This document discusses stress at work and its causes, effects, and techniques for dealing with it. It begins by defining stress and distinguishing between eustress and distress. It then discusses the physiological, behavioral, and psychological effects of stress at work, including increased heart rate, skin rashes, conflicts, depression, and burnout. Common causes of work stress mentioned include work overload, role ambiguity, and poor working conditions. The document also examines individual differences in vulnerability to stress and covers organizational techniques like emotional climate control and provision of social support, as well as individual techniques such as relaxation training, biofeedback, and behavior modification.

1. STRESS AT WORK

2. Presented by
Shanza sarwar
Atiqa ijaz
Nighat noreen
Iqra aslam
Sania tahir

3. What is stress
• Stress is the adverse reaction people have
to excessive pressure or other types of
demand placed on them.
• It is not a disease in itself , it is a state.
• It is psychological in nature.

4. What is work stress?
• “Work stress can be defined as the
harmful physical and emotional
responses that occur when the
requirements of the job donot match
the capabilities, resouces, or needs of
the worker”.

5. Types of stress

6. Continue….
• Eustress is a healthy positive stress like
getting married,nervousness you get to
play a game.
• Distress is a unhealthy stress, anything
that causes you to be inhealthy.

7. • Physiological effects
• Biological effects
• Psychological effects
Effects of stress

8. Physiological effects
• Raised heart rate
• Increased sweating
• Increased muscle tension
• Increased adrenaline production nad
secretion
• Headaches
• Aching necks and shoulders
• Skin rashes

9. Behavioral effects
• Low productivity
• Decreased work performance
• Tendency to remain absent
• Much of interpersonal conflicts
• Tendency to remain isolated
• Poor eye contact while talking

10. Continue..
• Making others look rediculous
• Feeling worthless
• Frequent references to death, suicide

11. Psychological effects
• Depression
• Moodiness
• Emotional fatigue
• Sleep disturbance
• Burnout

12. Causes of stress at work
• Work overload
• Role ambiguity
• Job security
• Monitoring
• Management style
• Working conditions
• Resource inadequacy
• Occupation

14. Survey Results
• It is conducted by national association of
working women on job stress.
• The finding revealed that 33 percent
describes their job very stressful
• 62 percent describes their job somewhat
stressful
• Only 5 percent women describe their jobs
are not stressful.

15. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
VULNERABILITY TO STRESS
Two factors that reduce the affect of stress on the job:
 high job satisfaction
 High autonomy and power
The single greatest predictor of longetivity was job
satisfaction.

16. Cont…
Someone who is dissatisfied with his or her job may
become ill from stress, whereas someone else in the
same job whose job satisfaction is high may show no
effects of stress.

17. Cont…
The factors that effect vulnerability to stress:
 Social support and family ties
 Physical condition
 Ability to perform
 Personality
1. Type 1 personality
2. Type 2personality
 personality variables:
 Hardiness
 Internal and external control

18. Cont…
 Social Support & family ties:
Social support comes from two sources;the job and
the family.Support from the family can reduce the
effects of the job dissatisfaction by providing other
satisfactions.

19. Cont…
 Physical condition:
Persons in better physical condition suffer fewer
effects of stress than those in poor physical condition.
One effective way to combat stress is through exercise.

20. Cont…
 Ability to perform:
Level of ability to perform a job can make people more
or less resistant to stresses of that job.

21. Cont…
 Personality:
Personality seems to be related to ones ability to tolerate
stress.The two types of personality are:
 Type 1 personality
 Type 2 personality

22. Cont…
 Type 1 personality:
It is highly prone to heart diseases by middle age
independent of physical factors and their type of work.
The two primary characteristics of it are:
 High competitive drive
 urgency about time

23. Cont…

24. Cont…
 Type 2 personality:
They are ambitious as type A people , but they have
none of their other characteristics.They function under
far less stress in all aspects of life including work.

25. Cont…
These two distinct personality types react in different
ways to prolonged stress over which they have no
control.

26. Cont…
 Personality variables:
Another personality variable that accounts for individual
differences in vulnerability to stress:
o Hardiness
o Internal or external control

27. Cont…
o Hardiness:
They believe that they can control or influence events
in their lives.They are deeply committed to their work
or other activities they find of interest.

28. Cont…
The measures of stress,physical health, and personality
were taken from large number of middle and higher
executives of a large public utility company.On the basis
of these measures,the executives were divided into two groups:
o low stress who were low in illness
o high stress who were high in illness

29. Cont…
The personality variable of internal and external control also
influences individual reaction to stress.
o Internal control:
the persons who rated high on internal control believe
that they can control the forces and events that shape
their lives.

30. Cont…
o External control:
Those who score high on external control believe that life is
determined by events and forces beyond their control.

31. Types of occupation and stress
• People react to stress in different ways
some coping much better than others and
suffering fewer of the harmful effects of
stress.

32. The National Institute for occupational
safety and Health(NIOSH) has ranked
130 occupations in terms of the level of
Stress they engender.

33. The 12 jobs with the highest
levels of stress follow:
1. Laborer
2. Secretory
3. Inspector
4. Lab technician
5. Office manager
6. Supervisor
7. Administrator
8. Waitress or waiter
9. Machine operator
10. Farm worker
11. Miner
12. Painter

34. Causes of stress at work
• Several aspects of work,the so called
stressors, can cause stress.

35.  Overwork or Overload have two types
 Quantitative overload:
It is the condition of having too much
Work to do in available time
 Qualitative overload:
Its involves not too much work to do but
Work that is too difficult.

36. Another stressor in the workplace is change
persons who look on change as exciting
And challenging are less vulnerable to stress.
Those look change threatning are more likely
to experience stress.

37. And challenging are less vulnerable to
stress.
Those look change threatning are more likely
to experience stress.

38. • Performance appraisal is a sourse of
stress for a great many people.
• A poor evaluation by someone affects
one's future it may lead to expulsion
from school or loss of job, so this is
soure of stress.

39. Problems of career development may lead
to stress at work.
Stress arise when an employee fails to
recieve an anticipated promotion case,
the resulting frustration can be intense.

40. Overpromotion can also be stressful
beyond his level of competence with with
he canot cope leads to fear of failure.

41. • Being responsible for other person is a
major sourse of stress for managers.
Having to evaluate person for a pay
raise,promotions can lead to stress.

42. • Contact with a stress carrier is also a
cause of stress. The tension, anxiety,
irritability and consequences of stress
exhibited by one employee can easily
affect others.

43. • Some of physical conditions of work are
common source of stress on the job.
• Factors such as excessive noise, heat or
cold, poor lighting and pollution are stressor
for job persons.

44. Effects of stress at work
Psychological consequences of stress include;
• Tension
• Depression
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Low self esteem
• Neutroticism

45. Stress can effect individual on health,behaviour and job
performance.
one of the most ambitious studies on the effects of stress
focused on 2000 key members of a large canadian
company.the investigators found a wide range of stress
symptoms in five categories.
• Emotional distress
• Medications use
• Cardiovascular illness
• Gastrointestinal disturbance
• Allergy reactions

46. The most striking finding is that managers showed a very low
incidence of stress reactions compared to those in staff and
operations position as result of organizational changes.
• the main cause of stress was role ambiguity
• Low self-esteem among staff and operationas personnel

47. Another investigation of the harmful effects dealt with 135 high
level women executives in England.
most of the symptoms were psychological and 71% of the
women reported that they were related to stress at job.

48. Mass psychogenic illness
• widespread symptom perception among a large group of
individuals,without any evidence of physical or environmental
cause.
• Factors contribute to this effect are;
1. Physical stressors
2. Psychological stressors
3. Social isolation

49. Burnout :
Burnout is a state of mind resulting from prolonged exposure
to emotional stress.
Burnout develops in three distinct stages:
• Emotional exhaustion
• Cynicism
• futility

51. The techniques for dealing with stress on
the job involve both the prevention of stress
and its reduction or elimination

52. Techniques
Organizational Techniques
Individual Techniques

53. Organizational techinques
1. Emotional climate control
2. Provision of social support
3. Redefinition of employee roles
4. Elimination of work over-load and under-load
5. Provision of assistance to stress employees

54. 1.Emotional climate control
One of the stressors of
modern organizational
life is change.

55. Now how to deal with it?
By providing a climate of esteem.
By allowing them to participate in all
decisions involving change in their work
and in the structrue of the organization.

56. 2. Provision of social support

57. Now how to deal with it?
• By facilitating cohensiveness of work
groups.
• By training supervisors to be empathetic.
• Supportive of subordinates.

58. Social support can minimize the
harmful physiological effects of
stress

59. 3. Redefinition of empolyee
roles

61. Deal with it
• Mangers must clearly state to their
subordinates what is expected for them
• What the precise scope and
responsibilities of jobs are.

62. Mangement can reduce the role of
conflict by making sure that none of
the demands of a job is in conflict
with another

63. 4. Elimination of work
over load and under load

64. Deal with it
• Proper selection and training.
• Equitable promotion decisions.
• Fair distribution of work.

65. Mangement must ensure that job
requirments and empolyee abilities are
matched
if not......?
if the person has too much or too little to
do--------- stress will results

66. 5. Provision of assistance to
stressed employee

67.  Now a days, more and more
organizations today are recognizing the
harmful effects that stress can have on
employee health and productivity

68. Dealing with it

69. In-house counseling programs

70. Physical exercise

71. Individual techniques
1. Relaxation training
2. Biofeedback
3. Behavior modification

73. Early as the 1930's a method of relaxation
training was proposed as a way of
reducing stress by (JACOBSON 1938)

74. Women work out 1930's

75. Police man stress work out 1930's

80. A popular technique for dealing with the
effects of stress, involves the electronic
measurement of internal bodily processes
such as heart rate or muscle tension

83. Behavior modification is a treatment
approach which is focused on changing
behavior.