The document discusses how building structure materials can impact the sustainability of buildings. It analyzes concrete, steel, and wood structures and their effect on LEED credits related to site development, energy performance, material reuse and recycling, and indoor air quality. Precast concrete is highlighted as potentially supporting credits through features like off-site manufacturing, sandwich wall panels for insulation, embedding geothermal piping, and using hollow core slabs for ventilation. The conclusion emphasizes reducing and reusing materials, as well as integrated design solutions.

1. Structural engineer and
green-building

2. Table of Content
• Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Does building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• Building structure materials.
• Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon
LEED rating system.
• Conclusion.

3. • Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• Building structure materials used.
• Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating
system.
• Conclusion.

4. Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
The consumer sectors responsible for the
Global Warming are ranked as:
• Buildings (48%)
• Transportation
• Industry
*Energy Information Administration 2006. Emission of green house gases in the United States

5. Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
The consumer sectors are ranked as:
EPA estimates that if the energy
efficiency of commercial and
industrial building improved by 10%,
the resulting green house gas
reduction would be equivalent to
taking about 30million vehicles off
the road.
*Energy Information Administration 2006. Emission of green house gases in the United States

6. • Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Dose building skeleton affect the building
sustainability?
• Building structure materials used.
• Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating
system.
• Conclusion.

7. Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• The structure system cost in a building is in the range of 10% -
20% of total project cost.
• The structure engineer is vital for numerous
green structures including: green roof,
mass transit, wind turbines,
and water run-off
retention/containment structure.
• Consequently, the role of the
structural engineer in green
building is that of an interactive
green team member.

8. Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
Structural engineering is an integral part of green building
design on number of fronts:
• Recyclability and reusability of materials
and systems.
• The choice of locally available
materials and resources.
• Resourceful use or efficiency of
structural system.
• Provision for future adaptability of the buildings
• Numerous green building design strategies can have direct
impact on structural design of the building.

9. • Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• Building structure materials used.
• Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating
system.
• Conclusion.

10. Building structure materials used.
Concrete:
• Use of slag from steel mills and fly ash
in concrete mixes reduces CO2
emissions, make it stronger and more
resistant to corrosion.
• Another sustainable approach when
using concrete is to include recycled
aggregate.

11. Building structure materials used.
Steel:
• Steel is the most recycled material
used in modern building
construction.
• In addition to the recyclability and
percent recycled content of steel,
it’s deconstructability can be
considered when evaluating it’s
sustainability.
• Recycled steel only consumes one
quarter the energy it takes to
produce virgin steel.

12. Building structure materials used.
Wood:
• The three primary sustainable areas
use of wood are: efficient framing,
alternative products, and
sustainable material suppliers.

13. • Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• Building structure materials used.
• Comparison on the three building structure
materials, upon LEED rating system.
• Conclusion.

14. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
A key tenet of sustainable
design is:
• The holistic or integrated design
approach.
• Coordinating the architectural,
structural, and mechanical
designs early in the schematic
design
• Deciding which beneficial
interactions are essential for
project success.

15. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
How could we evaluate the
three structural materials
effect, based on the integrated
Design?

16. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
In LEED rating, structure engineers could affect these credits:
LEED Category Credit or Prerequisite Points
Available
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development, Protect or Restore Habitat 1
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development, Maximize Open Space 1
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect, Non-Roof 1
Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance ---
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1 : Optimize Energy Performance 1 – 19
Materials and Resources Credit 1 : Building Reuse, Maintain 55%, 75%, 95% of Existing Shell 1–3
Materials and Resources Credit 2.1: Construction Waste Management, divert 50% by weight or volume 1
Materials and Resources Credit 2.2: Construction Waste Management, divert 75% by weight or volume 1
Materials and Resources Credit 4.1: Recycled Content, the post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the preconsumer content constitutes 1
at least 10% (based on cost) of the total value of the materials in the project
Materials and Resources Credit 4.2: Recycled Content, the post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the preconsumer content constitutes 1
at least 20% (based on cost) of the total value of the materials in the project
Materials and Resources Credit 5.1: Local/Regional Materials, Use a minimum of 10% (based on cost) of the total materials value 1
Materials and Resources Credit 5.2: Local/Regional Materials, Use a minimum of 20% (based on cost) of the total materials value 1
Indoor Environmental Credit 3.1: Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan, During Construction 1
Quality

17. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
In LEED rating, structure engineers could affect these credits:
Credit or Prerequisite Concrete Concrete Steel Wood
Cast -in Pre-cast
situ
Credit 5.1: Site Development, Protect or Restore Habitat
* * *
Credit 5.2: Site Development, Maximize Open Space
* *
Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect, Non-Roof
* * *
Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance
*
Credit 1 : Optimize Energy Performance
*
Credit 1 : Building Reuse, Maintain 55%, 75%, 95% of Existing Shell
* * * *
Credit 2.1: Construction Waste Management, divert 50% by weight or volume
* * * *
Credit 2.2: Construction Waste Management, divert 75% by weight or volume
* * *
Credit 4.1: Recycled Content, the post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the preconsumer
* * *
content constitutes at least 10% (based on cost) of the total value of the materials in the project
Credit 4.2: Recycled Content, the post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the preconsumer
* * *
content constitutes at least 20% (based on cost) of the total value of the materials in the project
Credit 5.1: Local/Regional Materials, Use a minimum of 10% (based on cost) of the total materials
* * *
value
Credit 5.2: Local/Regional Materials, Use a minimum of 20% (based on cost) of the total materials
* * *
value
Credit 3.1: Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan, During Construction
*

18. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 5.1: Site Development,
Protect or Restore Habitat:
The requirements are met by limiting
site disturbance. Since precast
concrete sound wall systems are
manufactured off site and delivered
on demand, there is a significant
reduction in truck traffic, dust, noise
and debris from formwork, precast
concrete structures, and manhole
can be used to help obtain this point.

19. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 5.2: Site Development,
Maximize Open Space:
The intent of this credit is to provide
a high ratio of open space to
development footprint. The
requirements are met by limiting the
size of the development footprint,
specifically by exceeding the local
zoning’s open space requirement.
Pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete
skeleton can be used to help obtain
this point.

20. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect,
Non-Roof:
The intent of this credit is to reduce
heat islands’ to minimize impacts on
microclimates and human and
wildlife habitats. Pre-cast concrete
with SRI of at least 29 used in the
hardscape, or in the open-grid
pavements, can be used to help
obtain this point.

21. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy
Performance:
All buildings must comply with
certain sections on building energy
efficiency and performance as
required by the ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA
90.1-2007. Insulating to meet or
exceed the requirements of the
standard is generally a wise business
choice. Pre-cast sandwich panel
walls, can be used to help obtain this
point.

22. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit1: Building Reuse, Maintain
55%, 75%, 95% of Existing Shell:
Precast concrete panels can be reused
when buildings are expanded. Concrete
pieces from demolished structures also
can be reused in other applications.
Because the precast process is self-
contained, finishing materials are
reused, while concrete steel forms have
practically unlimited service lives.

23. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 2.1: Construction Waste
Management, divert 50%, 75%
by weight or volume:
Precast concrete can be designed to
optimize or lessen the amount of
concrete used. In the plant, precast
concrete generates low amounts of
waste, and the waste generated has
low toxicity.

24. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 4 : Recycled Content:
In precast concrete, Industrial wastes
such as slag cement and silica fume
can be incorporated into the mix,
reducing the amount of cement,
which in turn reduces CO2 emissions.

25. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit5.1: Local/Regional Materials:
The use of local materials reduces the
transportation needs for heavy
building materials, along with the
associated energy and emissions.
Most precast concrete plants are
within 200 miles of a building site. The
cement, aggregates and reinforcing
steel used to fabricate precast
concrete components, are usually
obtained or extracted from sources
within 200 miles.

26. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit 3.1: Construction Indoor Air
Quality Management Plan,
During Construction:
Concrete contains low to negligible
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
These compounds degrade indoor air
quality when they off-gas from
manufactured wood products such as
laminate, particleboard, hardboard
siding and treated wood. Concrete is
not damaged by moisture and does
not provide nutrients for mold growth.

27. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Credit ID: Innovative in
design:
Pre-cast concrete
applications, could contribute
in implementing new
intelligent solutions. Rising
the performance of HVAC and
heating systems, indoor air
quality, or pollution
prevention.

28. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Geothermal piping:
Embedding geothermal piping into
structural piles, reducing additional
boreholes. The heat energy is
absorbed by piping and used for
heating.

29. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Hollow core slab ventilation:
Hollow core slabs voids, could use
for the Stack Effect –pull out the
hot air in the night time, with cool
air from out side-. And could used
with installation of Radiant heat
tube.
This saves material and reduce
heating load.

30. Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating system.
Photocatalytic cement:
Photocatalytic concrete decomposing
the harmful molecules in the
vicinity by an oxidation reaction.
Thus, fewer harmful chemicals and
more pure clean air is available.
Pre-cast concrete is ideal system for
using this type of finishing.

31. • Why should we built Sustainable Buildings?
• Dose building skeleton affect the building sustainability?
• Building structure materials used.
• Comparison on the three building structure materials, upon LEED rating
system.
• Conclusion.

32. Conclusion
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Reduce the amount of material
used and the toxicity of waste
material.
• Always search for the integrated
solution

33. Thank You