This document discusses cultural competence in healthcare. It makes three main points:
1) Achieving cultural competence requires self-awareness, knowledge of different cultures, and effective communication skills. It involves understanding one's own biases and adapting care to meet patients' unique cultural and personal needs.
2) Culture encompasses many aspects of human behavior and identity, including ideas, beliefs, language, and ways of relating. It is important for healthcare providers to understand culture without making assumptions about patients based on physical characteristics or stereotypes.
3) Providing culturally competent care means recognizing the impact of factors like race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and discrimination on health outcomes and accessing care. It requires awareness of one
Running head CULTURAL SENSITVITY1CULTURAL SENSITVITY2.docxsusanschei
Running head: CULTURAL SENSITVITY1
CULTURAL SENSITVITY2
Cultural Sensitivity
Name
Institution
Cultural Sensitivity
Introduction
Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can impact the way people work in the health care facilities. It also encompasses valuing differences so as harassment and discrimination, either intended or not, do not happen. Culture is a fundamental and complex concept with consist of broad aspects of people in the health care setting (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). It includes the concepts of sexual orientation, gender, faith, age, disability, race, ethnicity, profession and socioeconomic status. Cultural sensitivity stems from this understanding in that; it is must encompass interpersonal skill as well as the knowledge that will allow the providers of health care, appreciate, understand, and work with individuals from different cultures other than theirs. It also consists of acceptance and awareness of the people’s cultural differences, knowledge, self-awareness of the cultures of the patient and adapting to the skills. Many cultural groups, including lesbian and gay people, individuals with disabilities, lower socio-economic groups and ethnic minorities, for example, African-Americans (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Cultural sensitivity is considered one of the reasons peoples do not access quality health care services because people are not aware as well as understand the effects attached to one’s culture and how it may be perceived by others. An individual's culture should not appear to be dominant in the place of work.
Healthcare Disparities and How they Relate to Cultural Sensitivity in the Healthcare Setting
Health care disparities, by definition, refer to the differences in health as well as healthcare between population groups. It typically involves a higher burden of illness, mortality experienced in the health care setting, disabilities, and injury by one population group about another. Moreover, it refers to the differences between groups in the health care facilities regarding provision of care services, its access, and quality given. This issue are related to the people’s cultural sensitivity in that the issue surrounds this concept are based on socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability status. Similarly, cultural insensitivity arises from disparities that in return causes care limit as well as continued improvement in overall quality of cares (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Health care disparities can be exacerbated by looking at some things that comprise specific health conditions, provider biases, differences in access to care, poor patient-provider comm ...
Running Head TEACHING PLAN2TEACHING PLAN2.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: TEACHING PLAN 2
TEACHING PLAN 2
High-Level Teaching Plan for A Diverse Learning Environment
Student’s Name
Course Code
Institution Affiliation
Date
A Patient Educator in A Hospital
Introduction
Nursing is not all about giving medications or treating patients. It is the responsibility of the nurses to educate patients on how to prevent illnesses and how to manage certain medical conditions. Nurses can do these by interacting and communicating with patients. By doing this, they will help patients understand how to take control of their health care. When patients take part in their health care, they are likely to change their behaviors and do things that are likely to improve their general health.
My role and the environment I will utilize for teaching
According to Burke and Mancuso (2012), learning is very important in any nursing environment. Effective education of patients happens from the time they are admitted at the hospital and goes on until the patients are discharged from the hospital. For out-patients, I will educate them during their waiting time. As a nurse I will take every opportunity I will come across during the patients’ visit to the hospital and throughout their admission in the hospital to educate them about their health care. I will provide patients with instructions to follow on self-care and how to maintain certain problems. Some of the self-care instructions include;
· How to follow the steps of self-care
· How to know early signs of certain illnesses
· How to go about emergency problems
· Who to contact in case of problems
The intended audience
I will educate people of all populations in my education program regardless of their age, culture, illness, ethnicity, and gender. General education will be provided to all patients on how to take care of themselves when they leave the hospital. This important because sometimes patients go home, neglect themselves, resume their unhealthy practices, and forget to manage their medical conditions. For patients suffering from diabetes, I will educate and provide them with instructions on how to inject themselves with insulin. For new mothers, they will learn how to take care of their new born babies and how to bath the infants. I will provide instructions on how to change a colostomy pouching system for the concerned patients.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Key points of the theory
This theory concentrates on the impacts of social factors on a person’s thinking, perception and motivation. According to the social cognition theory, a patient must have different perspectives, approaches, and reactions to situations in the health care environment. The players in the health care setting would be expected to have different perceptions, interpretations, and responses to a situation that are strongly colored by their social and cultural experiences (Braungart, Braungart, & Gramet, 2008).
Why this theory fits the topic, audience, and the context
The ...
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxtodd521
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac ...
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Running head CULTURAL SENSITVITY1CULTURAL SENSITVITY2.docxsusanschei
Running head: CULTURAL SENSITVITY1
CULTURAL SENSITVITY2
Cultural Sensitivity
Name
Institution
Cultural Sensitivity
Introduction
Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can impact the way people work in the health care facilities. It also encompasses valuing differences so as harassment and discrimination, either intended or not, do not happen. Culture is a fundamental and complex concept with consist of broad aspects of people in the health care setting (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). It includes the concepts of sexual orientation, gender, faith, age, disability, race, ethnicity, profession and socioeconomic status. Cultural sensitivity stems from this understanding in that; it is must encompass interpersonal skill as well as the knowledge that will allow the providers of health care, appreciate, understand, and work with individuals from different cultures other than theirs. It also consists of acceptance and awareness of the people’s cultural differences, knowledge, self-awareness of the cultures of the patient and adapting to the skills. Many cultural groups, including lesbian and gay people, individuals with disabilities, lower socio-economic groups and ethnic minorities, for example, African-Americans (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Cultural sensitivity is considered one of the reasons peoples do not access quality health care services because people are not aware as well as understand the effects attached to one’s culture and how it may be perceived by others. An individual's culture should not appear to be dominant in the place of work.
Healthcare Disparities and How they Relate to Cultural Sensitivity in the Healthcare Setting
Health care disparities, by definition, refer to the differences in health as well as healthcare between population groups. It typically involves a higher burden of illness, mortality experienced in the health care setting, disabilities, and injury by one population group about another. Moreover, it refers to the differences between groups in the health care facilities regarding provision of care services, its access, and quality given. This issue are related to the people’s cultural sensitivity in that the issue surrounds this concept are based on socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability status. Similarly, cultural insensitivity arises from disparities that in return causes care limit as well as continued improvement in overall quality of cares (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Health care disparities can be exacerbated by looking at some things that comprise specific health conditions, provider biases, differences in access to care, poor patient-provider comm ...
Running Head TEACHING PLAN2TEACHING PLAN2.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: TEACHING PLAN 2
TEACHING PLAN 2
High-Level Teaching Plan for A Diverse Learning Environment
Student’s Name
Course Code
Institution Affiliation
Date
A Patient Educator in A Hospital
Introduction
Nursing is not all about giving medications or treating patients. It is the responsibility of the nurses to educate patients on how to prevent illnesses and how to manage certain medical conditions. Nurses can do these by interacting and communicating with patients. By doing this, they will help patients understand how to take control of their health care. When patients take part in their health care, they are likely to change their behaviors and do things that are likely to improve their general health.
My role and the environment I will utilize for teaching
According to Burke and Mancuso (2012), learning is very important in any nursing environment. Effective education of patients happens from the time they are admitted at the hospital and goes on until the patients are discharged from the hospital. For out-patients, I will educate them during their waiting time. As a nurse I will take every opportunity I will come across during the patients’ visit to the hospital and throughout their admission in the hospital to educate them about their health care. I will provide patients with instructions to follow on self-care and how to maintain certain problems. Some of the self-care instructions include;
· How to follow the steps of self-care
· How to know early signs of certain illnesses
· How to go about emergency problems
· Who to contact in case of problems
The intended audience
I will educate people of all populations in my education program regardless of their age, culture, illness, ethnicity, and gender. General education will be provided to all patients on how to take care of themselves when they leave the hospital. This important because sometimes patients go home, neglect themselves, resume their unhealthy practices, and forget to manage their medical conditions. For patients suffering from diabetes, I will educate and provide them with instructions on how to inject themselves with insulin. For new mothers, they will learn how to take care of their new born babies and how to bath the infants. I will provide instructions on how to change a colostomy pouching system for the concerned patients.
The Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Key points of the theory
This theory concentrates on the impacts of social factors on a person’s thinking, perception and motivation. According to the social cognition theory, a patient must have different perspectives, approaches, and reactions to situations in the health care environment. The players in the health care setting would be expected to have different perceptions, interpretations, and responses to a situation that are strongly colored by their social and cultural experiences (Braungart, Braungart, & Gramet, 2008).
Why this theory fits the topic, audience, and the context
The ...
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxtodd521
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac ...
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Read Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, pages.docxdanas19
Read:
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
, pages 43-45; and
Addressing Diverse Populations in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
I have attached additional reading material, I need this by Thursday,
Serving Special Populations
After completing the reading for this unit, what do you think is the greatest obstacle facing special populations in addiction treatment? What will you do as a counselor to ensure that all of your clients receive the best treatment possible?
Your paper is to be in APA format, 1-2 pages, and include sources. Please see
paper guidelines
for explanation of requirements.
Addressing Diverse Populations in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Culture is important in substance abuse treatment because clients' experiences of culture precede and influence their clinical experience. Treatment setting, coping styles, social supports, stigma attached to substance use disorders, even whether an individual seeks help--all are influenced by a client's culture. Culture needs to be understood as a broad concept that refers to a shared set of beliefs, norms, and values among any group of people, whether based on ethnicity or on a shared affiliation and identity.
Retrieved from,
Substance Abuse: Clinical Issues in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2006).
2. What It Means To Be a Culturally Competent Clinician
It is agreed widely in the health care field that an individual's culture is a critical factor to be considered in treatment. The Surgeon General's report, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity, states, "Substantive data from consumer and family self-reports, ethnic match, and ethnic-specific services outcome studies suggest that tailoring services to the specific needs of these [ethnic] groups will improve utilization and outcomes” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2001, p. 36). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) calls on clinicians to understand how their relationship with the client is affected by cultural differences and sets up a framework for reviewing the effects of culture on each client.
Because verbal communication and the therapeutic alliance are distinguishing features of treatment for both substance use and mental disorders, the issue of culture is significant for treatment in both fields. The therapeutic alliance should be informed by the clinician's understanding of the client's cultural identity, social supports, self-esteem, and reluctance about treatment resulting from social stigma. A common theme in culturally competent care is that the treatment provider--not the person seeking treatment--is responsible for ensuring that treatment is effective for diverse clients.
Meeting the needs of diverse clients involves two components: (1) understanding how to work with persons from different cultures and (2) understandi.
Cultural Competence and PovertyExploring Play Therapists’ AOllieShoresna
Cultural Competence and Poverty:
Exploring Play Therapists’ Attitudes
Lauren Chase and Kristie Opiola
Department of Counseling, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This article reports the findings of a survey that investigated attitudes toward poverty
among play therapists (N � 390) and its relation to demographic information. Multi-
variate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to measure the relationship
between play therapists’ demographics and their attitudes toward poverty, specifically
their structural, personal deficiency, and stigma scores. Results indicated that both
region and age resulted in differing views on poverty. Participants living in the
Northeast held stronger structural views of poverty than participants in the South.
Similarly, participants in the 50 –59 and 60 plus age groups disagreed to strongly
disagree with a personal explanation toward poverty than participants in the 30 –39 age
group. The importance of play therapists’ examining their attitudes toward poverty and
the direct impact on their work is discussed. Finally, implications of the results,
including overall findings, are explained.
Keywords: play therapy, attitudes of poverty, cultural competence
Culturally competent training is an element
of credentialing requirements that ensures men-
tal health providers offer adequate and respon-
sive care to diverse populations. Although the
mental health field has embedded cultural com-
petence in their standards and guidelines, there
are discrepancies in the way the profession as-
sesses and measures competence (Sue et al.,
1996). Researchers have investigated attitudes
toward poverty in the helping professions
(Levin & Schwartz-Tayri, 2017; Noone et al.,
2012; van Heerde & Hudson, 2010; & Wit-
tenauer et al., 2015), but no study has focused
on play therapists’ attitudes toward poverty.
The purpose of this study is to fill a gap in the
literature regarding play therapist’s attitudes to-
ward poverty because awareness and knowl-
edge are key elements to implement culturally
responsive services and skills with diverse chil-
dren in a variety of settings.
Cultural Competence
Cultural competence is an important compo-
nent of professional practice, and practitioners
are expected to develop skills and understand-
ing pertaining to diverse clientele. Researchers
define cultural competence as the set of beliefs,
knowledge, and skills mental health providers
possess in order to deliver effective interven-
tions and services to members of various cul-
tures (Gilbert et al., 2007; Sue, 2006). The New
Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003)
recognized disparities in mental health delivery
and viewed the lack of cultural competence for
minority populations as a persistent problem.
Culturally competent health care is essential to
providing effective care to all populations. To
aid practitioners in their ability to increase their
cultural competence, leading professional men-
tal health associations have published ...
A presentation about intercultural encounters within the healthcare relationship. This presentation was give, specifically, to allied health professional students.
Deactivated
4 posts
Re:Topic 3 DQ 1
"Cultural competency is described as a set of congruent practice skills, behaviors, attitudes and policies that come embedded in a system, agency, or among consumer providers and professionals.*Cultural competency facilitates the ability to carry out tasks effectively in an environment that has cross cultural situations.' Hence, cultural competence is the mastery of skills that provide appropriate awareness and sensitivity to individuals who are in cross cultural situations. Cultural competency is related to diversity and disparity. As Buchbinder and Shanks'" pointed out, diversity has been historically defined by broad categorical markers such as age, sexual orientation religion, and ethnicity, which involves many factors, including economic status and marginalization. Therefore, not only must the prolific numbers of ethnic groups in the United States be taken into account in anticipating care, but also factors that are relevant to a patient's minority status (i.e., whether they are migrants, uninsured, poor, or refugees) which contribute to economic, social, welfare, and psychological despair" (Green& Reinckens, 2013).
If we want better outcomes for our patients it is extremely important to take into consideration the types of culture these patients possess. With that being said as I read this article it made such clear sense to me. Take for instance you have patient that speaks Spanish or another language for their language. Then to add on top of the mix the patient is unable to maintain a high paying job due to his language barrier and lack of funds for education. This them snow balls into the patient is unable to receive the proper health care because he cant afford insurance. This is something other cultures face all the time. However if we as nurses take the time to educate OURSELVES about the different cultures and the barriers they may have, as well as put ourself out in the community and help these patients with opportunities to receive health care with clinics and programs then we might have a strong chance to lessen the amount of poor outcomes that may develop in the end. These patients a every other patient should be treated with equality and respect as we would treat our own family.
References
Green, Z. D., & Reinckens, J. (2013). Cultural Competency in Health Care: What Can Nurses Do?. Maryland Nurse, 14(4), 16.
.
ReTopic 2 DQ 2Originally coined by Balint in 1969 to express.docxronak56
Re:Topic 2 DQ 2
“Originally coined by Balint in 1969 to express the belief that each patient “has to be understood as a unique human-being,”1 patient-centered medicine began as a descriptive account of how physicians should interact and communicate with patients” (Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A., 2008). You should always try to understand each patient’s individual viewpoint. This allows for a more custom treatment plan and health promotion methods with personal variations. This is a more holistic approach to traditional medicine and illness prevention. This also gives the patient the empowerment to take control of their treatment and gain a higher level of understanding for their disease processes and/or health risks. For example, a Hispanic woman who has recently been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Not only would you have to consider her heritage and lifestyle choices, you would need to examine her socioeconomic status, literacy level, perception of health risks, access to health care and view on said health care. All of these items and more would need to be considered to come up with education, resources, treatment plan and follow-up.
“The Picker-Commonwealth Program for Patient-Centered Care was begun in 1987 to promote a patient-centered approach to hospital and health services focusing on the patient’s needs and concerns. Seven dimensions of patient-centered care were identified: 1) respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs; 2) coordination and integration of care; 3) information, communication and education; 4) physical comfort; 5) emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety; 6) involvement of friends and family; and 7) transition and continuity.7 The Picker-Commonwealth Program clearly went beyond the more narrow interpretation of patient centeredness as a guide for individual practitioners interacting with individual patients, and moved towards the consideration of patient centeredness as a comprehensive way of delivering health services” (Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A., 2008). At the facility I work for we provide every patient with the Patient Bill of Rights and it is my duty that they fully understand these rights. I find that many patients have no idea of how much say they really have in regards to their health care and the type of treatment they receive. I find that this explanation to the patient is invaluable.
“Additionally, viewing patients as members of ethnic or cultural groups, rather than as individuals with unique experiences and perspectives, might lead providers to stereotype patients and make inappropriate assumptions about their beliefs and behaviors. To account for these concerns, approaches to cross-cultural healthcare incorporated a balance, between acquiring some background knowledge of the specific cultural groups encountered in clinical practice, and developing attitudes and skills that were not specific to any particular culture but were universally relevant… — th ...
(1) citation reference 150 words CultureHmong CultureC.docxmadlynplamondon
(1) citation reference 150 words
Culture
Hmong Culture
Considerations
In beginning the interview, a consideration to remember is that eye contact is considered rude to Hmong People and that tone of voice and body language are very important; taking too loudly, placing too much emphasis on words, or talking excessively with hands and arm movements can result in noncompliance (Carteret, 2012). As this patient is young and assumed to be mainstream with Western culture, she will likely be understanding and forgiving of eye contact, tone, and body language but interactions with older family members will require care.
Gender of the nurse might play a role in some assessments, it is important to ask if a male nurse has permission to touch the abdomen or auscultate the lungs, heart, or abdomen. Questions pertaining to sex should be private and held with a nurse who is the same gender as the patient, it is of note that questions or examinations regarding sexual health can be misinterpreted as judgment of promiscuity, resulting in refusal, so sex must be addressed with much explanation and rationale without judgment (Carteret, 2012). As infection can be related to sex or sexual contact, this should be addressed with this patient.
The patient’s language preference for the interview is also important. The patient is a young adult and in college, however, her preference might be Hmong, or the language typically spoken at home. Another consideration is, does the patient want anyone else present for her interview/assessment? Hmong People have a family structure that is patriarchal, meaning, the father generally very involved in decision making and can, ultimately have the final say on a topic or treatment; the mother is caregiver and may wish to be present to help take care of the patient. Hmong Elders also play a large role in decision making, with a Grandfather that might want to talk directly with the doctor and make decisions over the wishes of the patient or patient’s father (Carteret, 2012).
Hmong Culture has roots in animism, which is the belief that objects, places, animals, people, etc. all have spirits and bodies that maintain a natural balance (Duffy, J., Harmon, R., Ranard, D.A., Thao, B., & Yang, K. (2004). The fever in this patient could be related to an imbalance in her spirit, an inhabitation by another sprit that is making her ill, disapproval of recent behavior by dead ancestors, or a curse (Carteret, 2012). The family might elect to have a religious healer, or Shaman visit to perform holistic medicine on the patient, some of this medicine might cause burns or pinch marks with coining or skin pinching being common practices for illness (Khuu, Yee, & Zhou, 2017). An understanding of Western medicine might not be present, the patient or family may ask for dosages of antibiotics for infection or acetaminophen of fever to be increase or decrease based on how they feel; it is important to explain that medications are dosed on scientifi.
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment By.docxchristiandean12115
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment
By Corinne N. Ortega
Introduction Increasing diversity in the United States has widened the base populations to whom psychologists provide services. Various divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) have recognized the importance of multicultural competencies for more than 25 years (notably, Division 17—Counseling Psychology and Division 45—The Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues). In 2002, APA formally recognized the evolution of the science and practice of psychology in a diverse society by adopting as policy the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002b). Nowhere is the changing face of the United States reflected more clearly than in its correctional systems. Blacks and Hispanics make up 62% of the incarcerated population, although they comprise only 25% of the national population (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Hispanics represent 40% of all sentenced federal offenders, although they account for only 13% of the total U.S. population (López, 2000). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007), the lifetime chance of a person going to prison is higher for Blacks (18.6%) and Hispanics (10%) than for Whites (3.4%). Furthermore, Blacks represent approximately 40% of the death row population in the United States (Amnesty International, 2003). The sociopolitical and socioeconomic explanations for this phenomenon are complex and far beyond the scope of this chapter. It is clear, however, that given the disproportionate confinement of minorities in the United States, any meaningful discussion of correctional mental health must necessarily include a discussion of multicultural issues. This chapter will first focus on a general overview of multicultural counseling and its applications in correctional settings. Second, the use of psychological tests and assessments with multicultural correctional populations will be explored with an emphasis on forensic evaluations. Finally, the issue of cultural competence with religious minorities and religious extremists will be addressed.
Multicultural Counseling Jackson (1995) succinctly defines multicultural counseling as counseling that takes place between or among individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Although a simple enough definition, the implications of this in the mental health field are far-reaching. The increased racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity in the United States creates a demand for professional services, including mental health, that meet the needs of people from a wide variety of backgrounds (Barrett & George, 2005). The issues involved in providing culturally competent services are as complex and varied as clients themselves (Sue & Sue, 2007). Cookbook approaches to multicultural counseling cannot be utilized without contradicting the very concept. López (2000) discusses this in terms .
RESPONSE 1 Respond to at least two colleagues who selec.docxronak56
RESPONSE 1
Respond to at least two colleagues who selected a different article from the one
you selected. Share any insights you gained from your colleagues’ posts.
Colleague 1: Whitney
One important article that focuses on mental illness and culture is the article Community
Attitudes Towards Culture-Influenced Mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. Nonreligious OCD among
Orthodox Jews that was found through the Walden library (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament,
2009). The article focuses on how culture can influence a community’s attitude towards mental
illness (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009). One specific culture the article focuses on is
the Orthodox Jewish Community who has OCD (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009). This
article also addresses how Orthodox Jews see their up bring through their culture as casual to
their development involving their routines, rituals, and religions (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, &
Parament, 2009). This then does not affect them as much as those who are from a different
culture who are not brought up the same way and this would then affect them through the
acculturation process (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009)
It’s important that social workers take in consideration in using the cultural formulation
interview to apply cultural competence skills in working with the cultures such as the Orthodox
Jews. A cultural formulation interview will focus on a framework that assess for an individual’s
cultural features, mental health, and these relate to the individuals social and cultural context and
history (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
The scholar will use the cultural formulation interview to assess and apply competence skills
to each client’s case. The scholar would first asses the client with four categories that are
included in a cultural formulation interview (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The
scholar would first have the client describe their cultural identity such as their as their race,
ethnic, or cultural influences (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Then continue to follow
the assessment with the other three categories.
Then the scholar would use a set of 16 questions cultural formulation interview to obtain
information of the clients mental health and by using this assessment it will identify the clients
culture and how it has impacted the clients clinical presentations and care (American Psychiatric
Association, 2013).Through this assessment it will assist the social worker and client in
understanding how culture affects the individual.
Acculturation can affect each cultural client different involving their psychological
and sociocultural aspects. Acculturation occurs and affects the individual’s psychological change
when two cultures have contact involving cultural groups or cultural members (Berry, n.d.). An
individuals experiencing acculturation can also experience behavioral repertoire due to the
a ...
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
2010 May-Jun; 18(3):459-66
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Corresponding Author:
Flavio Braune Wiik
Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Letras e Ciências Humanas.
Departamento de Ciências Sociais
Campus Universitário. Caixa-Postal 6001
CEP 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concept of
Culture Applied to the Health Sciences
Esther Jean Langdon1
Flávio Braune Wiik2
This article presents a reflection as to how notions and behavior related to the processes of
health and illness are an integral part of the culture of the social group in which they occur.
It is argued that medical and health care systems are cultural systems consonant with the
groups and social realities that produce them. Such a comprehension is fundamental for the
health care professional training.
Descriptors: Culture; Anthropology; Health Care; Health Sciences.
1 Anthropologist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Full Professor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
2 Social Scientist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Original Article
460
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Antropologia, saúde e doença: uma introdução ao conceito de cultura
aplicado às ciências da saúde
O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma reflexão de como as noções e comportamentos
ligados aos processos de saúde e de doença integram a cultura de grupos sociais onde
os mesmos ocorrem. Argumenta-se que os sistemas médicos de atenção à saúde,
assim como as respostas dadas às doenças, são sistemas culturais, consonantes com os
grupos e realidades sociais que os produzem. A compreensão dessa relação se mostra
fundamental para a formação do profissional da saúde.
Descritores: Cultura; Antropologia; Atenção à Saúde; Ciências da Saúde.
Antropología, salud y enfermedad: una introducción al concepto de
cultura aplicado a las ciencias de la salud
Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de como las nociones y comportamientos
asociados a los procesos de salud y enfermedad están integrados a la cultura de los
grupos sociales en los que estos procesos ocurren. Se argumenta que los sistemas
médicos de atención a la salud, así como las respuestas dadas a la enfermedad son
sistemas culturales que están en consonancia con los grupos y las realidades sociales
que los producen. Comprender esta relación es crucial para la formación de profesionales
en el área de la salud.
Descriptores: Cultura; Antropología; Atención a la Salud; Ciencias de la Salud.
Introduction
Perhaps it seems out of place to address the theme
of culture in a journal dedicated to the Health Sciences
or to argue that the concept of culture can be useful
for professionals of this area. Everyone has a common
sense idea of what “culture” means. We say that a person
“has culture” when he or sh ...
1 postsRe Topic 3 DQ 2Community health nurses must be c.docxaulasnilda
1 posts
Re: Topic 3 DQ 2
Community health nurses must be culturally compliant to provide the most adequate and highest level of quality care. Understanding certain feelings and recognizing these is the first step for the nurse to put aside stereotypes and bias. Most of the time, they are learned behaviors prior to nursing. Stereotyping in nursing is a preconceived assumption regarding a certain group of people; this, in turn, leads to various personal feelings built upon that stereotype resulting in being bias. In health care, these feelings can lead to implicit bias feelings we unconsciously display towards patients and can impact patient care (Falkner, 2018). It is challenging for nurses not to be biased against one group or the other due to the fact that medically and scientifically there are certain groups or populations that certain condition/diseases are more prevalent than others, but "jumping the gun" per say could result in false diagnosis or inadequate treatments (Puddifoot, 2019). Community nurses must take into account the scientific and medical data related to each and every individual.
Campinha-Bacote and Munoz (2001) proposed a five-component model for developing cultural competence: Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural skill, Cultural encounters, and Cultural desire. One important way for nurses to achieve cultural competence and promote respect is to challenge our own beliefs and ask better questions regarding our patient populations. For example, nurses should avoid unintentionally stereotyping a patient into a specific cultural or ethnic group based on characteristics like outward appearance, race, country of origin or religious preference. Additionally, many subcultures and variations can exist within a cultural or ethnic group. For instance, the term Asian-American includes cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Korean and Vietnamese, and within these cultures, there are variations in a geographic region, religion, language, family structure and more.
Using 200-300 APA format with references to support the discussion.
How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue
.
1IntroductionThe objective of this study plan is to evaluate.docxrobert345678
1
Introduction
The objective of this study plan is to evaluate the viability of our solution in relation to previously conducted test cases for companies operating in industries analogous to those of our own. In this section, we will concentrate on the manner in which these use cases measure the performance characteristics of various technical and behavioral qualities connected with an investment in technology made on behalf of a business. The viewpoints and data sources of stakeholders will be incorporated into our measuring system. This measurement framework will be utilized by us in order to assess and analyze the overall performance of our product. After the solution has been implemented, we will conduct post-implementation evaluations to determine how the solution affected the organization. The management of change will play a significant role in our overall research agenda. The plan will adhere to a certain format in providing the findings of the data analysis.
Measurement framework
In order to present an all-encompassing picture of performance, the measuring framework must to take into account the many stakeholder viewpoints as well as the various data sources. Perspectives from stakeholders may come from a variety of sources, such as the user community, project managers, or senior leadership. Customer feedback, system logs, and performance statistics are three examples of potential data sources (Thabane, 2009).
The purpose of the measurement framework is to supply stakeholders with viewpoints and data sources that may be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of an investment in technology. The framework consists of four dimensions: behavioral characteristics, organizational aspects, user factors, and technological qualities (McShane, 2018). To evaluate how well the technology investment is working out, there is a separate set of performance indicators linked with each of the dimensions of the evaluation.
Indicators such as system uptime, reaction time, and throughput are examples of technical qualities. Indicators that make up behavioral qualities include things like user happiness, adoption rates, and the costs of training. Indicators like as return on investment (ROI) and total cost of ownership are included in the category of organizational variables (TCO). The metrics that make up user factors include things like user happiness, adoption rates, and training expenses (McShane, 2018).
The measuring framework draws its information from a variety of data sources, including organizational data, user data, performance data, and financial data. The return on investment (ROI) and total cost of ownership (TCO) of the technological investment may both be calculated using financial data (Jalal, 2017). The uptime, reaction time, and throughput of the system may all be evaluated based on the performance statistics. Data from users may be analyzed to determine factors such as user happiness, adoption rates, and the costs of training (Thabane,.
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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
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Addressing Diverse Populations in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
I have attached additional reading material, I need this by Thursday,
Serving Special Populations
After completing the reading for this unit, what do you think is the greatest obstacle facing special populations in addiction treatment? What will you do as a counselor to ensure that all of your clients receive the best treatment possible?
Your paper is to be in APA format, 1-2 pages, and include sources. Please see
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Addressing Diverse Populations in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Culture is important in substance abuse treatment because clients' experiences of culture precede and influence their clinical experience. Treatment setting, coping styles, social supports, stigma attached to substance use disorders, even whether an individual seeks help--all are influenced by a client's culture. Culture needs to be understood as a broad concept that refers to a shared set of beliefs, norms, and values among any group of people, whether based on ethnicity or on a shared affiliation and identity.
Retrieved from,
Substance Abuse: Clinical Issues in Intensive Outpatient Treatment
, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2006).
2. What It Means To Be a Culturally Competent Clinician
It is agreed widely in the health care field that an individual's culture is a critical factor to be considered in treatment. The Surgeon General's report, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity, states, "Substantive data from consumer and family self-reports, ethnic match, and ethnic-specific services outcome studies suggest that tailoring services to the specific needs of these [ethnic] groups will improve utilization and outcomes” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2001, p. 36). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) calls on clinicians to understand how their relationship with the client is affected by cultural differences and sets up a framework for reviewing the effects of culture on each client.
Because verbal communication and the therapeutic alliance are distinguishing features of treatment for both substance use and mental disorders, the issue of culture is significant for treatment in both fields. The therapeutic alliance should be informed by the clinician's understanding of the client's cultural identity, social supports, self-esteem, and reluctance about treatment resulting from social stigma. A common theme in culturally competent care is that the treatment provider--not the person seeking treatment--is responsible for ensuring that treatment is effective for diverse clients.
Meeting the needs of diverse clients involves two components: (1) understanding how to work with persons from different cultures and (2) understandi.
Cultural Competence and PovertyExploring Play Therapists’ AOllieShoresna
Cultural Competence and Poverty:
Exploring Play Therapists’ Attitudes
Lauren Chase and Kristie Opiola
Department of Counseling, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This article reports the findings of a survey that investigated attitudes toward poverty
among play therapists (N � 390) and its relation to demographic information. Multi-
variate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to measure the relationship
between play therapists’ demographics and their attitudes toward poverty, specifically
their structural, personal deficiency, and stigma scores. Results indicated that both
region and age resulted in differing views on poverty. Participants living in the
Northeast held stronger structural views of poverty than participants in the South.
Similarly, participants in the 50 –59 and 60 plus age groups disagreed to strongly
disagree with a personal explanation toward poverty than participants in the 30 –39 age
group. The importance of play therapists’ examining their attitudes toward poverty and
the direct impact on their work is discussed. Finally, implications of the results,
including overall findings, are explained.
Keywords: play therapy, attitudes of poverty, cultural competence
Culturally competent training is an element
of credentialing requirements that ensures men-
tal health providers offer adequate and respon-
sive care to diverse populations. Although the
mental health field has embedded cultural com-
petence in their standards and guidelines, there
are discrepancies in the way the profession as-
sesses and measures competence (Sue et al.,
1996). Researchers have investigated attitudes
toward poverty in the helping professions
(Levin & Schwartz-Tayri, 2017; Noone et al.,
2012; van Heerde & Hudson, 2010; & Wit-
tenauer et al., 2015), but no study has focused
on play therapists’ attitudes toward poverty.
The purpose of this study is to fill a gap in the
literature regarding play therapist’s attitudes to-
ward poverty because awareness and knowl-
edge are key elements to implement culturally
responsive services and skills with diverse chil-
dren in a variety of settings.
Cultural Competence
Cultural competence is an important compo-
nent of professional practice, and practitioners
are expected to develop skills and understand-
ing pertaining to diverse clientele. Researchers
define cultural competence as the set of beliefs,
knowledge, and skills mental health providers
possess in order to deliver effective interven-
tions and services to members of various cul-
tures (Gilbert et al., 2007; Sue, 2006). The New
Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003)
recognized disparities in mental health delivery
and viewed the lack of cultural competence for
minority populations as a persistent problem.
Culturally competent health care is essential to
providing effective care to all populations. To
aid practitioners in their ability to increase their
cultural competence, leading professional men-
tal health associations have published ...
A presentation about intercultural encounters within the healthcare relationship. This presentation was give, specifically, to allied health professional students.
Deactivated
4 posts
Re:Topic 3 DQ 1
"Cultural competency is described as a set of congruent practice skills, behaviors, attitudes and policies that come embedded in a system, agency, or among consumer providers and professionals.*Cultural competency facilitates the ability to carry out tasks effectively in an environment that has cross cultural situations.' Hence, cultural competence is the mastery of skills that provide appropriate awareness and sensitivity to individuals who are in cross cultural situations. Cultural competency is related to diversity and disparity. As Buchbinder and Shanks'" pointed out, diversity has been historically defined by broad categorical markers such as age, sexual orientation religion, and ethnicity, which involves many factors, including economic status and marginalization. Therefore, not only must the prolific numbers of ethnic groups in the United States be taken into account in anticipating care, but also factors that are relevant to a patient's minority status (i.e., whether they are migrants, uninsured, poor, or refugees) which contribute to economic, social, welfare, and psychological despair" (Green& Reinckens, 2013).
If we want better outcomes for our patients it is extremely important to take into consideration the types of culture these patients possess. With that being said as I read this article it made such clear sense to me. Take for instance you have patient that speaks Spanish or another language for their language. Then to add on top of the mix the patient is unable to maintain a high paying job due to his language barrier and lack of funds for education. This them snow balls into the patient is unable to receive the proper health care because he cant afford insurance. This is something other cultures face all the time. However if we as nurses take the time to educate OURSELVES about the different cultures and the barriers they may have, as well as put ourself out in the community and help these patients with opportunities to receive health care with clinics and programs then we might have a strong chance to lessen the amount of poor outcomes that may develop in the end. These patients a every other patient should be treated with equality and respect as we would treat our own family.
References
Green, Z. D., & Reinckens, J. (2013). Cultural Competency in Health Care: What Can Nurses Do?. Maryland Nurse, 14(4), 16.
.
ReTopic 2 DQ 2Originally coined by Balint in 1969 to express.docxronak56
Re:Topic 2 DQ 2
“Originally coined by Balint in 1969 to express the belief that each patient “has to be understood as a unique human-being,”1 patient-centered medicine began as a descriptive account of how physicians should interact and communicate with patients” (Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A., 2008). You should always try to understand each patient’s individual viewpoint. This allows for a more custom treatment plan and health promotion methods with personal variations. This is a more holistic approach to traditional medicine and illness prevention. This also gives the patient the empowerment to take control of their treatment and gain a higher level of understanding for their disease processes and/or health risks. For example, a Hispanic woman who has recently been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Not only would you have to consider her heritage and lifestyle choices, you would need to examine her socioeconomic status, literacy level, perception of health risks, access to health care and view on said health care. All of these items and more would need to be considered to come up with education, resources, treatment plan and follow-up.
“The Picker-Commonwealth Program for Patient-Centered Care was begun in 1987 to promote a patient-centered approach to hospital and health services focusing on the patient’s needs and concerns. Seven dimensions of patient-centered care were identified: 1) respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs; 2) coordination and integration of care; 3) information, communication and education; 4) physical comfort; 5) emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety; 6) involvement of friends and family; and 7) transition and continuity.7 The Picker-Commonwealth Program clearly went beyond the more narrow interpretation of patient centeredness as a guide for individual practitioners interacting with individual patients, and moved towards the consideration of patient centeredness as a comprehensive way of delivering health services” (Saha, S., Beach, M. C., & Cooper, L. A., 2008). At the facility I work for we provide every patient with the Patient Bill of Rights and it is my duty that they fully understand these rights. I find that many patients have no idea of how much say they really have in regards to their health care and the type of treatment they receive. I find that this explanation to the patient is invaluable.
“Additionally, viewing patients as members of ethnic or cultural groups, rather than as individuals with unique experiences and perspectives, might lead providers to stereotype patients and make inappropriate assumptions about their beliefs and behaviors. To account for these concerns, approaches to cross-cultural healthcare incorporated a balance, between acquiring some background knowledge of the specific cultural groups encountered in clinical practice, and developing attitudes and skills that were not specific to any particular culture but were universally relevant… — th ...
(1) citation reference 150 words CultureHmong CultureC.docxmadlynplamondon
(1) citation reference 150 words
Culture
Hmong Culture
Considerations
In beginning the interview, a consideration to remember is that eye contact is considered rude to Hmong People and that tone of voice and body language are very important; taking too loudly, placing too much emphasis on words, or talking excessively with hands and arm movements can result in noncompliance (Carteret, 2012). As this patient is young and assumed to be mainstream with Western culture, she will likely be understanding and forgiving of eye contact, tone, and body language but interactions with older family members will require care.
Gender of the nurse might play a role in some assessments, it is important to ask if a male nurse has permission to touch the abdomen or auscultate the lungs, heart, or abdomen. Questions pertaining to sex should be private and held with a nurse who is the same gender as the patient, it is of note that questions or examinations regarding sexual health can be misinterpreted as judgment of promiscuity, resulting in refusal, so sex must be addressed with much explanation and rationale without judgment (Carteret, 2012). As infection can be related to sex or sexual contact, this should be addressed with this patient.
The patient’s language preference for the interview is also important. The patient is a young adult and in college, however, her preference might be Hmong, or the language typically spoken at home. Another consideration is, does the patient want anyone else present for her interview/assessment? Hmong People have a family structure that is patriarchal, meaning, the father generally very involved in decision making and can, ultimately have the final say on a topic or treatment; the mother is caregiver and may wish to be present to help take care of the patient. Hmong Elders also play a large role in decision making, with a Grandfather that might want to talk directly with the doctor and make decisions over the wishes of the patient or patient’s father (Carteret, 2012).
Hmong Culture has roots in animism, which is the belief that objects, places, animals, people, etc. all have spirits and bodies that maintain a natural balance (Duffy, J., Harmon, R., Ranard, D.A., Thao, B., & Yang, K. (2004). The fever in this patient could be related to an imbalance in her spirit, an inhabitation by another sprit that is making her ill, disapproval of recent behavior by dead ancestors, or a curse (Carteret, 2012). The family might elect to have a religious healer, or Shaman visit to perform holistic medicine on the patient, some of this medicine might cause burns or pinch marks with coining or skin pinching being common practices for illness (Khuu, Yee, & Zhou, 2017). An understanding of Western medicine might not be present, the patient or family may ask for dosages of antibiotics for infection or acetaminophen of fever to be increase or decrease based on how they feel; it is important to explain that medications are dosed on scientifi.
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment By.docxchristiandean12115
Issues in Multicultural Correctional Assessment and Treatment
By Corinne N. Ortega
Introduction Increasing diversity in the United States has widened the base populations to whom psychologists provide services. Various divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) have recognized the importance of multicultural competencies for more than 25 years (notably, Division 17—Counseling Psychology and Division 45—The Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues). In 2002, APA formally recognized the evolution of the science and practice of psychology in a diverse society by adopting as policy the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002b). Nowhere is the changing face of the United States reflected more clearly than in its correctional systems. Blacks and Hispanics make up 62% of the incarcerated population, although they comprise only 25% of the national population (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Hispanics represent 40% of all sentenced federal offenders, although they account for only 13% of the total U.S. population (López, 2000). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007), the lifetime chance of a person going to prison is higher for Blacks (18.6%) and Hispanics (10%) than for Whites (3.4%). Furthermore, Blacks represent approximately 40% of the death row population in the United States (Amnesty International, 2003). The sociopolitical and socioeconomic explanations for this phenomenon are complex and far beyond the scope of this chapter. It is clear, however, that given the disproportionate confinement of minorities in the United States, any meaningful discussion of correctional mental health must necessarily include a discussion of multicultural issues. This chapter will first focus on a general overview of multicultural counseling and its applications in correctional settings. Second, the use of psychological tests and assessments with multicultural correctional populations will be explored with an emphasis on forensic evaluations. Finally, the issue of cultural competence with religious minorities and religious extremists will be addressed.
Multicultural Counseling Jackson (1995) succinctly defines multicultural counseling as counseling that takes place between or among individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Although a simple enough definition, the implications of this in the mental health field are far-reaching. The increased racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity in the United States creates a demand for professional services, including mental health, that meet the needs of people from a wide variety of backgrounds (Barrett & George, 2005). The issues involved in providing culturally competent services are as complex and varied as clients themselves (Sue & Sue, 2007). Cookbook approaches to multicultural counseling cannot be utilized without contradicting the very concept. López (2000) discusses this in terms .
RESPONSE 1 Respond to at least two colleagues who selec.docxronak56
RESPONSE 1
Respond to at least two colleagues who selected a different article from the one
you selected. Share any insights you gained from your colleagues’ posts.
Colleague 1: Whitney
One important article that focuses on mental illness and culture is the article Community
Attitudes Towards Culture-Influenced Mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. Nonreligious OCD among
Orthodox Jews that was found through the Walden library (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament,
2009). The article focuses on how culture can influence a community’s attitude towards mental
illness (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009). One specific culture the article focuses on is
the Orthodox Jewish Community who has OCD (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009). This
article also addresses how Orthodox Jews see their up bring through their culture as casual to
their development involving their routines, rituals, and religions (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, &
Parament, 2009). This then does not affect them as much as those who are from a different
culture who are not brought up the same way and this would then affect them through the
acculturation process (Pirutinskiy, Rosmarin, & Parament, 2009)
It’s important that social workers take in consideration in using the cultural formulation
interview to apply cultural competence skills in working with the cultures such as the Orthodox
Jews. A cultural formulation interview will focus on a framework that assess for an individual’s
cultural features, mental health, and these relate to the individuals social and cultural context and
history (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
The scholar will use the cultural formulation interview to assess and apply competence skills
to each client’s case. The scholar would first asses the client with four categories that are
included in a cultural formulation interview (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The
scholar would first have the client describe their cultural identity such as their as their race,
ethnic, or cultural influences (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Then continue to follow
the assessment with the other three categories.
Then the scholar would use a set of 16 questions cultural formulation interview to obtain
information of the clients mental health and by using this assessment it will identify the clients
culture and how it has impacted the clients clinical presentations and care (American Psychiatric
Association, 2013).Through this assessment it will assist the social worker and client in
understanding how culture affects the individual.
Acculturation can affect each cultural client different involving their psychological
and sociocultural aspects. Acculturation occurs and affects the individual’s psychological change
when two cultures have contact involving cultural groups or cultural members (Berry, n.d.). An
individuals experiencing acculturation can also experience behavioral repertoire due to the
a ...
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
2010 May-Jun; 18(3):459-66
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Corresponding Author:
Flavio Braune Wiik
Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Letras e Ciências Humanas.
Departamento de Ciências Sociais
Campus Universitário. Caixa-Postal 6001
CEP 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concept of
Culture Applied to the Health Sciences
Esther Jean Langdon1
Flávio Braune Wiik2
This article presents a reflection as to how notions and behavior related to the processes of
health and illness are an integral part of the culture of the social group in which they occur.
It is argued that medical and health care systems are cultural systems consonant with the
groups and social realities that produce them. Such a comprehension is fundamental for the
health care professional training.
Descriptors: Culture; Anthropology; Health Care; Health Sciences.
1 Anthropologist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Full Professor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
2 Social Scientist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Original Article
460
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Antropologia, saúde e doença: uma introdução ao conceito de cultura
aplicado às ciências da saúde
O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma reflexão de como as noções e comportamentos
ligados aos processos de saúde e de doença integram a cultura de grupos sociais onde
os mesmos ocorrem. Argumenta-se que os sistemas médicos de atenção à saúde,
assim como as respostas dadas às doenças, são sistemas culturais, consonantes com os
grupos e realidades sociais que os produzem. A compreensão dessa relação se mostra
fundamental para a formação do profissional da saúde.
Descritores: Cultura; Antropologia; Atenção à Saúde; Ciências da Saúde.
Antropología, salud y enfermedad: una introducción al concepto de
cultura aplicado a las ciencias de la salud
Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de como las nociones y comportamientos
asociados a los procesos de salud y enfermedad están integrados a la cultura de los
grupos sociales en los que estos procesos ocurren. Se argumenta que los sistemas
médicos de atención a la salud, así como las respuestas dadas a la enfermedad son
sistemas culturales que están en consonancia con los grupos y las realidades sociales
que los producen. Comprender esta relación es crucial para la formación de profesionales
en el área de la salud.
Descriptores: Cultura; Antropología; Atención a la Salud; Ciencias de la Salud.
Introduction
Perhaps it seems out of place to address the theme
of culture in a journal dedicated to the Health Sciences
or to argue that the concept of culture can be useful
for professionals of this area. Everyone has a common
sense idea of what “culture” means. We say that a person
“has culture” when he or sh ...
1 postsRe Topic 3 DQ 2Community health nurses must be c.docxaulasnilda
1 posts
Re: Topic 3 DQ 2
Community health nurses must be culturally compliant to provide the most adequate and highest level of quality care. Understanding certain feelings and recognizing these is the first step for the nurse to put aside stereotypes and bias. Most of the time, they are learned behaviors prior to nursing. Stereotyping in nursing is a preconceived assumption regarding a certain group of people; this, in turn, leads to various personal feelings built upon that stereotype resulting in being bias. In health care, these feelings can lead to implicit bias feelings we unconsciously display towards patients and can impact patient care (Falkner, 2018). It is challenging for nurses not to be biased against one group or the other due to the fact that medically and scientifically there are certain groups or populations that certain condition/diseases are more prevalent than others, but "jumping the gun" per say could result in false diagnosis or inadequate treatments (Puddifoot, 2019). Community nurses must take into account the scientific and medical data related to each and every individual.
Campinha-Bacote and Munoz (2001) proposed a five-component model for developing cultural competence: Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural skill, Cultural encounters, and Cultural desire. One important way for nurses to achieve cultural competence and promote respect is to challenge our own beliefs and ask better questions regarding our patient populations. For example, nurses should avoid unintentionally stereotyping a patient into a specific cultural or ethnic group based on characteristics like outward appearance, race, country of origin or religious preference. Additionally, many subcultures and variations can exist within a cultural or ethnic group. For instance, the term Asian-American includes cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Korean and Vietnamese, and within these cultures, there are variations in a geographic region, religion, language, family structure and more.
Using 200-300 APA format with references to support the discussion.
How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue
.
1IntroductionThe objective of this study plan is to evaluate.docxrobert345678
1
Introduction
The objective of this study plan is to evaluate the viability of our solution in relation to previously conducted test cases for companies operating in industries analogous to those of our own. In this section, we will concentrate on the manner in which these use cases measure the performance characteristics of various technical and behavioral qualities connected with an investment in technology made on behalf of a business. The viewpoints and data sources of stakeholders will be incorporated into our measuring system. This measurement framework will be utilized by us in order to assess and analyze the overall performance of our product. After the solution has been implemented, we will conduct post-implementation evaluations to determine how the solution affected the organization. The management of change will play a significant role in our overall research agenda. The plan will adhere to a certain format in providing the findings of the data analysis.
Measurement framework
In order to present an all-encompassing picture of performance, the measuring framework must to take into account the many stakeholder viewpoints as well as the various data sources. Perspectives from stakeholders may come from a variety of sources, such as the user community, project managers, or senior leadership. Customer feedback, system logs, and performance statistics are three examples of potential data sources (Thabane, 2009).
The purpose of the measurement framework is to supply stakeholders with viewpoints and data sources that may be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of an investment in technology. The framework consists of four dimensions: behavioral characteristics, organizational aspects, user factors, and technological qualities (McShane, 2018). To evaluate how well the technology investment is working out, there is a separate set of performance indicators linked with each of the dimensions of the evaluation.
Indicators such as system uptime, reaction time, and throughput are examples of technical qualities. Indicators that make up behavioral qualities include things like user happiness, adoption rates, and the costs of training. Indicators like as return on investment (ROI) and total cost of ownership are included in the category of organizational variables (TCO). The metrics that make up user factors include things like user happiness, adoption rates, and training expenses (McShane, 2018).
The measuring framework draws its information from a variety of data sources, including organizational data, user data, performance data, and financial data. The return on investment (ROI) and total cost of ownership (TCO) of the technological investment may both be calculated using financial data (Jalal, 2017). The uptime, reaction time, and throughput of the system may all be evaluated based on the performance statistics. Data from users may be analyzed to determine factors such as user happiness, adoption rates, and the costs of training (Thabane,.
1Project One Executive SummaryCole Staats.docxrobert345678
1
Project One: Executive Summary
Cole Staats
Southern New Hampshire University
BUS 225: Critical Business Skills for Success
Jennyfer Puentes
November 14, 2022
Project One: Executive SummaryProblem
With the restricted economic activity expected because of the COVID-19 outbreak, and the rise in inflation the revenue for the automobile engine and parts manufacturing industry has been adjusted to decline by 10.9% by the end of 2022 (Pantalon, 2022). Based on the current challenges the automotive industry faces, we must diversify our engine manufacturing and its operations to expand our revenue. In this presentation, I will be using qualitative and quantitative data to explain why I think our company should rapidly explore the ever-evolving and growing popularity of the electric car industry and develop electric motors. I will show the qualitative data which will focus on the industry reports of engine manufacturing inside the automotive industry. The quantitative data that I will provide will estimate the projections for future operations and provide fact-checked historical data on the automotive industry. Automotive Manufacturing Industry
After conducting extensive research into the current automotive industry status, where I focused on the performance and expectations for the industry's future, the 2021 measured revenue of the US car and automobile manufacturing was $75 billion. This is compared to previous years, such as 2020 $69 billion, and in 2019 and 2018 $92 billion (MarketLine 2021). Although we saw a rise from 2020 to 2021 in revenue the automobile manufacturing industry revenue will continue to not keep pace with previous years. As the domestic demand for new vehicles trends higher, three automotive hubs are expected to gain greater traction over the next few years. With that said the US automotive industry is heavily established in the Great Lakes region. This region represents just over 36% of the automobile manufacturers in the US. Some of the most successful automobile making are located here which include the Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Fiat Chrysler. All these manufacturers are in Michigan which makes up 15% of all automobile manufacturing revenue in the US. With that said there are 2 more regions where automobile manufacturers operate that make up 50% of all us manufacturers' locations. The Regions are the West Region, making up 25.4% of the industry locations, and the Southeast Region, making up 24.6% of the industry locations. After conducting research, the consumer's current mindset is shifting towards a “greener” option for the automobile. This option would have a smaller carbon footprint, providing an increase in producing vehicles that are more environmentally friendly. As a result of this new stance on a “greener” option by the consumer the hybrid and the electric car are gaining popularity and are expected to multiply over the next five years (MarketLine 2018). “In 2025 the North American hybri.
1
Management Of Care
Chamberlain University
NR452: Capstone
Professor Alison Colvin.
Date: November 23, 2022.
Management of Care
Management of care involves organizing, prioritizing, maintaining strict patient confidentiality, providing patient with efficient care, education to patient and families, risk stratification, coordination of care transition and medication management. Patient care management is provided to client by nurses and other health care professionals “Management of the critically injured patient is optimized by a coordinated team effort in an organized trauma system that allow for rapid assessment and initiation of life- preserving therapies. (Cantrell, E., & Doucet, J. 2018). Effective patient care management can impact patient heath more positively, when all healthcare professionals work together to provide quality care in promoting patient centered care. Adequate patient care can prevent readmission or admission, also can reduce distress, total cost of care, improve self-management, disease control and patient overall health.
Patient care is important to patient because its ensure that patient receive the needed possible care they deserve when in the hospital and out of the hospital, patient will feel their demand is understood and listened to if they health needs are met and understood by professionals that know how to manage their health care needs, health care management team member work together to ensure patient safety through effective communication and collaboration, advocating for patient by connecting patient to community and social services resources that will promote their health care needs can be beneficial to patient, environmental and home risk assessment, and effective facilitation of communication between members of the healthcare team.
Nurses play a role in managing a patient health, roles such as: Critical thinking skills, in this case the nurse can recognize any shift in patient health status which plays a significant role in decision making and patient centered care. Time management: delegation, prioritization such as knowing what to do first, what is important, and knowing what task is more important for the patient at a particular time. Patient education is also one of the many role’s nurses do to educate patient on what to expect during a procedure, or during recovery, also teachings on complications or adverse effects of a medication. Clinical reasoning and judgement which will promote quality of health through patient centered care that addresses patient specific health care needs. Holman, H. C., Williams, “et al”. (2019).
References
Cantrell, E., & Doucet, J. (2018). Initial Management of Life-Threatening Trauma.
DeckerMed Critical Care of the Surgical Patient.
https://doi.org/10.2310/7ccsp.2129
Holman, H. C., Williams, D., Johnson, J., Sommer, S., Ball, B. S., Lemon, T.,
& Assessment Technologies Institute. (2019). Nursing leadership
an.
1NOTE This is a template to help you format Project Part .docxrobert345678
1
NOTE: This is a template to help you format Project Part A. I have put some explanations in red. Please delete these before submitting the assignment. All text in your submission should be black.
NOTE: This assignment has been changed from what is in the Canvas shell. You are to analyze only two variables instead of 3; and only 2 pairings instead of 3.
ALSO YOU MUST USE THE VARIABLES SPECIFIED IN THIS TEMPLATE.
Project Part A: Descriptive Statistics
By
Put your name here
MATH534 – Applied Managerial Statistics
Prof. Bhupinder Sran
Keller Graduate School of Management
Put date of submission here
1. Introduction
Provide the purpose of this report and an overview of its content. About 2-4 sentences.
2. Variable Name: SALES
2.1 Numerical analysis
Use the table below to display the main statistics. You can add more rows for more statistics IF you want to.
Please don’t put a narrative here.
Mean
Put the mean here
Median
Put the median here
Mode
Put the mode here
Standard deviation
Put the standard deviation here
2.2 Graphical analysis
Display one graph or chart that is appropriate for this data. A histogram, stem and leaf diagram or frequency distribution are good options here. However, you may select your own type.
Please don’t put a narrative here.
2.3 Analysis
Provide a 3-5 sentence analysis pointing out some main findings of the analysis of this variable.
Don’t just restate the numbers. Try to explain how these findings might be useful for management or the organization.
3. Variable Name: CALLS
3.1 Numerical analysis
Use the table below to display the main statistics. You can add more rows for more statistics IF you want to.
Please don’t put a narrative here.
Mean
Put the mean here
Median
Put the median here
Mode
Put the mode here
Standard deviation
Put the standard deviation here
3.2 Graphical analysis
Display one graph or chart that is appropriate for this data. A histogram, stem and leaf diagram or frequency distribution are good options here. However, you may select your own type.
Please don’t put a narrative here.
3.3 Analysis
Provide a 3-5 sentence analysis pointing out some main findings of the analysis of this variable.
Don’t just restate the numbers. Try to explain how these findings might be useful for management or the organization.
4. Variable Pairing: SALES vs CALLS
4.1 Graphical Analysis
Since SALES and CALLS are both numeric, create a scatter plot and place it here.
Please don’t put a narrative here.
4.2 Analysis
Provide a 3-5 sentence analysis pointing out some main findings of the analysis of the relationship between the variables.
5. Variable Pairing: SALES and TYPE
5.1 Graphical Analysis
Display a graph showing the relationship between the two variables. TYPE is not a numeric variable, so you can’t use a scatter plot. Consider using something that displays th.
15Problem Orientation and Psychologica.docxrobert345678
1
5
Problem Orientation and Psychological Distress Among Adolescents: Do Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Mediate Their Relationship?
Student's name; students' names
Department affiliation; university affiliation
Course name; course number
Instructors’ name
Assignment due date
Part One
The development of essential attitudes and abilities that help determine a person's susceptibility to psychological discomfort occurs throughout adolescence's formative years. This particular research aimed to investigate the relationship between problem-solving-oriented and cognitive-behavioral techniques for emotion regulation and levels of psychological discomfort (Speyer etal.,2021).
Notably, the issue of violence among adolescents is increasingly recognized as a severe problem in terms of public health. However, little research has investigated the importance of techniques to control cognitive emotion in teenagers, despite the increased interest in psychographic risk factors for violent conduct. The primary focus of this study will be to investigate the frequency of violent behaviors shown by adolescents and to determine the nature of the connection that exists between specific coping mechanisms for regulating cognition and emotion and various manifestations of aggressive behavior. Using confidential, self-reporting questionnaires, the research will conduct a cross-sectional survey of 3,315 students in grades 7 to 10 to investigate methods by which young adolescents may manage their cognitive processes, emotions, and actions connected to violence. The participants will be notified about the survey, but their personal information will not be public under any circumstances since this would violate ethical standards.
The influence of a father on his children might also vary depending on the gender and age of the kid. For boys, parental psychological distress is related to higher internalizing and externalizing issues throughout early adolescence. This finding lends credence to the notion that this stage of development may be especially significant in father-son exchanges. On the other hand, there is a correlation between maternal and paternal psychological discomfort in early infancy and increased levels of internalizing and externalizing difficulties in females (Speyer et al.,2021). Growing up with a father who struggles with mental illness may make girls more reserved, reducing the possibility that they would acquire issues that are manifested outside their bodies. This is one of the possible explanations.
Part Two
The whole of this project shall be guided by the research questions below: (what is the prevalence of adolescent violent behaviors? what is the relationship between specific strategies to regulate cognitive emotion and forms of violent behavior?)
To help operationalize the variables, a logistic regression model will be used to determine the nature of the connection between specific violent actions .
122422, 850 AMHow to successfully achieve business integrat.docxrobert345678
12/24/22, 8:50 AMHow to successfully achieve business integration - Chakray
Page 1 of 8https://www.chakray.com/how-to-successfully-achieve-business-integration/
How to successfully achieve
business integration
The whole process of integrated
business computing is a big step for
any company. From the moment it
decides to group all systems and
applications, the company must devote
much effort in creating a more
productive environment in accordance
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12/24/22, 8:50 AMHow to successfully achieve business integration - Chakray
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to the environment in which it is
located. Business integration is a
necessity. From many points of view
and experiences, the different strategies
have brought success to many
companies that were therefore
encouraged to carry out the entire
integration process. The benefits speak
for themselves: lower expenses for
systems, automation of processes, less
time spent in work, better control of
information.
-You can’t miss the 7 benefits of
Enterprise Application Integration!-
This is due to the fact that integrated
business computing works better. The
company’s IT works as a stage for the
renewal of its functions. Its capacity for
updating and deleting errors, as well as
cloud adaptation or hybrid operation,
allows it to generate unparalleled
results.
Companies with integrated business
computing are not only more
productive, but they also stand above
their competitors thanks to the great
work capacity they can assume. It
doesn’t matter if the systems they have
are complex, the management is simple
and allows work policies to be fulfilled
and its employees to perform better.
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1PAGE 5West Chester Private School Case StudyGrand .docxrobert345678
1
PAGE
5
West Chester Private School Case Study
Grand Canyon University
MGT-420: Organizational Behavior and Management
December 11th, 2022
West Chester Private School
Your introduction should be typed here. It should be at least four sentences and include a thesis statement that introduces all the key points of the paper. Please note that you should follow all APA writing rules within your essay. This means avoid first and second person, do not use contractions, and use citations throughout your paper. The final sentence in your introduction must be a strong thesis statement that introduces every key topic that will be introduced in the paper. Remember that a thesis should be one sentence. Here is an example: In the pages to follow, West Chester Private School (WCPS) will be discussed in the context of open systems, organizational culture, the decision to close and the closure process, the impact of technology and innovation on stakeholders, administration closure options, the plans for future direction of WCPS, along with the four functions of management.
External Environment and Open Systems
There are certain ways in which organizations interact with their external environment (as open systems). These ways rely on the Systems Approach to Management Theory, which perceives an organization as an open system that consists of interdependent and interrelated parts interacting as sub-systems (Jackson, 2017). Generally, organizations rely on the exchange of resources and information with their environments. More so, they cannot hold complete control over their behavior and actions, which are significantly impacted by external forces. For example, an organization may be impacted by various environmental conditions such as government regulations, client demands, and raw material availability. As an open system, an organization can interact with the external environment in the context of inputs, transformations, and outputs. Inputs refer to both human and non-human resources like materials, energy, and information. Transformations refer to the conversion of inputs into outputs. For example, a school can transform a student into an educated individual. Finally, outputs refer to what an organization is giving to the environment.
Internal Environment and Organizational Culture
At the time of the closure, the effectiveness of West Chester Private School (WCPS) as an open system was inadequate. One important factor that impacts the effectiveness of an open system is feedback. Feedback refers to the information that an open system receives from the external environment, which can be used to maintain a system at optimal working conditions or a steady state (Jung & Vakharia, 2019). In the case of WCPS, feedback could be received from parents, teachers, and students. At the time of the closure, none of these stakeholders was consulted. Instead, WCPS made a unilateral decision to close down two campuses without considering the input of parents, te.
12Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal A.docxrobert345678
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Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Abstract
The placenta is an immune-privileged organ that may tolerate antigen exposure without eliciting a strong inflammatory response that could result in an abortion. After that, the pregnancy can progress normally. Th1 answers, characterized by interferon-, are essential for suppressing intracellular infections. Therefore, the maternal immune system finds a catch-22 when intracellular parasites invade the placenta. The pro-inflammatory response required to eradicate the virus carries the danger of causing an abortion. Toxoplasma is a potent parasite that causes lifetime infections and is a leading cause of abortions in people and animals. This paper speculates that the pregnancy outcome may be affected by the Toxoplasma strain and the effectors of the parasite, both of which can modify the signaling pathways of the host cell.
Introduction
Fetuses infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can develop a disorder known as toxoplasmosis, sometimes called congenital toxoplasmosis. This disease is transmitted from mother to child in the womb. A miscarriage or a stillbirth might happen as a result. A child with this illness may also have significant and progressively deteriorating difficulties in their vision, hearing, motor skills, cognitive ability, and other areas of development. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is blamed for many pregnancies ending in miscarriage (Arranz-Solís et al., 2021). Most abortions happen in the first trimester of pregnancy or during the early stages of acute sickness. This research aimed to determine if women who had an abortion were more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis.
To make matters worse, the toxoplasmosis-causing Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects nearly every animal species with a thermoregulatory system. Transferring Toxoplasma from one host to another requires the development of tissue cysts that are infectious when ingested. This means the parasite is incentivized to ensure that the host organism lives during the infection. The parasite does this by stimulating an immune response powerful enough to limit parasite reproduction. Toxoplasma, on the other hand, uses a unique set of effectors to evade the immune response and ensure that the parasite population does not decrease to zero.
Results
Type II strains are the most common cause of infection in both animal and human hosts. However, all four clonal lineages of Toxoplasma may be found throughout Europe and North America. It has been established, however, that the bulk of the South American isolates identified is genetically distinct from the strains seen in North America and Europe. Certain sorts of isolates have been labeled as atypical strains. Birth abnormalities apart, type II strains are the most common in Europe and North America, where the great majority of .
122022, 824 PM Rubric Assessment - SOC1001-Introduction to .docxrobert345678
12/20/22, 8:24 PM Rubric Assessment - SOC1001-Introduction to Sociology SU05 - South University
SOC1001 Week 4 Project Rubric
Course: SOC1001-Introduction to Sociology SU05
Criteria
Posted an essay of 4 or more
paragraph s and 400 or more
words that implement ed
instructor feedback on draft.
Draft
included engaging introducti on with a main
point.
No
Submission 0
points
Emerging (F
through D
Range)
(1-13) 13
points
Satisfac
(C Ra
(14-15)
points
Student
did not
submit a
draft.
The draft
was only 1
paragraph
OR fewer
than 299
words.
The dra
was on
two
paragra
or only
300- 34
words.
No
introducti
on was
included.
The
introducto
ry
paragraph
was
minimally
developed
and/or did
not state
the main
ideas of the
essay.
Criteria
No Submission
0 points Em
thr
Ran
(1-2
points
Criterion Score
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_assessment_results.d2l?ou=95226&evalObjectId=512964&evalObjectType… 1/3
12/20/22, 8:24 PM Rubric Assessment - SOC1001-Introduction to Sociology SU05 - South University
No
Submission 0
points
Emerging (F
through D
Range)
(1-27) 27
points
Satisfactory
(C Range)
(28-31) 31
points
Above
Average (B
Range)
(32-35) 35
points
Exemplary
(A Range)
(36-40) 40
points
At least
one of the
following:
Content
was
off-topic;
body
paragrap
hs were
missing.
The draft
included at
least two
body
paragrap
hs, but
they
were
minimally
developed.
The draft
included at
least two
body
paragrap
hs, but
they
could have
been more
developed.
The draft
included
at least
two
well
developed
body
paragraphs.
Criteria
Criterion
Score
The draft
body
paragraph
s included
sufficient
developme
nt and
supporting
evidence/
examples.
No
Submission 0
points
Emerging (F
through D
Range)
(1-13) 13
points
Sa
(C
(14
po
No
conclusion
was
included.
The
concluding
paragraph
was
minimally
developed
and/or did
not restate
the main
ideas of
the essay.
Th
co
pa
w
de
an
re
th
id
th
/ 40
Criteria
Criterion
Score
Draft
included a
conclusion
that
restated
the main
ideas of
the essay.
Criteria
No Submission
0 points
Em
thr
Ran
(1-
poi
/ 20
Criterion Score
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_assessment_results.d2l?ou=95226&evalObjectId=512964&evalObjectType… 2/3
12/20/22, 8:24 PM Rubric Assessment - SOC1001-Introduction to Sociology SU05 - South University
No
Submission 0
points
Emerging (F
through D
Range)
(1-13) 13
points
Satisfactory
(C Range)
(14-15) 15
points
Above
Average (B
Range)
(16-17) 17
points
Exemplary
(A Range)
(18-20) 20
points
No
submissio
n for
which to
evaluate
language
and
grammar.
Draft did
not list
References
and/or
numerous
issues in
any of the
following:
grammar,
mechanics,
spelling,
use of
slang,
APA.
Draft
listed
Referenc
es
but had
some
spelling,
grammatic
al,
structural,
and/or
APA
errors.
Draft
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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1 of 1 DOCUMENT
JAMES E. PETERSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HAROLD KENNEDY, RICHARD
A. BERTHELSEN, and NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYERS
ASSOCIATION, Defendants-Appellees
No. 84-5788
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
771 F.2d 1244; 1985 U.S. App. LEXIS 23077; 120 L.R.R.M. 2520; 103 Lab. Cas.
(CCH) P11,677
February 6, 1985, Argued and Submitted - Los Angeles, California
September 16, 1985, Decided
PRIOR HISTORY: [**1] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, D.C.
NO. CV-80-1810-N, Honorable Leland C. Nielsen, District Judge, Presiding.
CASE SUMMARY:
PROCEDURAL POSTURE: Plaintiff professional football player appealed from judgments of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of California entered in favor of defendant union on plaintiff's claim for breach
of the duty of fair representation and in favor of defendant attorneys on plaintiff's legal malpractice claim.
OVERVIEW: Plaintiff football player filed suit against defendant union for breach of the duty of fair representation,
alleging that defendant attorneys, who were staff counsel for defendant union, erroneously advised him to file the wrong
type of grievance and failed to rectify the error when there was an opportunity to do so. Plaintiff also claimed that
defendant attorneys committed malpractice. The trial court entered judgment for defendants. On appeal, the court
affirmed. The court found that defendant union did not act in an arbitrary, discriminatory, or bad faith manner and held
that mere negligence or an error in judgment was insufficient to impose liability for breach of the duty of fair
representation. The court affirmed the directed verdict in favor of defendant first attorney because a union attorney may
not be held liable in malpractice to an individual union member for acts performed as the union's agent in the collective
bargaining process. The court affirmed the summary judgment entered in favor of defendant second attorney. The trial
court lacked personal jurisdiction over him because his only contact with the forum state were phone calls and letters.
OUTCOME: The court affirmed the judgment in favor of defendant union because it did not breach its duty of fair
representation. The court affirmed the directed verdict in favor of defendant first attorney because he was not liable in
malpractice to plaintiff football player for acts he performed as the union's agent. The court affi.
121122, 1204 AM Activities - IDS-403-H7189 Technology and S.docxrobert345678
12/11/22, 12:04 AM Activities - IDS-403-H7189 Technology and Society 22EW2 - Southern New Hampshire University
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/nonModal/blank.d2l?d2l_body_type=1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cb=d2l_cntl_68566de1f6094c60a65417448e14cb1f_1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cbwin=68566de1f6094c60a6541744… 1/5
IDS 403 Module Six Activity Rubric
Activity: 6-2 Activity: Reflection: Society
Course: IDS-403-H7189 Technology and Society 22EW2
Name: Jayee Johnson
Criteria Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Criterion Score
Reliable Evidence
from Varied Sources
30 / 30
Criterion Feedback
30 points
Integrates reliable
evidence from varied
sources throughout
the paper to support
analysis
22.5 points
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions; areas for
improvement may
include drawing from
a diverse pool of
perspectives, using
more varied sources
to support the
analysis, or
integrating evidence
and sources
throughout the paper
to support the
analysis
0 points
Does not attempt
criterion
12/11/22, 12:04 AM Activities - IDS-403-H7189 Technology and Society 22EW2 - Southern New Hampshire University
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/nonModal/blank.d2l?d2l_body_type=1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cb=d2l_cntl_68566de1f6094c60a65417448e14cb1f_1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cbwin=68566de1f6094c60a6541744… 2/5
Criteria Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Criterion Score
You did a good job in integrating evidence and support from outside sources.
Different General
Education Lens
22.5 / 30
Criterion Feedback
You needed to identify an alternative lens through which to view your specific technology. How would your analysis
of your identified technologyʼs role in your event have been different if viewed through this lens?
30 points
Explains at least one
way in which the
analysis might have
been different if
another general
education lens was
used to analyze the
technologyʼs role in
the event
22.5 points
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions; areas for
improvement may
include connecting a
different lens to
technologyʼs role in
the event or
providing more
support of that
connection
0 points
Does not attempt
criterion
12/11/22, 12:04 AM Activities - IDS-403-H7189 Technology and Society 22EW2 - Southern New Hampshire University
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/nonModal/blank.d2l?d2l_body_type=1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cb=d2l_cntl_68566de1f6094c60a65417448e14cb1f_1&d2l_nonModalDialog_cbwin=68566de1f6094c60a6541744… 3/5
Criteria Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Criterion Score
Interactions
30 / 30
Criterion Feedback
I thought that you did a really good job here in considering how your analysis of technology might impact your
interactions with those from other cultures or backgrounds.
30 points
Explains how
analyzing the
technologyʼs role in
the event can help
interactions with
those of a different
viewpoint, culture, or
perspectiv.
1. When drug prices increase at a faster rate than inflation, the .docxrobert345678
1. When drug prices increase at a faster rate than inflation, the groups of people that bear the burden of this increase are taxpayers and Medicare beneficiaries. Taxpayers are paying higher taxes as a result of increased government spending, and Medicare beneficiaries cannot keep up with the price of their prescriptions. When it comes to the factors in making a decision about increasing drug prices, I believe Big Pharma companies should act in a socially responsible manner, meaning they should base their decisions not solely on profit, and not solely on healthcare. There should be a balance, and new policies would be beneficial to help maintain that balance.
2. Lower-level employees have the responsibility to provide accurate information to management so that they can make the most informed decision. Lower-level employees also have the responsibility to not purposefully make material mistakes or purposefully not correct a known mistake.
3. Increased government spending will increase taxes for taxpayers and decrease available spending for other worthy issues. Taxpayers will essentially pay more in taxes and therefore have less income available. With drug prices rising faster than inflation, this will cause a widening gap between annual income and costs. Also, private health insurance costs will increase premiums and out of pocket costs for members. The stakeholders most directly impacted are the senior citizens that are dependent on their medication and can’t afford it or any other out of pocket costs because of the already wide gap between their income and expenses. I believe the government itself can be seen as a stakeholder as well because as they continue to increase Medicare funding, their deficit increases, causing them to take action to allocate resources effectively.
4. If the increase in price of existing drugs is preventing those who need those drugs from obtaining them, then to me it is hard to justify the increase based on R&D. There will always be a trade-off between affordable drugs and how quickly we can get new drugs. The government must devise a policy that improves Big Pharma companies’ incentive for affordability
and innovation.
5. Explain what you think each of the following statements means in the context of moral development.
. How far are you willing to go to do the right thing?
1. Stage 6 of moral development is about universal “self-chosen” ethical principles. This stage is about following your conscience even if it violates the law. In thinking of moral development, as time passes, one’s level of ethical reasoning advances and some issues may spark moral outrage that force a response.
. How much are you willing to give up to do what you believe is right?
1. This statement relates to moral development and how sometimes doing the right thing can have negative consequences. For example, an employee may notice a purposeful mistake by a manager. Let’s assume the employee is certain they will receiv.
1. Which of the following sentences describe a child functioning a.docxrobert345678
1. Which of the following sentences describe a child functioning at the metalinguistic level? Select all that apply.
a. When asked whether “cat” and “cow” start with the same sound, the child says, “meow” and “moo.”
b. When asked to supply two words that rhyme with “sheep,” the child says, “keep” and “leap.”
c. A child says, “Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep.”
d. When asked to identify the first sound in “cow,” the child says, “/k/”.
2. A child is asked what words rhyme with “moose” and says, “goose, loose, juice”; the child also supplies rhyming nonsense words like “woose, toose, foose.” About how old is this child, most likely?
a. 2–3 years old
b. 3–4 years old
c. 4–5 years old
d. 5–6 years old
3. Of the following tasks, which two are the most challenging?
a. Select the picture that does not belong from a set showing a cat, a bat, and a bird.
b. Select the two pictures that go together from a set showing a mouse, a house, and a blanket.
c. Name words that rhyme with “book” and tell whether each is a real or a nonsense word.
d. Tell whether the word “brush” rhymes with “drink” and whether “gold” rhymes with “hat.”
4. Of the following tasks, which is the most challenging?
a. Correctly answering the question, “Do ‘monkey’ and ‘mouse’ start with the same sound?”
b. Segmenting the phonemes in the words “d – o – t,” “d – r – i – p,” and “f – l – a – p.”
c. Segmenting and clapping the syllables in “moun – tain” and “dra – gon – fly.”
d. Blending the initial sound and rest of the word in “j – uice” and “c – ookie.”
5. Which of the following activities introduced in this session can be adapted to any linguistic level? Select all that apply.
a. “Which word weighs more?”
b. “Robot Reporting”
c. picture puzzles
d. “I Spy”
e. “bouncing” sounds
2
Stress and Behavioral Factors That Inhibit Work and Home Satisfaction
Isilena Lebron
Research Methods I PSY-530-MPOL1
Dr. Goldstien
11/27/22
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore stress and behavioral factors that impact work and life satisfaction among employees from diverse workforces. In this study, the goal is to identify stressors or behavioral factors through a survey to help find an intervention that can increase work-life satisfaction and job performance. The results help employers know which factors prevent employees from achieving home satisfaction in activities outside of work so that they improve work and life satisfaction for their employees. This also helps employees find a balance so they can do a better job at work and complete satisfying tasks at home.
Stress and Behavioral Factors That Inhibit Work and Home Satisfaction
For many employees, it can be tough to maintain a healthy balance between their work life and home life. The easiest way to discover a common factor that most employees may face is by conducting a quick survey about their difficulties at both locations. To create a work-life balance, interventions can be o.
1. How did the case study impact your thoughts about your own fina.docxrobert345678
1. How did the case study impact your thoughts about your own finances?
2. What were your thoughts and observations as you created your own balance sheet?
3. How might the balance sheet help you in future financial planning?
4. How close to reality do you think your estimated personal cash flow statement will be if you track your actual income and expenses for a month?
1. It gave me the desire to track my finances more closely and objectively. I liked how we can determine our net worth through some simple calculations and our inflows and outflows per month. Generally, I rely on simple finance apps like
Mint to track my finances. Currently, I do not create monthly budgets, but I now believe such action could be helpful.
2. I know that I have more assets than I am counting in the excel sheet. Therefore, my net worth is potentially higher. I also have a variety of streaming platforms.
I would benefit from switching from one platform to another month by month to save money. Streaming platforms are not a significant expense. Currently, my most considerable expense is transportation. Since gas prices are falling, this will help increase my surplus.
3. Accounting is math: it either works or doesn’t. Each can be traced from its inception (a sale, an expense, a money transfer) to the line on the financial statement. Since I don’t have much experience with financials, I try to seek out a mentor who is a family member. A balance sheet will ensure that I am not spending foolishly and ensure I am making appropriate purchases within the limits I set for myself. Proper planning will ensure I maximize my net worth.
4. It is important to consider cash flow when planning for the future
. It is important to save money every month in order to be able to make better financial decisions in the future. I hope to use some investing approaches for beginners to purchase funds without getting into debt. Most people underestimate how much they truly spend in a month. Therefore, I am underestimating how much I spend as well. I eat out quite a bit with friends and family, so my restaurant bill for the holidays might be higher than anticipated.
Foreign Policy Association
China and America
Author(s): David M. Lampton
Source: Great Decisions , 2018, (2018), pp. 35-46
Published by: Foreign Policy Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26593695
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Foreign Policy Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve.
1 The Biography of Langston Hughes .docxrobert345678
1
The Biography of Langston Hughes
Yanai Gonzalez
Ana G Mendez
November 17, 2022
The Biography of Langston Hughes
THE BIOGRAPHY OF LANGSTON HUGHES
2
On February 1, 1901, James Mercer Langston Hughes was born. He was born in
Joplin, Missouri, to James and Caroline Hughes, into a family of enslaved people and
enslavers (Leach, 2004). His father departed from the family, later divorcing their family,
forcing Langston's mother to move to Lawrence, Kansas, with his maternal grandmother. It
was from the latter that Langston learned about African American traditions, installing an
enormous sense of pride into the young man (Hughes et al., 2001). This greatly influenced his
writing, as evidenced by poems such as Mother to Son. He would then go on to join
Columbia University to study engineering, where he would write poetry for the Columbia
Daily Spectator. As a result of racial discrimination, he finally left the school and resided in
Harlem, where he was engulfed by the vibrant feeling of life (Leach, 2004).
Langston began cruising as a crewman aboard the S.S. Malone in 1923, after doing a
few odd jobs. He subsequently took his first white-collar job as Carter G. Woodson's assistant
at the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, a historian. He'd then
leave his work since it didn't enable him to write. He would later work as a busboy. He got
his big writing break when he met Vachel Lindsay, a famous poet of the time, with whom
Langston shared his poetry (Leach, 2004). Lindsay was heavily impressed and helped
Langston reach the big stage. Langston then went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree from
Lincoln University.
Langston began his literary career in 1921 by publishing The Crisis in the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People magazine (Leach, 2004). The poem
Mother to Son was in this book and would go on to get much acclaim. He would go on to
release The Weary Blues along with other novels, short stories, and poems (Hughes et al.,
2001). He participated heavily in the Harlem Renaissance. Langston would pass away on
May 22, 1967, from surgery complications while being treated for prostate cancer.
Mother To Son by Langston Hughes
THE BIOGRAPHY OF LANGSTON HUGHES
3
Well, son, I’ll tell you:
Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
It’s had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor—
Bare.
But all the time
I’se been a-climbin’ on,
And reachin’ landin’s,
And turnin’ corners,
And sometimes goin’ in the dark
Where there ain’t been no light.
So boy, don’t you turn back.
Don’t you set down on the steps
’Cause you finds it’s kinder hard.
Don’t you fall now—
For I’se still goin’, honey,
I’se still climbin’,
And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
References
THE BIOGRAPHY OF LANGSTON HUGHES
4
Hughes, L., Hubbard, .
1 Save Our Doughmocracy A Moophoric Voter Registratio.docxrobert345678
1
Save Our Doughmocracy: A
Moophoric Voter Registration
& Ice Cream Social Event
Rebecca Rippon
2
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary………………………………………………………..3
II. Introduction………………………………………………………………...5
III. Goals……………………………………………………………………….6
IV. Strategy…………………………………………………………………….7
V. SWOT Analysis…………………………………………………………....8
VI. Five Ws…………………………………………………………………...11
VII. Six Ps……………………………………………………………………..13
VIII. Stakeholders………………………………………………………............16
IX. Digital Strategy…………………………………………………………...17
X. Earned Media……………………………………………………………..19
XI. Timeline…………………………………………………………………..21
XII. Budget………………………………………………………………….....21
XIII. References………………………………………………………………...23
XIV. Appendices………………………………………………………………..25
3
Executive Summary
The proposed event, titled “Save Our Doughmocracy: A Moophoric Voter Registration
and Ice Cream Social Event” is intended to support the voter registration movement for the 2020
election. Since this event has already happened, the proposal is written theoretically as though
the event date has not yet passed, or in the future tense of what “will” occur. The event will be
hosted by the ice cream brand Ben & Jerry’s on behalf of the Democratic National Committee. It
will serve as an opportunity for attendees to register to vote, connect with Democratic candidates
for the upcoming election, and exclusively sample a new flavor of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream that
is being created specifically for the event. Ben & Jerry’s is an extremely popular brand, loved for
its specialty ice cream and involvement in important social causes. The brand uses its platform to
advocate for numerous movements that its founders and employees support. The goal of this
event is to reestablish election integrity and uphold the values that comprise democracy. Many
people are discriminated against by outdated and unlawful voter registration laws, making it
extremely difficult for certain groups to vote or discouraging them from doing so altogether. The
proposed event aims to aid these groups in their voter registration process in a relaxed, helpful,
and fun way.
Similar events include political candidate rallies, voter registration events, and ice cream
or dessert experiential events. Although these types of events have some overlap with “Save Our
Doughmocracy,” none of them are exactly the same in the way that we combine all of these
events into one, which gives us a competitive advantage. Marketing strategies and promotions
will emphasize this key differentiator to attract people to our event over others. The event’s
strengths include customer loyalty to Ben & Jerry’s, a centralized event location, appeal through
its exclusivity, and a well-established platform for promotion, while weaknesses include
potential controversy due to the Democratic National Committee’s involvement and competing
Ben & Jerry’s locations. The key opportu.
1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF HAIL .docxrobert345678
1
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF HAIL
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
كلية الهندسة
College of Engineering
Research Proposal Template
Please structure your Research Proposal based on the headings provided below, use a clear and legible font
and observe the page/word limit.
Research Project Title:
Motor Vehicle Safety Defects and Recall System: An Empirical Study in Saudi Arabia
Student Details:
Student Name
Student ID
Email Address
Date of Submission
Research Project
Serial No.
Supervisor Name Supervisor Signature Start Date
Only for College Officials Use
College Approval
Master of Quality Engineering and Management
Research Proposal
2
Master of Quality Engineering and Management 2020-2021
كلية الهندسة
College of Engineering
1- Research Title
Provide a short descriptive title of your proposed research (max. 20 words)
Motor Vehicle Safety Defects and Recall System: An Empirical Study in Saudi Arabia
2- Research Summary
Summarize the aims, significance and expected outcomes of your proposed research (max. 250 words).
It is to set the mechanism for recalling vehicles with manufacturing defects that affect in
one way or another the safety of vehicles and their users, and this is done by linking a
unified system in which the defective vehicle data is added and called in the system to
the maintenance centers of the concerned vehicle agencies. Workmanship defects are
classified as: (1) Basic defects, which are considered to have a serious and direct impact
on the safety of the vehicle and its users, and the inspection process cannot be passed
until after the defect is fixed. (2) Warning defects, which are considered a defect in the
product, but the effect of the defect does not threaten the safety of the vehicle and its
users pass the examination process and the defect is added as a warning only.
This research proposal aims to find the most effective way to reach every defected
vehicle and the effective way to deal with the vehicle owner to do the necessary changes
especially if it's related to safety in a systematic way. The purpose of the project is to
develop a new business model that was never used everywhere in the world and Saudi
Arabia will take the lead to publish this model to the rest of the world. Ensuring that the
practice will be used is the most effective practise as enabling to force the defected car
owner to have their vehicles fixed and the defected was solved.
Master of Quality Engineering and Management
Research Proposal
3
Master of Quality Engineering and Management 2020-2021
كلية الهندسة
College of Engineering
3- Introduction
This section should provide a description of the basic facts and importance of the research area - What is the research
area, the motivation of research, and how important is it for the industry practice/knowledge advancement? (max. 200 .
1
Assessment Brief
Module Code
Module Name Managing Operations and the Supply Chain
Level
7
Module Leader Andrew Gough
Module Code
BSOM046
Assessment title:
AS1: The Future of Work
Weighting: 40%
Submission dates:
13 December 2022, please see NILE (Northampton Integrated
Learning Environment) under Assessment Information
Feedback and Grades
due:
12 January 2023
Please read the whole assessment brief before starting work on the Assessment Task.
The Assessment Task
You will conduct a review of the literature to identify the origins of the concept of the
Technological Unemployment and to chart its development up to the present day.
Following your review, you are to critically evaluate the impact of Technological
Unemployment on a company of your choice.
You will be expected to illustrate your discussion with examples from the trade press
and other authoritative sources.
The word count limit for this assessment is 1800 words (+/- 10%). In line with normal
practice, tables, figures, references and appendices are excluded from this word count.
Pawanrat Meepian
Pawanrat Meepian
2
Assessment Breakdown
1. Establish the scenario for your report by selecting an organisation of any type, sector and
size to focus your report on. Describe:
a) Which organisation is it? (type, sector and size)
b) What are the main products and/or services provided by the organisation?
c) Who are the main customers?
(10% of word count)
2. Prepare a literature review, charting the development of the concept of Technological
Unemployment from its inception until the present day.
Ensure that you include references to at least 10 peer-reviewed articles, including the 2017
paper by Frey and Osborne that has been supplied. You may also find relevant reviews in
the trade press and from other authoritative sources.
(45% of word count)
3. Apply Frey and Osborne’s findings (Appendix A) in the context of your chosen company.
Consider a low impact scenario, when only jobs at high risk (> 70%) are replaced
by technology. How does Frey and Osborne’s study suggest that the company will change?
Compare the predictions implied by Frey and Osborne’s study with the recent work by
Cords and Prettner (2022).
In your view, is Technological Unemployment a net benefit to society?
(45% of word count)
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of this assessment, you will be able to:
a) Recognise, analyse and critically reflect on key concepts, managerial frameworks
and techniques available to operations managers.
b) Demonstrate conceptual and practical understanding of the opportunities and
constraints that organisational characteristics place on operations managers and on
operational decision making in the supply chain context.
f) Demonstrate ability to relate theory to practice and to identify and proactively
anticipate broader implications for.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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22CHAPTER 2 Cultural CompetencyAchieving cultural .docx
1. 22
CHAPTER
2 Cultural Competency
Achieving cultural competence is a learning process that
requires self-awareness, reflective practice, and knowl-
edge of core cultural issues. It involves recognizing one’s
own culture, values, and biases and using effective patient-
centered communication skills. A culturally competent
healthcare provider adapts to the unique needs of patients
of backgrounds and cultures that differ from his or her
own. This adaptability, coupled with a genuine curiosity
about a patient’s beliefs and values, lay the foundation for
a trusting patient-provider relationship.
A Definition of Culture
Culture, in its broadest sense, reflects the whole of human
behavior, including ideas and attitudes, ways of relating to
one another, manners of speaking, and the material products
of physical effort, ingenuity, and imagination. Language is
a part of culture. So, too, are the abstract systems of belief,
etiquette, law, morals, entertainment, and education. Within
the cultural whole, different populations may exist in groups
and subgroups. Each group is identified by a particular
body of shared traits (e.g., a particular art, ethos, or belief;
or a particular behavioral pattern) and is rather dynamic
in its evolving accommodations with internal and external
influences. Any individual may belong to more than one
group or subgroup, such as ethnic origin, religion, gender,
2. sexual orientation, occupation, and profession.
Distinguishing Physical Characteristics
The use of physical characteristics (e.g., gender or skin
color) to distinguish a cultural group or subgroup is inap-
propriate. There is a significant difference between distin-
guishing cultural characteristics and distinguishing physical
characteristics. Do not confuse the physical with the cultural
or allow the physical to symbolize the cultural. To assume
homogeneity in the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of all
individuals in a particular group leads to misunderstandings
about the individual. The stereotype, a fixed image of any
group that denies the potential of originality or individuality
within the group, must be rejected. People can and do
respond differently to the same stimuli. Stereotyping occurs
through two cognitive phases. In the first phase, a stereotype
becomes activated when an individual is categorized into
a social group. When this occurs, the beliefs and feelings
(prejudices) come to mind about what members of that
particular group are like. Over time, this first phase occurs
without effort or awareness. In the second phase, people
use these activated beliefs and feelings when they interact
with the individual, even when they explicitly deny these
stereotypes. Multiple studies have shown that healthcare
providers activate these implicit stereotypes, or unconscious
biases, when communicating with and providing care to
minority patients (Stone and Moskowitz, 2011). With this
in mind, you can begin learning cultural competence by
acknowledging your implicit, or unconscious, biases toward
patients based on physical characteristics.
At the same time, this does not minimize the value of
understanding the cultural characteristics of groups, nor
does this deny the interdependence of the physical with
the cultural. Genotype, for example, precedes the develop-
3. ment of the intellect, sensitivity, and imagination that leads
to unique cultural achievements, such as the creation of
classical or jazz music. Similarly, a person’s phenotype,
like skin color, precedes most of the experience of life and
the subsequent interweaving of that phenotype with cultural
experience. Although commonly used in clinical practice,
the use of phenotypic traits to classify an individual’s race
is problematic. The term race has been used to categorize
individuals based on their continent or subcontinent of
origin (e.g., Asian, Southeast Asian). However, there is
ongoing debate about the usefulness of race, considering
the degree of phenotypic and genetic variation of individuals
from the same geographic region (Relethford, 2009). In
addition, the origins of race date back to the 17th century,
long before scientists identified genetic similarities. Over
time, beliefs about particular racial groups were shaped by
economic and political factors, and many believe race has
become a social construct (Harawa and Ford, 2009).
Genomics and Personalized Medicine
A growing body of research examines genetic markers
associated with racial and ethnic groups and potential
interactions with environmental determinants in predicting
disease susceptibility and response to medical treatment.
An explosion of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
are attempting to link genomic loci, or single-nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) with common diseases such as
https://t.me/MedicalBooksStore
CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 23
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CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 23
with core aspects of the patient-centered care model (Fig.
2.1). Seeleman et al (2009) have proposed a framework for
teaching cultural competence that emphasizes an awareness
of the social context in which specific ethnic groups live.
For ethnic minority individuals, assessing the social context
includes inquiring about stressors and support networks,
sense of life control, and literacy. In doing so, healthcare
providers will need to be flexible and creative in working
with patients. Campinha-Bacote’s (2011) Process of Cultural
Competence Model is another approach and includes five
cultural constructs: encounters, desire, awareness, knowl-
edge, and skill. Box 2.1 defines these five constructs.
Cultural Humility
Cultural humility involves the ability to recognize one’s
5. limitations in knowledge and cultural perspective and be
open to new perspectives. Rather than assuming all patients
of a particular culture fit a certain stereotype, healthcare
providers should view patients as individuals. In doing so,
cultural humility helps equalize the imbalance in the
patient-provider relationship. (Borkan et al, 2008). A provider
may know many specific details about a patient’s particular
culture, yet not show cultural humility. Cultural humility
involves self-reflection and self-critique with the goal of
having a more balanced, mutually beneficial relationship.
It involves meeting patients “where they are” without
judgment to avoid the development of stereotypes. Attaining
cultural humility is an ongoing process shaped by every
rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus,
and Crohn disease (Visscher et al, 2012). Personalized
medicine, as defined by the National Cancer Institute, is
“a form of healthcare that considers information about a
person’s genes, proteins and environment to prevent,
diagnose and treat disease” (Su, 2013). Direct-to-consumer
genetic testing is rapidly evolving and will likely become
more affordable and accessible to our patients. Healthcare
providers in all disciplines will need to become fluent in
the language of genomics and learn how to discuss risks
and benefits of gene testing with their patients and families
(Calzone et al, 2013; Demmer and Waggoner, 2014). With
this new emphasis, it will be perhaps even more important
to acknowledge unconscious biases and seek to understand
the patient’s unique cultural and personal health beliefs
and expectations.
Cultural Competence
Culturally competent care requires that healthcare providers
be sensitive to patient’s heritage, sexual orientation, socio-
economic situation, ethnicity, and cultural background
(Cuellar et al, 2008). Many models have been proposed to
6. teach cultural competence. Most include the domains of
acquiring knowledge (e.g., understanding the meaning
of culture), shaping attitudes (e.g., respecting differences
of individuals from other cultures), and developing skills
(e.g., eliciting patient’s cultural beliefs about health and
illness) (Saha et al, 2008). Some of these domains overlap
Patient-Centered Care
• Curbs hindering
behavior such as
technical language,
frequent interruptions,
or false reassurance
• Understands
transference/
countertransference
• Understands the stages
and functions of a
medical interview
• Attends to health
promotion/disease
prevention
• Attends to physical
comfort
Cultural Competence
• Understands the
meaning of culture
• Is knowledgeable
about different cultures
• Appreciates diversity
7. • Is aware of health
disparities and
discrimination affecting
minority groups
• Effectively uses
interpreter services
when needed
• Understands and is
interested in the patient as
unique person
• Uses a biopsychosocial model
• Explores and respects patient
beliefs, values, meaning of
illness, preferences, and needs
• Builds rapport and trust
• Finds common ground
• Is aware of own biases/
assumptions
• Maintains and is able to convey
unconditional positive regard
• Allows involvement of friends/
family when desired
• Provides information and
education tailored to patient’s
level of understanding
8. FIG. 2.1 Overlapping concepts of patient-centered care and
cultural competence. (From Saha S et al,
2008.)
24 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency
24 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency
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healthcare professionals as well. Allopathic providers often
demonstrate skepticism regarding the use of complementary
and alternative medicine (CAM) without considering the
possibility of potential benefit to patients.
The Blurring of Cultural Distinctions
9. Some cultural differences may be malleable in a way that
physical characteristics are not. For example, one group of
people can be distinguished from another by language (see
Clinical Pearl, “Language Is Not All”). However, globaliza-
tion, the growing diversity of the U.S. population, and
evidence of healthcare disparities mandate more and more
that we learn one another’s languages. Although modern
technology and economics may eventually lead to universal-
ity in language, we can begin by acknowledging and
patient encounter that involves openness, partnership, and
genuine interest in understanding our patients’ belief
systems and lives (Fahlberg et al, 2016).
The Impact of Culture
The information in Box 2.2 suggests that racial and ethnic
differences, as well as social and economic conditions, may
affect the provision of specific healthcare services to certain
groups and subgroups in the United States. Poverty and
inadequate education disproportionately affect various
cultural groups (e.g., ethnic minorities and women);
socioeconomic disparities negatively affect the health and
medical care of individuals belonging to these groups.
Although death rates have declined overall in the United
States over the past 50 years, the poorly educated and those
in poverty still die at higher rates from the same conditions
than those who are better educated and economically
advantaged. Morbidity, too, is greater among the poor. Data
from the 2013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) Health Disparities and Inequalities Report reveal a
variety of healthcare disparities. A significantly higher rate
of Hispanic and non-Hispanic blacks were uninsured
compared with Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic
whites. The infant mortality rate among infants born to
non-Hispanic black women is more than double the rate
for infants born to non-Hispanic white women. Compared
10. with white women, a much higher percentage of black
women die from coronary heart disease before age 75 (37.9%
versus 19.4%). This same difference was observed between
black and white men (61.5% versus 41.5%) (CDC, 2013).
These rather stark facts are sufficient to underscore the
need for cultural awareness in health and medical care
professionals. Cultural and practice differences exist among
Data from Bukutu et al, 2008; Flores, 2010; Shao et al, 2016.
BoX 2.2 The Influence of Age, Race, Ethnicity,
Socioeconomic Status, and Culture
Age, gender, race, ethnic group, and, with these variables,
cultural
attitudes, regional differences, and socioeconomic status
influence
the way patients seek medical care and the way clinicians
provide
care. Consider, for example, the ethnic and racial differences in
the
treatment of depression in the United States. The prevalence of
major
depressive disorders is similar across groups; however,
compared
with white Americans, black and Latino patients are less likely
to
receive treatment. Although some of the disparity is related to
differing
patient attitudes and perceptions of counseling and medication,
there
is growing evidence suggesting clinician communication style
and
treatment recommendations differ on the basis of patient race
and
ethnicity (Shao et al, 2016). Similarly, in the pediatric
11. population,
black and Latino children in the United States also experience
health
disparities, including lower overall health status and lower
receipt of
routine medical care and dental care compared with white
children.
Flores and colleagues (2010), in a systematic literature review,
demonstrated that, compared with white children, black children
have
lower rates of preventive and population health care (e.g.,
breast-feeding
and immunization coverage), higher adolescent health risk
behaviors
(e.g., sexually transmitted infections), higher rates of asthma
emergency
visits, and lower mental health service use. There is a clear need
to
better understand why these differences exist more globally, but
removing cultural blindness at the individual patient level is an
important
first step.
Furthermore, the possible beneficial and harmful effects of
many
culturally important herbal medicines, which are used but not
always
acknowledged, must be understood and, in trusting
relationships,
reported to us if we are to guide their appropriate use. Crossing
the
cultural divide helps, but skepticism is a barrier. For example,
many
allopathic medical providers question the notion that
complementary
and alternative medicine might be a helpful adjuvant therapy for
12. the
prevention and treatment of acute otitis media. However, in
several
randomized controlled studies, xylitol, probiotics, herbal ear
drops,
and homeopathic treatments have been shown, compared with
placebo,
to have a greater effect in reducing pain duration and decreasing
the
use of antibiotics. Although skepticism can be put aside,
evidence-driven
guidance is still essential. Cultural competence is entirely
consistent
with that.
From Campinha-Bacote, 2011.
BoX 2.1 Dimensions of Cultural Competence
CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS—The continuous process of
interacting with
patients from culturally diverse backgrounds to validate, refine,
or modify existing values, beliefs, and practices about a cultural
group and to develop cultural desire, cultural awareness,
cultural
skill, and cultural knowledge.
CULTURAL DESIRE—The motivation of the healthcare
professional to
“want to” engage in the process of becoming culturally
competent,
not “have to.”
CULTURAL AWARENESS—The deliberate self-examination
and in-depth
exploration of one’s biases, stereotypes, prejudices,
13. assumptions,
and “isms” that one holds about individuals and groups who are
different from them.
CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE—The process of seeking and
obtaining a
sound educational base about culturally and ethnically diverse
groups.
CULTURAL SKILL—The ability to collect culturally relevant
data
regarding the patient’s presenting problem, as well as accurately
performing a culturally based physical assessment in a
culturally
sensitive manner.
CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 25
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CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 25
Box 2.4 offers a guide to help understand the patient’s
beliefs and practices that can lead to individualized, culturally
competent care. Particular attention should be paid to caring
for patients who self-identify as being lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT). Unfortunately, these individuals
face discrimination and disrespect in the healthcare setting.
Thus, it is imperative that healthcare providers invest time
in becoming culturally competent and develop cultural
humility to work effectively with LGBT patients. Specific
responsibilities include providing a welcoming and safe
environment, gathering a history with sensitivity and
compassion, and performing a physical examination using
a “gender-affirming” approach (i.e., using the correct name
and pronouns). Box 2.5 provides useful terminology (Center
for Excellence for Transgender Health, 2016).
Interprofessional Care—A Culture Shift in the
Health Professions
There is a harmony—a unity—in the care of patients that
is not constricted by the cultural and administrative boundar-
ies of the individual health professions. To the extent that
we stake out territories of care by allowing individual profes-
sional cultures and needs to take precedence over patient
needs, we may impede the achievement of harmony. In
2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published
overcoming our individual biases and cultural stereotypes.
Because it is impossible to learn the native languages of
all of our patients, when language barriers arise, we must
15. become aware of our resources and know how to effectively
use interpreters (Seeleman et al, 2009). Use of medical
interpreters has a positive impact on healthcare quality,
but we continue to use suboptimal methods of communica-
tion (e.g., family members). Although greater adoption of
medical interpreter use involves policy and system-level
changes, healthcare provider training and encouragement
remain critically important (DeCamp et al, 2013).
ClInICal pearl
Language Is Not All
A patient who knows the English language, however well,
cannot be
assumed to know the culture. Consider the diversity of the
populations
in Britain, India, American Samoa, and South Africa who are
English
speaking. The absence of a language barrier does not preclude a
cultural barrier. You will likely still need to achieve a “cultural
translation.”
The Primacy of the Individual in Health Care
The individual patient may be visualized at the center of
an indefinite number of concentric circles. The outermost
circles represent constraining universal experiences (e.g.,
death). The circles closest to the center represent the various
cultural groups or subgroups to which anyone must, of
necessity, belong. The constancy of change forces adaptation
and acculturation. The circles are constantly interweaving
and overlapping. For example, a common experience in
the United States has been the economic gain at the root
of the assimilation of many ethnic groups. Although this
results in greater homogeneity among the population, an
individual’s gender, ethnic behaviors, or sexual orientation
and identity will likely be unique. Predicting the individual’s
16. character merely on the basis of the common cultural
behavior, or stereotype, is not appropriate. Based on the
Joint Commission 2010 report, “Checklist to Improve
Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and
Patient- and Family-Centered Care Across the Care Con-
tinuum,” White and Stubblefield-Tave (2016) remind us
that unconscious bias, stereotyping, racism, gender bias,
and limited English proficiency underlie healthcare inequali-
ties. They offer their own checklist of recommendations
for healthcare providers to address these issues with the
goal of reducing disparities in care (Box 2.3).
Ethical issues often arise when the care of an individual
comes into conflict with the utilitarian needs of the larger
community, particularly with the recognition of limited
resources and, in the United States, rising healthcare costs.
Cultural attitudes of our patients, at times vague and poorly
understood, may constrain our professional behavior
and confuse the context in which we serve the individual.
Modified from White & Stubblefield-Tave, 2016.
BoX 2.3 Provider Role in Reducing Disparities in
Health Care
This modified “culturally competent checklist” is provided as a
guide
to help providers partner with patients and families to provide
high-
quality care. Although some items are simple, others are quite
complicated and difficult to achieve. On our path to achieving
cultural
humility, we should strive to incorporate as many of these
recom-
mendations as possible into our routine clinical practice.
17. 1. Humanize your patient.
2. Identify and monitor conscious and unconscious biases.
3. Do a teach-back.
4. Help the patient to learn about his or her disease or
condition.
5. Welcome a patient’s friend, partner, and/or family members.
6. Learn a few key words and phrases in the most common
languages
in your area.
7. Use a qualified medical interpreter as appropriate.
8. Be aware of the potential for “false fluency” (clinician
language
skill should be tested and certified).
9. Seek training in working with an interpreter.
10. Consider the health literacy of one’s patients.
11. Respond thoughtfully to patient complaints.
12. Hold one’s institutions accountable for providing culturally
and
linguistically competent care.
13. Advocate that the affiliated institution’s analyses of patient
satisfac-
tion and outcome include cultural group data and that the results
lead to concrete action.
14. Encourage patients to complete patient satisfaction and
demo-
graphics forms.
26 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency
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“The Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education
and Collaborative Practice.” In this publication, interprofes-
sional education is described as training in which “students
from two or more professions learn about, from and with
each other to enable effective collaboration and improve
health outcomes.” The WHO believes this type of training
can lead to “interprofessional collaborative practice,” in
which health team members from different professional
backgrounds work together to deliver high-quality care. In
recent years, there has been a surge in published curricula
on interprofessional education and team-based training
for students and faculty. Although most curricula for nursing
and medical students focus on improving communication
19. skills, training programs need to evolve to address cultural
humility and valuing diversity in patient populations
(Foronda et al, 2016).
The Impact of Culture on Illness
Disease is shaped by illness, and illness—the full expression
of the impact of disease on the patient—is shaped by the
Modified from Stulc, 1991.
BoX 2.4 Cultural Assessment Guide: The Many Aspects of
Understanding
Health Beliefs and Practices
• How does the patient define health and
illness? How are feelings
concerning pain, illness in general, or death
expressed?
• Are thereparticular methods used to help maintain
health, such as
hygiene and self-care practices?
• Are thereparticular methods being used for
treatment of illness?
• What is the attitude toward preventive
health measures such as
immunizations?
• Are therehealth topics that the patient may be
particularly sensitive
to or consider taboo?
• Are thererestrictions imposed by modesty that
must be respected;
20. for example, are there constraints related to exposure of parts of
the body, discussion of sexual health, and attitudes toward
various
procedures such as termination of pregnancyor
vasectomy?
• What are the attitudes toward mental illness,
pain, chronic disease,
death, and dying? Are thereconstraints in the
way theseissues are
discussed with the patient or with reference to
relatives and friends?
• Is therea person in the family responsible
for various health-related
decisions such as where to go, whom to see, and what advice to
follow?
• Does the patient prefer a health
professional of the same gender,
age, and ethnic and racial background?
Faith-Based Influences and Special Rituals
• Is therea religion or faith to which the
patient adheres?
• Is therea significant person to whom
the patient looks for guidance
and support?
• Are thereany faith-based special practices or
beliefs that may affect
health care when the patient is ill or dying?
Language and Communication
• What language is spoken in the home?
21. • How well does the patient understand
English, both spoken and
written?
• Are therespecial signsof demonstrating respect or
disrespect?
• Is touch involved in communication?
• Is an interpreter needed? (If so, this person
ideally should be a
trained professional and not a family member.)
Parenting Styles and Role of Family
• Who makes the decisions in the family?
• What is the composition of the family?
How many generations are
considered to be a single family, and which relatives compose
the
family unit?
• What is the role of and attitude toward
children in the family?
• Do family members demonstrate physical
affection toward their
children and each other?
• Are there special beliefs and practices
surrounding conception,
pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, and childrearing? Is
co-sleeping
practiced?(If so, further inquiry is necessary
regarding safe sleep
practices for infants 12 months and younger.)
22. Sources of Support Beyond the Family
• Are thereethnic or cultural organizations that
may have an influence
on the patient’s approach to health care?
• Are thereindividuals in the patient’s social
network that can influence
perception of health and illness?
• Is therea particular cultural group with which
the patient identifies?
Can this be clarified by where the patient was
born and has lived?
Dietary Practices
• Who is responsible for food preparation?
• Are any foods forbidden by the culture, or
are somefoods a cultural
requirement in observance of a rite or
ceremony?
• How is food prepared and consumed?
• Are therespecific beliefs or preferences
concerning food, such as
those believed to cause or to cure an illness?
• Are thereperiods of required fasting? What
are they?
From Center for Excellence for Transgender Health, 2016.
BoX 2.5 Gender, Transgender, and Sexuality
Terminology
23. Gender/gender identity: People’s internal sense of self and how
they
fit into the world from the perspective of gender.
Sex: Historically referred to the sex assigned at birth, based on
external
genitalia; often used interchangeably with gender, although
there
are differences, especially when considering the transgender
population.
Transgender: Person whose gender identity differs from sex
assigned
at birth; a transgender man is someone with a male gender
identity
and a female birth assigned sex; a transgender woman is
someone
with a female gender identity and a male birth assigned sex.
Gender nonconforming: Person whose gender identity differs
from
that sex assigned at birth but may be more complex, fluid, less
clearly defined than a transgender person.
They/Them/Their: Neutral pronouns used by some who have
noncon-
forming gender identity.
Sexual orientation: Term describing a person’s sexual
attraction; sexual
orientation of transgender people should be defined by the
individual.
24. CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 27
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CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 27
In Japan, for example, the family is generally considered
the legitimate decision-making authority for competent and
incompetent patients. Persons of some cultures (e.g., Middle
Eastern and Navajo Native American) believe that a patient
should not be told of a diagnosis of a metastatic cancer or
a terminal prognosis for any reason, but this attitude is
not likely to be shared by Americans with European or
African traditions. Traditionally, the members of the Navajo
culture believe that thought and language have the power
to shape reality. Talking about a possible outcome is thought
to ensure the outcome. It is important, then, to avoid
thinking or speaking in a negative way. The situation can
25. be dealt with by talking in terms of a third person or an
abstract possibility. You might even refer to an experience
you have had in your own family. Obviously, the conflicts
that may arise from differing views of autonomy, religion,
and information sharing require an effort that is dominated
by a clear understanding of the patient’s goals. However,
it is important to remember that a patient may not typify
the attitudes of the group of origin.
Modes of Communication
Communication and culture are interrelated, particularly
in the way feelings are expressed verbally and nonverbally.
The same word may have different meanings for different
people. For example, in the United States, a “practicing
physician” is an experienced, trained person. “Practicing,”
however, suggests inexperience and the status of a student
to an Alaskan Native or to some Western Europeans.
Similarly, touch, facial expressions, eye movement, and
body posture all have varying significance.
In the United States, for example, people may tend to
talk more loudly and to worry less about being overheard
than others do. The English, on the other hand, tend to
worry more about being overheard and speak in modulated
voices. In the United States, people may be direct in
conversation and eager to be thought logical, preferring to
avoid the subjective and to come to the point quickly. The
Japanese tend to do the opposite, using indirection, talking
around points, and emphasizing attitudes and feelings.
Silence, although sometimes uncomfortable for many of
us, affords patients who are Native American time to think;
the response should not be forced and the quiet time should
be allowed.
Many groups use firm eye contact. The Spanish meet
one another’s eyes and look for the impact of what is being
26. said. The French, too, have a firm gaze and often stare
openly at others. This, however, might be thought rude or
immodest in some Asian or Middle Eastern cultures.
Americans are more apt to let the eyes wander and to grunt,
nod the head, or say, “I see,” or “uh huh,” to indicate
understanding. Americans also tend to avoid touch and
are less apt to pat you on the arm in a reassuring way than
are, for example, Italians.
These are but a few examples of cultural variation in
communication. They do, however, suggest a variety of
behaviors within groups. As with any example we might
totality of the patient’s experience. Cancer is a disease. The
patient dealing with, reacting to, and trying to live with
cancer is having an illness—is “ill” or “sick.” The definition
of “ill” or “sick” is based on the individual’s belief system
and is determined in large part by his or her enculturation.
This is so for a brief, essentially mild episode or for a
chronic, debilitating, life-altering condition. If we do not
consider the substance of illness—the biologic, emotional,
and cultural aspects—we will too often fail to offer complete
care. To make the point, imagine that while taking a shower
you have conducted a self-examination and, still young,
still looking ahead to your career, you have discovered an
unexpected mass in a breast or a testicle. How will you
respond? How might other individuals respond?
evidence-Based practice in physical examination
Cultural Adaptations for Screening
We often use a variety of screening tools to identify health
concerns
and help our patients stay well. These screening tools are based
on
norms that may not be consistent across cultures. Screening
27. tools
may contain cultural biases and result in misleading
information.
Whenever possible, we should use instruments that have been
adapted
for and tested with individuals from our patients’ specific
cultural
groups. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment
(SBIRT)
is an approach to identify and care for patients affected by
alcohol
and drug use. Using SBIRT involves the use of validated
screening
tools. Fortunately, a recent literature review indicates a variety
of
instruments have been validated in racial and ethnic subgroups
(Manuel
et al, 2015). Before implementing a screening tool, it is our
responsibility
to ensure the instrument is valid and at an appropriate literacy
level
for our specific patient populations.
The Components of a Cultural Response
When cultural differences exist, be certain that you fully
understand what the patient means and know exactly what
he or she thinks you mean in words and actions. Asking
the patient if you are unsure demonstrates curiosity and
is far better than making an assumption, which could result
in a damaging mistake. Avoid assumptions about cultural
beliefs and behaviors made without validation from the
patient.
Beliefs and behaviors that will have an impact on patient
assessment include the following:
• Modes of communication: the use of
28. speech, body
language, and space
• Health beliefs and practices that may vary from
your
own or those of other patients you care for
• Diet and nutritional practices
• The nature of relationships within a family
and
community
A variety of ethnic attitudes toward autonomy may exist.
The patient-centered care model, still firmly respected in
the United States, could be at odds with a more family-
centered model that is more likely dominant elsewhere.
28 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency
28 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency
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be comfortable with Western approaches to health and
medical care. However, the scientific view is reductionist
and looks to a very narrow, specific cause and effect. A
more naturalistic or “holistic” approach broadens the context.
It views our lives as part of a much greater whole (the
entire cosmos) that must be in harmony. If the balance is
disturbed, illness can result. The goal, then, is to achieve
balance and harmony. Aspects of this concept are evident
among the beliefs of many Hispanics, Native Americans,
Asians, and Middle Eastern groups, and they are increasingly
evident in people of all ethnic groups in the United States
today (Box 2.6). Other groups believe in the supernatural
or forces of good and evil that determine individual fate.
In such a context, illness may be thought of as a punishment
for wrongdoing.
Clearly, there can be a confusing ambivalence in many
of us, patient and healthcare provider alike, because our
genuine faith-based or naturalistic beliefs may conflict with
the options available for the treatment of illness. Consider,
for example, a child with a broken bone, the result of an
unintentional injury that occurred while the child was under
the supervision of a babysitter. The first need is to tend
to the fracture. That done, there is a need to talk with
the parents about the guilt they may feel because they
were away working. They might think this injury must
be God’s punishment. It is important to be aware of, to
respect, and to discuss without belittlement a belief that
30. may vary from yours in a manner that may still allow you
to offer your point of view. This can apply to the guilt of
a parent and to the use of herbs, rituals, and religious
artifacts. After all, the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine
is replete with plants and herbs that we now call drugs (see
Clinical Pearl, “Complementary and Alternative Treatments
for the Common Cold”). Our difficulty in understanding
the belief of another does not invalidate its substance, nor
does a patient’s adherence to a particular belief preclude
concurrent reliance on allopathic or osteopathic health
practitioners.
use, they are not to be thought of as rigidly characteristic
of the indicated groups. Still, the questions suggested
in Box 2.4 can at times provide insight to particular
situations and can help avoid misunderstanding and
miscommunication.
The cultural and physical characteristics of both patient
and healthcare provider may significantly influence com-
munication (Fig. 2.2). Social class, race, age, and gender
are variables that characterize everyone; they can intrude
on successful communication if there is no effort for mutual
knowledge and understanding (see Clinical Pearl, “The
Impact of Gender”). The young student or healthcare
provider and the older adult patient may have to work harder
to develop a meaningful relationship. Recognizing these
differences and talking about them, evoking feelings sooner
rather than later, can result in a more positive encounter
for both patient and provider. It is permissible to ask whether
the patient is uncomfortable with you or your background
and whether they are willing to talk about it.
FIG. 2.2 Being sensitive to cultural differences that may exist
between
you and the patient can help avoid miscommunication.
31. ClInICal pearl
The Impact of Gender
In a qualitative study examining videotapes of primary care
visits,
compared with male physicians, female physicians were more
“patient-
centered” in their communication skills. The greatest amount of
patient-centeredness was observed when female physicians
interacted
with female patients. Elderly hospitalized patients treated by
female
internists had lower mortality and readmissions compared with
those
cared for by male internists. On the flip side, compared with a
female
physician, obese men seen by a male physician were more likely
to
receive diet and exercise counseling.
From Bertakis and Azari, 2012; Pickett-Blakely et al, 2011;
Tsugawa et al, 2017.
Health Beliefs and Practices
The patient may have a view of health and illness and an
approach to cure that are shaped by a particular cultural
and/or faith belief or paradigm. If that view is “scientific,”
in the sense that a cause can be determined for every
problem in a very precise way, the patient is more apt to
ClInICal pearl
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for the
Common Cold
Home-based remedies for common colds are widely used. In
32. children,
the following therapies may be effective: buckwheat honey,
vapor rub,
geranium, and zinc sulfate. In adults, Echinacea purpurea,
geranium
extract, and zinc gluconate may be effective. When asking about
medications, always remember to ask about use of
complementary
and alternative therapies. Using a nonjudgmental approach, you
may
wish to start with the question, “What else have you
tried?”
From Fashner et al, 2012.
Family Relationships
Family structure and the social organizations to which a
patient belongs (e.g., faith-based organizations, clubs, and
CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 29
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CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 29
One type of already-known behavior may predict another
type of behavior. For example, low-income urban mothers
who take advantage of appropriate prenatal care generally
take advantage of appropriate infant care, regardless of
educational level (Van Berckelaer et al, 2011). Adolescents
who are not monitored by their parents are more likely to
smoke, use alcohol and marijuana, be depressed, and initiate
sexual activity than are those who are monitored (Dittus
et al, 2015; Pesola et al, 2015). Being aware of this sequence
of related behaviors is especially important because it may
be unrelated to the integrity of the family structure, gender,
or background. Parenting style and childrearing practices
such as setting boundaries and expectations may be cultur-
ally driven. Many adolescents and young adults find comfort
in their families’ cultural traditions and practices and benefit
from their connectedness. In a large study of U.S. college
students from immigrant families, compared with their
peers, students who retained their heritage practices reported
fewer health risk behaviors such as substance use, unsafe
sex, and impaired driving (Schwartz et al, 2011). These
examples remind us that one individual may belong to
many subgroups and that the behaviors and attitudes of a
subgroup—for example, a young man who remains con-
nected to his cultural heritage—can override the impact
of the cultural values of the larger group (e.g., youth whose
peers are engaged in risk-taking behaviors).
34. Diet and Nutritional Practices
Beliefs and practices related to food, as well as the social
significance of food, play an obvious vital role in everyday
life. Some of these beliefs of cultural and/or faith-based
significance may have an impact on the care you provide
to patients. An Orthodox Jewish patient will not take some
medicines, particularly during a holiday period like Passover,
because the preparation of a drug does not meet the religious
rules for food during that time. A patient who is Muslim
must respect Halal (prescribed diet), even throughout
pregnancy. A Chinese person with hypertension and a
salt-restricted diet may need to consider a limited use of
monosodium glutamate (MSG) and soy sauce. Attitudes
toward vitamins vary greatly, with or without scientific proof,
in many of the subgroups in the United States. It is still
possible to work out a mutually agreed-on management
plan if the issues are recognized and freely discussed. This
is also possible with attitudes toward home, herbal, and
natural—complementary or alternative—therapies. Many
will have benefit; others may be dangerous. For example,
some herbal medications containing cassia senna may cause
liver damage, and other herbal preparations interact with
prescribed medications (Posadzki et al, 2013).
Summing Up
As healthcare providers, we face a compelling need to meet
each patient on his or her own terms and to resist forming
a sense of the patient based on prior knowledge of the race,
religion, gender, ethnicity, sexual identity and orientation, or
schools) are among the many imprinting and constraining
cultural forces. The expectations of children and how they
grow and develop are key in this regard and often culturally
distinct. Determining these family and social structures
needs emphasis in the United States today, with its shift
35. toward dual-income families, single-parent families, and
a significant number of teenage parents. The prevalence
of divorce (nearly one for every two marriages) and the
increasing involvement of both parents in child care in
two-parent families suggest cultural shifts that need to be
recognized.
Modified from Purnell, 2013.
BoX 2.6 The Balance of Life: The “Hot” and
the “Cold”
A naturalistic or holistic approach often assumes that there are
external
factors—some good, some bad—that must be kept in balance if
we
are to remain well. The balance of “hot” and “cold” is a part of
the
belief system in many cultural groups (e.g., Middle Eastern,
Asian,
Southeast Asian, and Hispanic). To restore a disturbed balance,
that
is, to treat, requires the use of opposites (e.g., a “hot” remedy
for a
“cold” problem and vice versa). Different cultures may define
“hot”
and “cold” differently. It is not a matter of temperature, and the
words
used might vary: for example, the Chinese have named the
forces
yin (cold) and yang (hot). The bottom line: We cannot ignore
the natu-
ralistic view if many of our patients are to have appropriate
care.
Hot and Cold Conditions and Their Corresponding Treatments
39. n
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patients and display genuine curiosity about their beliefs
and values, you will be making strides toward cultural
competence. The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services Office of Minority Health provides continuing
education, resources, and tools through the “Think Cultural
Health” initiative (https://www.thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov).
The RESPECT model is one useful tool to bridge the
cultural divide between patients and healthcare providers
(Fig. 2.3).
It is not unusual to find tables of information about
healthcare–related cultural attitudes for a variety of religious
and ethnic groups in reference materials. Although this
provides quick access to information about various
culture(s) from which that patient comes. That knowledge
should not be formative in arriving at conclusions; rather,
we must draw on it to help make the questions we ask
more constructively probing to avoid viewing the patient as
a stereotype (Box 2.7). You need to understand yourself well.
Your involvement with any patient gives that interaction a
unique quality, and your contribution to that interaction,
to some extent, makes it different from what it might have
been with anyone else. Remember that your attitudes and
prejudices, which are largely culturally derived, may interfere
with your understanding of the patient and increase the
probability of unconscious bias and stereotypic judgment.
When you’re able to adapt to the unique needs of your
BoX 2.7 Communication
This list of questions, derived over the years from our
experience and
40. multiple resources, illustrates the variation in human responses.
Try not
to be intimidated by the mass of “need to know” cultural issues,
but
begin reflecting on them as you work with patients to raise your
cultural
awareness and develop a greater sense of cultural humility.
• How important are nonverbal clues?
• Are moments of silence valued?
• Is touching to be avoided?
• Are handshakes, or even embracing, avoided or
desired at meeting
and parting?
• What is the attitude toward eye contact?
• Is therea greater than expected need for
“personal space”?
• What is the verbal or nonverbal
response if your suggestions are
not understood?
• Is therecandor in admitting lack of
understanding?
• What are the attitudes concerning respect
for self and for authority
figures?
• What are the attitudes toward persons in
other groups, such as
minorities, majorities?
• What are the language preferences?
• What is the need for “chit-chat” before
getting down to the primary
concern?
41. • Is therea relaxed or rigid sense of time?
• What is the degree of trust of healthcare
professionals?
• How easily are personal matters discussed?
• Is there, even with you, a wish to avoid
discussing income and other
family affairs?
Health Customs/Health Practices
• What is the degree of dependence on
the healthcare system, for
illness alone or also for preventive and health
maintenance needs?
• What is generally expected of a health
professional and what defines
a “good one?”
• What defines health?
• Are thereparticularly common folk practices?
• Is therea greater (or lesser) inclination to
invoke self-care and use
home remedies?
• Is therea particular suspicion or fear of
hospitals?
• What is the tendency to use alternative
care approaches and/or
herbal remedies exclusively or as a
complement?
• What are the tendencies to invoke the
magical or metaphysical?
• Who is ultimately responsible for outcomes,
you or the patient?
42. • Who is ultimately responsible for
maintaining health, you or the
patient?
• Is therea particular fear of painful or
intrusive testing?
• Is therea tendency toward stoicism?
• What is the dependence on prayer?
• Is illness thought of as punishment and a
means of penance?
• Is there“shame” attached to illness?
• What is the belief about the origins of
illness?
• Is illness thought to be preventable and, if
so, how?
• What is the attitude toward autopsy?
• Does a belief in reincarnation mandate
that the body be left intact?
• Are thereparticular cultural cooking habits that
can influence diagnosis
or management?
• Is the degree of modesty in both men and
women more than you
would generally expect?
• Do women, considering modesty, need a much
more cautious and
protected approach than usual—for example, during the
examination?
Family, Friends, and the Workplace
• How tightly organized (and
multigenerational) is the family
43. hierarchy?
• How tight is the family?
• Is social life extended beyond the family
and, if so, to what degree?
• Does the family tend to be matriarchal or
patriarchal?
• What are the relative roles of women and
men?
• Are thereparticular tasksassigned to individual
genders—for example,
who does the laundry, family finances, grocery
shopping?
• To what extent are older adults and other
authority figures given
deference, and how?
• Who makes decisions for the family?
• To what extent is power shared?
• Who makes decisions for the children and
adolescents?
• How strongly are children valued?
• Is therea greater value placed on one of
the genders?
• How much are self-reliance and personal
discipline valued?
• What is the work ethic?
• What is the sense of obligation to the
community?
• How is education sought, that is, from
school, reading, and/or
experience?
• What is the emphasis on tradition and ritual
practice?
44. CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 31
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CHAPTER 2 Cultural Competency 31
to meet your patients. Patient by patient, your insights will
develop as you avoid stereotypes, consider the individual,
and become increasingly culturally competent. View cultural
competence as a lifelong journey and not a destination or
endpoint in and of itself.
population groups, our experience suggests that the rigid
superficiality in this information often does not adequately
45. describe the beliefs and attitudes of a particular individual.
Our purpose in this chapter is to review many of the ques-
tions and frameworks that might be relevant as you prepare
Guide to Providing Effective Communication and Language
Assistance Services
www.ThinkCulturalHealth.hhs.gov
The RESPECT Model
What is most important in considering the effectiveness of your
cross-cultural communication,
whether it is verbal, nonverbal, or written, is that you remain
open and maintain a sense of
respect for your patients. The RESPECT Model1 can help you
remain effective and patient-
centered in all of your communication with patients.
apport
• Connect on a social level
• See the patient’s point of view
• Consciously suspend judgment
Recognize and avoid making assumptions
mpathy
• Remember the patient has come to you for help
• Seek out and understand the patient’s rationale for his/her
behaviors and
illness
• Verbally acknowledge and legitimize the patient’s feelings
upport
• Ask about and understand the barriers to care and compliance
• Help the patient overcome barriers; Involve family members if
46. appropriate
• Reassure the patient you are and will be available to help
artnership
• Be flexible
• Negotiate roles when necessary
• Stress that you are working together to address health
problems
xplanations
• Check often for understanding
• Use verbal clarification techniques
ultural
competence
• Respect the patient’s cultural beliefs
• Understand that the patient’s views of you may be defined by
ethnic and
cultural stereotypes
• Be aware of your own cultural biases and preconceptions
• Know your limitations in addressing health issues across
cultures
• Understand your personal style and recognize when it may not
be working
with a given patient
rust
• Recognize that self-disclosure may be difficult for some
patients; Consciously
work to establish trust
47. FIG. 2.3 The RESPECT Model.
APA format with intext citation
3 scholarly references with in the last 5 years I have attached
the chapter and reference from this book for you to utilized.
Please use other scholar sources as well.
Plagiarism free with Turnitin report (I will be turning it in
through Turnitin on.
300 minimum word count
Countless assessments can be conducted on patients, but they
may not be useful. In order to ensure that health assessments
result in the necessary care, health assessments should take into
account the impact of factors such as cultures and
developmental circumstances.
·
Analyze diversity considerations in health assessments
·
Apply concepts, theories, and principles related to
examination techniques, functional assessments, and cultural
and diversity awareness in health assessment
To prepare:
·
Reflect on your experiences as a nurse and on the
information provided in this week’s Learning Resources on
diversity issues in health assessments.
·
Reflect on the specific socioeconomic, spiritual,
lifestyle, and other cultural factors related to the health of the
patient assigned to you.
·
Consider how you would build a health history for the
patient. What questions would you ask, and how would you
frame them to be sensitive to the patient’s background,
lifestyle, and culture? Develop five targeted questions you
48. would ask the patient to build his or her health history and to
assess his or her health risks.
·
Think about the challenges associated with
communicating with patients from a variety of specific
populations. What strategies can you as a nurse employ to be
sensitive to different cultural factors while gathering the
pertinent information?
CASE STUDY
Mono Nu, a 44 year-old Filipino patient comes to the clinic
today to have his “blood thinner” labs drawn since he started
them two weeks ago. Upon assessing the labs the nurse
practitioner notes that he is still out of range. When assessing
the patients compliance both stated that he had been taking
them just as prescribed. He has been doing well and eating a
diet rich in fish and tofu. He doesn’t understand why his
medications are not working.
Post an example of the specific socioeconomic, spiritual,
lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient
you are assigned. explain the issues that you would need to be
sensitive to when interacting with the patient and why, Provide
at least five targeted questions you would ask the patient to
build his or her health history and to assess his or her health
risks.