in improved health
outcomes. Behaviors represent the actions of
healthcare providers. If those actions or behaviors
are culturally competent, improved health
outcomes may follow for the patient. Events are
the actual interactions between healthcare
provider and patient. The following are cultural
competency consequences based on the
literature:
� Culturally competent registered nurses
deliver culturally congruent care to all
patients.
� Clients become active participants in their
health care.
� Clients have decreased fear of the health
care system and health care practitioners.
� Clients have increased satisfaction with
health care services.
Figure 1
A Cultural Competency Conceptual Model
2016, Vol. 20, No. 2 117
Student Paper
21. � Decreased health disparities are reported.
� Better health outcomes result by increasing
health promotion and preventive care.
� Nurse educators support culturally
competent practices in undergraduate
nursing students.
� Health status of ethnic, racial, and low-
income groups improves.
Conceptual Model
The conceptual model in Figure 1 illustrates
the cyclical direction of attaining cultural
competency. The antecedents need to exist in
order for the nurse to attain the characteristics
needed to reach cultural competency. If cultural
competency is reached, the consequences
demonstrate a benefit to the individual,
community, and nation.
Discussion of Concept
The concept of cultural competency is integral
to giving the best care possible to individuals,
families, and communities. It is imperative that
nursing students receive cultural competency
education in the classroom, and in clinical and
simulation settings. The literature establishes the
effectiveness of cultural competency education in
the classroom and study abroad. However, study
abroad and immersion experiences are expensive
and only available to a select few. The research
conducted on simulation (Jeffries, 2009; Miller,
22. 2010; Shin, Park, & Kim, 2015) demonstrates the
effectiveness of using simulation to bridge the gap
between the classroom and practice.
The literature illustrates the effectiveness of
students engaging with patients of a different
culture in study abroad or immersion …
The client-oriented model of cultural competence in healthcare
organizations
Giovanni Di Stefano , Eleonora Cataldo and Chiara Laghetti
Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della
Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo, Italy
ABSTRACT
The paper aims to propose a new model of cultural competence
in health organizations based
on the paradigm of client orientation. Starting from a literature
review, this study takes
inspiration from dimensions that characterize the cultural
competence of health
organizations, and re-articulates them in more detail by
applying a client orientation view.
The resulting framework is articulated into six dimensions
(formal references; procedures and
practices; cultural competences of human resources; cultural
orientation toward client;
partnership with community; and self-assessment) that define
the ability of a health
organization to achieve its mission, acknowledging,
understanding, and valorizing cultural
differences of internal clients (staff) and external clients
(consumers). This study makes an
23. effort to address the paucity of studies linking approaches to
managing cultural diversity in
health organizations with cultural competence within the
framework of client orientation.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 30 March 2017
Accepted 3 October 2017
KEYWORDS
Cultural competence; health
organizations; client-oriented
model
Introduction
Globalization has deeply changed the profile of both
the workforce and the users of organizations in the
societies of the new millennium. One important ques-
tion is how to deal with growing cultural diversity in
such a way that it may produce positive results – in
terms of productivity and service quality, well-being
and satisfaction – for organizational systems and for
people, both workers and users.
The Diversity Management (DM) approach aims to
accomplish such a result by adopting a heterogeneous
viewpoint in order to lever cultural differences and
treat them as an added value rather than an obstacle.
In fact, the premise for managing diversity is the recog-
nition of differences as positive attributes of an organ-
ization, rather than as problems to be solved [1]. In this
way, diversity may become a source of competitive
advantage, increase the quality of organizational life
and ultimately be advantageous for business [2]. The
point is not, therefore, the acceptance of differences,
24. but the creation of an inclusive environment and the
commitment to valuing them. This can be made poss-
ible through a culture of inclusion that creates a work
environment nurturing teamwork, participation, and
cohesiveness. However, many organizations do not
see the advantages that cultural diversity could bring
to them and how well-managed cultural diversity
may achieve a competitive edge in the market.
The topics of cultural differences and disparities that
may result from them have been already described in
healthcare organizations, since the emerging challenges
of providing health services in a growing multi-ethnic
world [3,4]; within these organizations, the approach
of intercultural DM and the cultural competence are
considered a priority. In particular, cultural compe-
tence is a powerful instrument for managing cultural
diversity in multicultural settings, since it improves
quality and eliminates racial/ethnic disparities in
organizations. The goal of cultural competence is to
create a healthcare system and workforce that are
capable of delivering the highest quality care to every
patient regardless of race, ethnicity, culture, or
language proficiency.
Although cultural competence may be considered
an important need for every contemporary organiz-
ation, since the growing pressures of globalization to
develop international influence or operating on an
international scale, it is indeed a core requirement for
healthcare organizati ons, since the exigency they have
to respond to the specific needs of any person seeking
help, and the related concerns that come from working
with culturally diverse patient groups, in order to alle-
viate, at least in part, health disparities related to racial
26. reviewed articles regarding the organizational cultural
competence and client orientation in healthcare.
Toward a definition of cultural competence
for health organizations
Since the 1980s, several scholars have paid attention to
the construct of cultural competence, focusing on stu-
dents [5–7], research [8], policy organizations [9],
counseling services [10–12], and above all, the
human service sector – social work and healthcare
[3,4,13–24]. With specific reference to healthcare
organizations, the concept of cultural competence
was used not only in reference to the individual’s ability
to provide care in a culturally appropriate way but also
in relation to systems and organizations.
Cultural competence has been defined variously in
the literature. For example, Green [20] first defined it
as the ability to conduct professional work in a way
that is consistent with the expectations, which mem-
bers of a distinctive culture regard as appropriate
among themselves. This definition emphasizes the
worker’s ability to adapt professional tasks and work
styles to the cultural values and preferences of clients.
According to Cross et al., cultural competence is a set
of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that
come together in a system, agency, or among pro-
fessionals and enable that system, agency, or those pro-
fessionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situation
[25],p.1. Sue defines cultural competence as the ability
to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize
the optimal development of client and client systems
[11],p.817. According to the National Quality Forum,
cultural competence is the ongoing capacity of health-
care systems, organizations, and professionals to pro-
27. vide for diverse patient populations high-quality care
that is safe, patient- and family centered, evidence
based and equitable [26],p.2. Last but not least, Betan-
court et al. [3] define cultural competence as the ability
of systems to provide care to patients with diverse
values, beliefs, and behaviors, including tailoring deliv-
ery to meet patients’ social, cultural, and linguistic
needs.
Despite these differences, authors seem to agree that
cultural competence is an active and developmental
process that is ongoing and never reaches an endpoint.
Cultural competence develops over time through train-
ing, experience, guidance, and self-evaluation [4,14,25].
In connection to such a general statement, Campinha-
Bacote views cultural competence in the specific field of
healthcare as the ongoing process in which the health-
care provider continuously strives to achieve the ability
to effectively work within the cultural context of the cli -
ent (individual, family, community) [4],p.181. Scholars
tend to consider cultural competence as increasingly
important for healthcare quality [13,14,15,22], and
believe that there is a link between cultural competence
and reducing or eliminating racial and ethnic dispar-
ities in health care [7,16,27].
Although the centrality of cultural competence in
health practice appears to be a widely accepted concept
[3,13,14], still exists a scarce research on the effects and
the outcomes of developing culturally competent
healthcare organizations [16,28]. Nevertheless, there
is some evidence that the implementation of cultural
competence models improves the ability of health sys-
tems and their workers to provide services to culturally
diverse patient groups, reducing disparities in quality
28. of health care [13,15,16].
Main models of cultural competence
Several models of cultural competence have been
developed in the last two decades; in them, the dimen-
sions of this construct were delineated with particular
attention to individuals and organizations.
Cross et al. [25], focusing on systems of care, pro-
pose a continuum that ranges from cultural destructive-
ness, that is destructive attitudes, policies, and practices
toward diverse cultures and individuals within a cul-
ture to cultural proficiency or advanced cultural compe-
tence, i.e. attitudes, policies, and practices that hold
culture in high esteem, with the intermediate stages
of cultural incapacity, in which the organization not
intentionally seeks to be culturally destructive, but
rather is not able to help minority clients, cultural
blindness, that is believing that all people are the
same and that approaches used by a dominant culture
are universally applicable, cultural pre-competence,
namely realizing weaknesses in serving minorities
and attempting to improve service for a specific part
of the population, and cultural competence, i.e. adapt-
ing a service model to the needs of minorities, expand-
ing cultural knowledge and resources, conducting
cultural self-evaluation continuously. In order to assess
at which of these stages a given organization is, one
may evaluate the entity of five essential elements that
contribute to a system’s ability to become more cultu-
rally competent: (1) the propensity to valuing diversity,
that is the awareness, acceptance, and respect of differ -
ences in lifestyle, communication, behaviors, values,
and attitudes; (2) the cultural self-assessment, specifi-
cally the ability of the system to assess itself and have
29. a sense of its own culture; (3) the dynamics of differ-
ence, or the ability of the organization to manage mis-
interpretation and misjudgment when a member of
one culture interacts with other from a different one;
(4) the institutionalization of cultural knowledge,
namely how much organization provides cultural
knowledge to their workers about family system,
values, history, and etiquette of specific populations;
190 G. D. STEFANO ET AL.
and, finally, (5) the adaption to diversity, i.e. the sensi -
bility of the organization to adapt its approaches in
order to create a better fit between the needs of min-
ority groups and services available.
Rodgers’ model, instead, focuses on the identifi-
cation of attributes of cultural competence rather
than the development of a definition of the concept.
Rodgers [29] identifies seven attributes of cultural
competence: cultural awareness, i.e. developing con-
sciousness of culture and the ways in which culture
shapes values and beliefs; cultural knowledge, that is a
continued acquisition of information about different
cultures and an essential underpinning of cultural
understanding; cultural understanding, specifically the
ongoing development of insights related to the influ-
ence of culture on the beliefs, values, and behaviors
of diverse groups of people by which one can begin
to address problems such as marginalization and sub-
jection that may be the result of beliefs and values of
one culture differing from those of the dominant cul-
ture; cultural sensitivity that develops as one comes to
appreciate, respect, and value cultural diversity and,
30. in so doing, one also comes to realize how one’s own
personal and professional cultural identity influences
practice; cultural interaction, namely the personal con-
tact, communication, and exchanges that occur
between individuals of different cultures; cultural
skill, or the ability to communicate effectively with
those from other cultures, including the incorporation
of the client’s beliefs, values, and practices into the pro-
vision and planning of care and also varying pro-
cedures and techniques to accommodate cultural
beliefs; cultural proficiency, that is the commitment to
change through some activities as the sharing of
information.
A different model is proposed by Purnell [23]. It is
based on the assumption that cultural competence is
not a linear process in which a healthcare provider –
or any organization – progresses from unconscious
incompetence, a condition in which it is unaware that
is lacking knowledge about another culture, to con-
scious incompetence, to one in which is aware, and
from this to a state in which it has a conscious compe-
tence, learning about the client’s culture and providing
culturally specific interventions, to the optimal con-
dition in which it automatically provides congruent
care to clients of diverse cultures, namely it holds an
unconscious competence.
Finally, Campinha-Bacote’s model views cultural
competence as the ongoing process whereby the
healthcare provider continuously strives to achieve
the ability to effectively work within the cultural con-
text of the client (individual, family, and community)
[4]. Campinha-Bacote’s model is composed of five
major constructs that have an interdependent relation-
ship with each other: cultural awareness, that is the self-
31. examination and exploration of one’s cultural and
professional background; cultural knowledge, i.e. the
pursuit and achievement of a sound educational foun-
dation about diverse cultural and ethnic groups; cul-
tural skill, namely the ability to collect relevant
cultural data regarding the client’s presenting problem,
to conduct cultural assessments and culturally based
physical assessments; cultural encounters, or the pro-
cess that encourages the cross-cultural interactions
between healthcare provider and clients from culturally
diverse background; and, finally, the cultural desire,
that is the motivation of the healthcare provider to
want to become culturally aware, knowledgeable and
skillful, and familiar with cultural encounters.
Although all the models presented so far have had
some success and have been implemented in a wide
variety of programs in medical schools, the concept
of culture competence must go beyond the traditional
notion of ‘competency’, involving the fostering of a
critical consciousness of the self, others, and the
world and a commitment to addressing issues of
societal relevance in health care [30]; also, they seem
to consider cultural competence only as a means to
provide a culturally specific service for users of differ -
ent ethnicities.
The model here proposed, which we call the Client-
Oriented Model of Cultural Competence, is instead
designed mainly as a tool for the management and
development of human resources from different cul-
tural backgrounds. In our proposal, a culturally compe-
tent organization aims to promote positive
intercultural encounters among colleagues, then
between providers and consumers. The organization
32. must be culturally competent with regard to internal
customers to dispense a culturally competent service
to external customers.
The client-oriented model of cultural
competence
The Client-Oriented Model of Cultural Competence
can be considered as a model that, inspired by the
DM approach, aims to link the task of managing cul-
tural diversity in health organizations with cultural
competence, within the framework of client orien-
tation. In this model, the cultural competence is
defined as the ability of a healthcare organization to
achieve its mission (service delivery), acknowledging,
understanding, and valorizing cultural differences of
internal clients (staff) and external clients (consumers).
Within the proposed model, we posit that the client
orientation view may be considered a specific key
element for healthcare organizations. In fact, the
focus on provider–client relationship may give added
value to healthcare services: for example, when health-
care providers either do not speak the client’s language
or are insensitive to cultural differences, the quality of
health care can be compromised [13]. Under this point
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE
MANAGEMENT 191
of view, a client-oriented healthcare organization is a
system that responds effectively to language, and in a
more general sense, to psycho-social needs of their cli-
ents. Also, the respect, the sensitivity, and the under-
33. standing for clients’ culture and values appear to be
related to the ability of healthcare providers to offer
provisions of health services [3,4,13].
It is articulated into the following six dimensions:
(1) Formal references related to cultural competence;
(2) Procedures and practices;
(3) Cultural competences of human resources;
(4) Cultural orientation toward clients;
(5) Partnership with community;
(6) Self-assessment.
These dimensions are described below in detail.
Formal references
The first dimension of the Client-Oriented Model of
Cultural Competence regards written formal organiz-
ational statements about mission, values and prin-
ciples, goals and policies, beneficiaries, and vision. In
a culturally competent organization, formal references
explicitly stress the importance of cultural competence,
consider the cultural diversity of staff members as a
resource to be valuable, and include members of differ -
ent cultures as beneficiaries of the service. A culturally
competent governance establishes policies and goals
that help ensuring the delivery of the service in a cultu-
rally responsible way, by involving various groups in
the decision-making process [27]. The organizational
statements must be communicated to staff and consu-
mers, and the language in the formal references must
acknowledge the cultural diversity of personnel and
population served. In other terms, an organization is
culturally competent when, even before delivering its
services to implement the provision of services, it
34. defines its own primary task in a culturally sensitive
way, taking care to distribute its own purposes, prin-
ciples, and values within the system and in the whole
territory and encouraging the sharing of the same
goals and principles among staff and users.
Procedures and practices
The second dimension regards the practices of man-
agement and development of human resources. In
relation to service delivery procedures, in agreement
with Hernandez et al. [27], we believe that cultural
competence in service ensures ad hoc services that
reflect the needs of consumers. A healthcare organiz-
ation should have a database containing information
about each user’s clinical history, culture of origin,
and reported impact ensuing the first encounter with
the organization, to ensure a culturally competent
service. This database, continuously updated, will be
a guide for health providers, who will be able to provide
the most appropriate service, in timely fashion and in
the most appropriate way, to the specific patient. In
relation to management and development of human
resources practices, efforts should be made to recruit,
select, and hire multicultural administrative staff and
medical personnel, who should be representative of
the cultures existing in the community and able to
speak the languages of the populations served [31,32].
Racial/ethnic diversity in the healthcare leadership
and workforce has been clearly connected with the
delivery of quality care to diverse patient populations
[3].
So conceived, procedures and practices serve the
more general objective to render a healthcare organiz-
35. ation a culturally competent system; this, in turn,
should allow to create a multicultural environment,
which is a setting ready to receive people, both consu-
mers and staff, of different cultures. In other words, a
culturally competent organization, which has designed
and created through its procedures and practices a
physical and symbolic multicultural environment,
ensures users’ open access to services through the elim-
ination of socio-cultural barriers see [3,27]. First, the
absence of language barriers, i.e. multilingual bro-
chures, documents/information materials allows effec-
tive communication between providers and
consumers. The organization will monitor consumers’
needs on-site through such devices as anonymous
questionnaires on the services offered.
As a customer-oriented system, the organization
will offer the opportunity to provide feedback also to
the staff, who will be able thus to report problematic
issues encountered in the workplace and provide sug-
gestions to improve the service. Thus, the organization
creates, maintains, and improves a work environment
that is conducive to the well-being and development
of all employees [17,33]. Such devices will increase
the sense of belonging in the workplace (affective com-
mitment) and employees will identify with the organiz-
ation and its values. The physical–spatial structure with
its premises and furnishings is nothing more than the
expression of the organization’s system of values
based on acceptance, respect, and appreciation of cul -
tural differences. The culture of an organization, in
fact, is primarily inferred from the observation of its
visible and tangible aspects, along with the public
actions of its members.
Cultural competences of human resources
36. The third dimension focuses on attitudes and skills of
personnel required to provide culturally acceptable
care, developed through training, which are: awareness
of own beliefs and bias; knowledge, acknowledgment
of, and respect for, beliefs and values of other cultures;
192 G. D. STEFANO ET AL.
relational skills in intercultural encounters with co-
workers and consumers; appropriate language and
effective communication; multicultural team-working
skills. A large part of the literature suggests some of
these beliefs/attitudes and skills are components of cul -
tural competence [11,12,18,21,24,25]. In particular, Sue
et al. [12] list some of the culturally competent counse-
lor’s attitudes and skills, namely: valuing and respect-
ing differences in beliefs, values, language, and
helping practices; awareness and knowledge of own
and clients’ cultural heritage and experiences, attitudes,
values, biases, and stereotypes; ability to engage in a
variety of verbal and nonverbal helping responses.
In our opinion, it is of primary importance that
employees of multicultural organizations be aware of
the cultural basis of their behaviors, in such a way that
they may realize that their beliefs do bear consequences
on their actions in the workplace, possibly leading them
to commit errors of assessment. It is also important that
they know, accept, and respect the different cultures of
co-workers and users. In fact, if staff members are not
willing to accept co-workers culturally different from
themselves, they will always have difficulties welcoming
external customers, which are carriers of culturally
37. specific needs, and this attitude of closure shall affect
the delivery of an efficient service. Relational, communi -
cation, and team-working skills are necessary to work in
a multicultural context. In general, with the acquisition
of relational skills, employees become capable of mana-
ging intercultural encounters with colleagues and users,
listening to others different from themselves, under-
standing their needs, and managing their own behaviors
on the basis of their cultural characteristics.
Culturally competent organizations aim to reduce
the difficulty of interaction (i.e. misunderstanding,
conflicts, and differences of views) between individuals
of different cultures. To achieve this, it is also necessary
to obtain specific multicultural team-working skills,
which allow members to cooperate, share information,
share their views, communicate effectively, and reach
an agreement on the various clinical issues. Communi-
cation skills seem to be essential to interact and work in
multi-ethnic groups. In order for the team’s goal to be
achieved and the environment to be positive, the com-
munication must be clear and transparent, fluid and
open, welcoming of others without judging, censor-
ship, or misunderstandings.
Upon meeting a culturally different customer, it is
important the staff adapt their communication style
and pay attention also to nonverbal communication.
As claimed by Campinha-Bacote [4], nonverbal com-
munication techniques must take into consideration
the client’s use of eye contact, facial expressions, body
language, touch, and space. Nonverbal language and
paraverbal language are the first channels of interaction
and affect the transmission of the message more greatly
than the spoken word. Communication with the user is
38. effective if there is correspondence between the verbal
and the nonverbal channels. Therefore, our model
puts special emphasis on communication skills and
improves relationships among colleagues and between
providers and users.
The organizations need to render all employees
more sensitive to cultural issues through diversity edu-
cation and cultural competence training, teaching them
culturally adapted models of care or types of interven-
tions [31], and developing their attitudes and skills
necessary to deliver service in a culturally responsible
manner. Staff members will be involved in group dis-
cussions, i.e. case method and self-case method and
exercises, such as simulations, role-playing which
refer to their multicultural working environments, as
well as outdoor training sessions centered on the rela-
tional and communication skills and multicultural
team-working skills development.
The importance of diversity and cultural compe-
tence training and education is highlighted by a large
part of the literature [3,5,7,11,15,17,18,25,30,32,34–
36], because cultural competence is mediated through
the behavior of all human resources that act on both
upper and lower levels of an organization. In this
way, cultural competence does not stay a mere abstract
concept, but rather it becomes a reflection of the skills,
abilities, and actions of every resource.
In general, the organization must focus on the devel-
opment of such interpersonal skills in order to be cus-
tomer-oriented from a cultural standpoint. If the
organization grants its employees a chance to acquire
and exercise these competences in their workplace
relationships, they will also become able to deal with
39. users belonging to any ethnic group in a culturally sen-
sitive and responsible way.
Cultural orientation toward clients
The fourth dimension is the one that best qualifies the
Client-oriented Model of Cultural Competence. It is
the analysis of user and staff needs and it regards also
the knowledge of their cultural characteristics. Accord-
ing to our definition, culturally competent organiz-
ations are culturally client-oriented, insofar as they
proactively look to meet the cultural needs of both
internal and external users. Hernandez et al. [27] and
Siegel et al. [32] have already stressed the importance
of knowing the needs and cultural characteristics of
the local population that constitutes most of the organ-
ization’s user pool.
In our model, we take into consideration external
customers; we are aware that cultural competence is
an integral component of patient-centered care, but we
plan to extend the analysis of needs and the knowledge
of the cultural characteristics also to internal customers,
because we consider an organization’s care for its staff
an essential element within the construct of cultural
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE
MANAGEMENT 193
competence. We also believe that the cultural character-
istics of staff affect not only the interaction with multi -
cultural clients – and, therefore, the quality of service,
but also the interpersonal relationships among col-
leagues. The quality of the latter must be guaranteed
40. by the organization, through the promotion of effective
communication styles and a positive emotional environ-
ment. These aspects of working life promote employee
satisfaction, which will impact customer satisfaction in
the assessment of Total Quality Management. Accord-
ing to this approach, in fact, the treatment of internal
customer is transferred to the external customer. In
other words, only if the organization is culturally com-
petent with regard to staff, will it also be toward users.
The ultimate goal is to provide quality service to multi -
cultural users, but in order for an organization to be
defined culturally competent, that organization must
ensure a positive work environment for its own multi-
cultural staff.
Partnership with community
Culturally competent healthcare organizations collab-
orate with community partners, such as other public,
private, or no-profit organizations that help minority
groups. From such collaboration, useful feedback
may emerge regarding the analysis of the needs and
cultural characteristics of ethnic groups served, upon
which the organization …