Glycolipids are lipids that contain a carbohydrate and a lipid component. The document discusses four main types of glycolipids: cerebrosides, gangliosides, sulfolipids, and sulfatides. Cerebrosides are found in high amounts in brain and nerve tissue. They contain sphingosine, a fatty acid, and usually galactose. Gangliosides contain additional sugars and sialic acids attached to a ceramide and are mainly found in brain tissue. Sulfolipids contain a sulfonic acid group in their hexose portion and are found in various tissues. Sulfatides are sulfated cerebrosides abundant in white brain matter. Glycolipids play important
This presentation gives an overview of Lipid Rafts, how it was discovered, its importance and the future research in this area,Feel free to comment and ask any questions
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This presentation gives an overview of Lipid Rafts, how it was discovered, its importance and the future research in this area,Feel free to comment and ask any questions
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Proteoglycans are protein chains that are covalently bonded at multiple sites to a class of polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycans constitute 95% of proteins.Proteoglycans are synthesised in RE and transported to GA where they are modified in to various forms.Proteoglycans are major component of ECM and their role is depended on the type of GAGs they associate with.
Proteoglycans are protein chains that are covalently bonded at multiple sites to a class of polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycans constitute 95% of proteins.Proteoglycans are synthesised in RE and transported to GA where they are modified in to various forms.Proteoglycans are major component of ECM and their role is depended on the type of GAGs they associate with.
Lipids are classified into different classes. simple lipids, compound lipids and derived lipids. In these slides one of the conpound lipid class glyco lipids are described. Ceramide: structure and functions are explained. Cerebrosides and gangliosides are also discussed. Diseases related to glyco lipids ae also enlisted.
1- metabolism of the brain (I) 2012-13.pdfMohamed Afifi
Cells of the nervous system: Neurons & Glial cells
▫ Neurons:
A neuron is Formed of:
Cell body:
▫ contains most of the cytoplasm & organelles
Cytoplasmic extensions:
▫ include an axon & many dendrites
Overvie
What is Glycoprotein ?:
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This process is known as glycosylation.
The carbohydrate is attached to the protein during the following modifications: Co-translational modification & Post-translational modification.
In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
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6. 1. Cerebrosides (Glycospingosides)
Occurrence
Cerebrosides occur in large amounts in the white matter of brain
and in myelin sheath of nerve.
They are not found in embryonic brain but develops as
medullation progress.
In smaller amount they appear to be widely distributed in animal
tissues.
In medullated nerves the concentration of cerebrosides are much
higher than in non-medullated nerve fibres.
7. Structure of cerebrosides
The structure of cerebrosides contain a high molecular weight fatty acid,
sphingosine, sugar usually galactose but sometimes glucose is attached.
But it has no glycerol, no phosphoric acid and no nitrogeneous base. They have
electric charge since their polar head groups are neutral.
8. Ceramide
The name ceramide is commonly used to designate the sphingosine and fatty
acid(or N-acylsphingosine) portion of the cerebrosides.
Here the sphingosine carries the galactose by glycosidic linkage on primary
group and the fatty acid by an amide linkage.
Psychosin
By prolonged hydrolysis of any cerebroside with Ba(OH)2, FA is removed and it
yields psychosin (sphingosine+ sugar).
Psychosin can be further hydrolysed to yield sphingosine and galactose.
9. Types of cerebrosides
Individual cerebrosides are differentiated on the basis of fatty acid component.
Four types of cerebrosides have been isolated.
(a) Kerasin- contains saturated C24 lignoceric acid.
(b)phrenosin(cerebron)- contain 2-hydroxyl derivative of lignoceric acid
called cerebronic acid.
(c)Nervon- contains an unsaturated homologue of lignoceric acid called
nervonic acid.
(d)Oxynervon- contains a 2-hydroxyl derivative nervonic acid called
acid.
10. Clinical aspect of cerebrosides
Gaucher’s Disease
An inherited disorder of cerebrosides metabolism (lipidosis).
Inheritance: It is autosomal recessive
Enzyme defect: Deficiency of the enzyme beta gluco-
cerebrosidase.
In absence of the enzyme the cerebroside cannot be degraded
in the body as a result large amount of glucocerebroside
accumulate in liver, spleen, bone marrow and brain.
11.
12. 2. Gangliosides
Occurrence
In 1955, Klenk isolated a new type of glycolipid from brain tissue and named it as
ganglioside.
These are found in ganglion cell of nervous tissue and in parenchymatous tissues
like spleen and erythrocytes.
They make up about 6% of membrane lipids in the grey matter of the brain.
They are also found in lesser amounts in membrane of non neural tissue.
Gangliosides acts as receptor for toxic reagents like pathogens Vibrio cholera
influenza virus and tetanus toxin.
It play a role in cell-cell interaction.
13. Structure of gangliosides
The structure of ganglioside contain a ceramide (N-acylsphingosine) linked to 2
additional mole of carbohydrate, 1 mole of N-acetylgalactosamine and 1 to 5 mole
of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA).
Types of gangliosides:
More than 15 different gangliosides have been determined. These are abbreviated
by the letter G with subscript M, D or T to designate they contain one, two or
sialic acid and NANA residues and a number or letter to distinguish different
members of a group from one another.
In essence they consist of oligosaccharide chain attached to ceramide(N-
acylsphingosine by a sugar residue usually glucose. They lack phosphoric acid.
Four important types are: GM-1, GM-2, GM-3 and GD-3.
14.
15. Clinical aspect of Gangliosides
Tay-sachs Disease
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive
Enzyme defect: N-acetylgalactosaminidase
Accumulation of gangliosides in brain and nervous system.
The symptoms are mental retardation, difficulty in eating, Cherry
red spot in retina and blindness.
16. 3. Sulfolipids
Occurrence
Lipid material containing sulphur present in various tissue found in
liver, kidney, testes, brain and certain tumours.
Most abundant in white matter of brain. Several types of sulphur
containing lipids have been isolated from brain and other tissues.
This glycolipid is widely distributed in plants. It is localized in
chloroplast and also found in chromatophores of photosynthetic
bacteria.
17. Structure of sulfolipids
The sulfur in this compound present as a sulfonic group in a hexose
molecule, this may be included under a class of compound called
sulfolipids.
18. 4. Sulfatides
A sulfate ester analogue of phrenosin. It is abundant in white matter
of brain.
It is another sulphur - containing glycolipid.
The sulfate is present in ester linkage at C3 of the galactose portion
of the molecule.
Members of this group of cerebroside sulphuric esters have been
designated as sulfatides.
19. Functions of glycolipid
It provides energy to the cells.
It is an essential part of cell membranes.
It helps in determining the blood group of an individual.
It acts as receptors at the surface of the red blood cells.
It also functions by assisting the immune system by destroying and
eliminating the pathogen from the body.
20. References
Fundamentals of Biochemistry Book – J.L JAIN, SUNJAY JAIN, NITIN
JAIN
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry – MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde