SQL is a non-procedural language used to create, manipulate, and retrieve data from databases. It includes various data types, operators, and functions. The document outlines SQL concepts like datatypes, operators, database concepts, processing capabilities including DDL, DML, DCL and TCL statements. It also discusses joins, aggregate functions, stored procedures, indexes, and triggers.

1. Structured Query Language(SQL)
BY.,
B. Gowarthini
C. Divya
V. Suruthi

2. Agenda:
• Introduction
• Datatypes of SQL
• Operators of SQL
• Basic Database Concepts
• Processing capabilities of SQL
• Joins and its types
• Aggregate functions
• Stored procedures
• Index
• Triggers

3. Introduction:
• SQL is a non procedural language that is used to create,
manipulate and process the database.
Characteristics of SQL:
• Easy to learn and use.
• Large volume of DB can be handled easily.

4. Datatypes of SQL:
• Like programming languages, datatypes are also available in SQL
• Most commonly used types:
Int
Date
Long
Number
varchar/ nvarchar

5. Operators of SQL:
Operators in SQL:
 Arithmetic operators : +, -, *, / (Simple mathematical operations)
 Relational operators : =, <, >, <=, >=, <> (For comparing values)
 Logical operators : OR, AND, NOT (For condition clause)

6. Basic Database concepts:
• Data: -Raw facts and figures useful to an organization.
-Cannot take decisions on basis of data.
• Field : -Set of characters
• Record: -Collection of fields
• Primary key: -Uniquely identifies the records
-Never allow NULL and duplicates
• Foreign key: -Referential integrity

7. Processing capabilities of SQL
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Views
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)

8. Processing capabilities of SQL
Data Definition Language (DDL):
Common DDL statements are CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
CREATE – To create new DB, table, index, view etc..,
ALTER - To alter the table, DB etc..,
DROP - To delete objects from DB.
View:
- View is a kind of virtual table.
- It contains rows and columns like a real table.
- We can create a view by selecting fields.

9. Processing capabilities of SQL
Data Manipulation Language (DML):
- To manipulate the database objects
- Query the DB for information retrieval
- Common DML statements are
 SELECT
 INSERT
 DELETE
 UPDATE

10. Processing capabilities of SQL
Data Control Language(DCL):
- Controlling access to the data
- Common DCL commands are GRANT , REVOKE
Transaction Control Language (TCL):
- Control the transaction in DB system
- Common TCL commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK

11. Joins and its types
• Used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a
related column between them.
Types:
- Inner Join
- Left Join
- Right Join
- Full Join
- Self Join

12. Aggregate functions

13. Stored procedures
• It stored as an object in the database server.
• The code can be reused over and over again and then just call it
to execute it.
Syntax:
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name // Create stored proc.
AS
sql_statement
GO;
EXEC procedure_name; //Execute a stored procedure

14. Index
• Used to retrieve data from the DB very fast.
• Users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up
searches/queries.
Syntax:
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
Types:
Clustered index - rows are stored physically on the disk in the
same order
Non Clustered index - second list that has pointers to the
physical rows.

15. Triggers
• Special kind of Stored procedure
• Automatically invokes whenever a DML and DDL events in DB
occurs
Syntax:
create trigger deep
on emp
for
insert,update,delete
as
print'you can not insert,update and delete this table i'
rollback;