Jonathan Culler's 1975 book Structuralist Poetics explores using linguistics to analyze literature by examining the conventions readers use to understand works. While it is impossible to establish rules governing writing, Culler argues conventions underlie readers' interpretations. His later books Pursuit of Signs and Framing the Sign develop this, examining how readers' underlying linguistic and cultural competencies inform their interpretations without considering ideology. Literary Theory introduces structuralism as studying unconscious structures in language, psyche and society rather than seeking meaning, but how works can have the meanings they already have.