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![Strategic thinking
Not to be confused with Strategic planning.
Strategic thinking is defined as a mental or thinking pro-
cess applied by an individual in the context of achieving
success in a game or other endeavor. As a cognitive ac-
tivity, it produces thought.
When applied in an organizational strategic management
process, strategic thinking involves the generation and ap-
plication of unique business insights and opportunities
intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or
organisation.[1][2][3]
It can be done individually, as well as
collaboratively among key people who can positively alter
an organization’s future. Group strategic thinking may
create more value by enabling a proactive and creative
dialogue, where individuals gain other people’s perspec-
tives on critical and complex issues. This is regarded as a
benefit in highly competitive and fast-changing business
landscapes.[4][5][6]
1 Overview
Strategic thinking includes finding and developing a
strategic foresight capacity for an organization, by ex-
ploring all possible organizational futures, and chal-
lenging conventional thinking to foster decision mak-
ing today.[7][8]
Recent strategic thought points ever more
clearly towards the conclusion that the critical strategic
question is not the conventional “What?”,[9]
but “Why?”
or “How?”.[9]
The work of Henry Mintzberg[10][11]
and
other authors,[12][13][14]
further support the conclusion;
and also draw a clear distinction between strategic think-
ing and strategic planning, another important strategic
management thought process.[6][15]
General Andre Beaufre wrote in 1963 that strategic think-
ing “is a mental process, at once abstract and rational,
which must be capable of synthesizing both psycholog-
ical and material data. The strategist must have a great
capacity for both analysis and synthesis; analysis is nec-
essary to assemble the data on which he makes his diag-
nosis, synthesis in order to produce from these data the
diagnosis itself--and the diagnosis in fact amounts to a
choice between alternative courses of action.”[16]
There is no generally accepted definition for strate-
gic thinking, no common agreement as to its role or
importance, and no standardised list of key compe-
tencies of strategic thinkers.[17]
There is also no con-
sensus on whether strategic thinking is an uncommon
ideal or a common and observable property of strategy.
Most agree that traditional models of strategy making,
which are primarily based on strategic planning, are not
working.[18][19][20]
Strategy in today’s competitive busi-
ness landscape is moving away from the basic ‘strategic
planning’ to more of ‘strategic thinking’ in order to remain
competitive.[21]
However, both thought processes must
work hand-in-hand in order to reap maximum benefit.[6]
It has been argued that the real heart of strategy is the
'strategist'; and for a better strategy execution requires
a strategic thinker who can discover novel, imaginative
strategies which can re-write the rules of the competitive
game; and set in motion the chain of events that will shape
and “define the future”.[22][23]
2 Strategic thinking vs. strategic
planning
In the view of F. Graetz, strategic thinking and planning
are “distinct, but interrelated and complementary thought
processes” that must sustain and support one another for
effective strategic management. Graetz’s model holds
that the role of strategic thinking is “to seek innovation
and imagine new and very different futures that may lead
the company to redefine its core strategies and even its in-
dustry”. Strategic planning’s role is “to realise and to sup-
port strategies developed through the strategic thinking
process and to integrate these back into the business”.[13]
Henry Mintzberg wrote in 1994 that strategic thinking
is more about synthesis (i.e., “connecting the dots”) than
analysis (i.e., “finding the dots”). It is about “capturing
what the manager learns from all sources (both the soft
insights from his or her personal experiences and the ex-
periences of others throughout the organization and the
hard data from market research and the like) and then
synthesizing that learning into a vision of the direction
that the business should pursue.” Mintzberg argued that
strategic thinking cannot be systematized and is the crit-
ical part of strategy formation, as opposed to strategic
planning exercises. In his view, strategic planning hap-
pens around the strategy formation or strategic thinking
activity, by providing inputs for the strategist to consider
and providing plans for controlling the implementation of
the strategy after it is formed.[24]
According to Jeanne Liedtka, strategic thinking differs
from strategic planning along the following dimensions
of strategic management:[14]
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/strategicthinking-150523103014-lva1-app6891/85/Strategic-thinking-1-320.jpg)
![2 4 REFERENCES
3 Strategic thinking competencies
Liedtka observed five “major attributes of strategic think-
ing in practice” that resemble competencies:[14][25]
1. Systems perspective, refers to being able to under-
stand implications of strategic actions. “A strate-
gic thinker has a mental model of the complete
end-to-end system of value creation, his or her role
within it, and an understanding of the competencies
it contains.”[14]
2. Intent focused which means more determined and
less distractible than rivals in the marketplace.
Crediting Hamel and Prahalad with popularising the
concept, Liedtka describes strategic intent as “the
focus that allows individuals within an organization
to marshal and leverage their energy, to focus atten-
tion, to resist distraction, and to concentrate for as
long as it takes to achieve a goal.”[14]
3. Thinking in time means being able to hold past,
present and future in mind at the same time to cre-
ate better decision making and speed implementa-
tion. “Strategy is not driven by future intent alone.
It is the gap between today’s reality and intent for
the future that is critical.”[14]
Scenario planning is a
practical application for incorporating “thinking in
time” into strategy making.[26]
4. Hypothesis driven, ensuring that both creative and
critical thinking are incorporated into strategy mak-
ing. This competency explicitly incorporates the
scientific method into strategic thinking.[25]
5. Intelligent opportunism, which means being respon-
sive to good opportunities. “The dilemma involved
in using a well-articulated strategy to channel organ-
isational efforts effectively and efficiently must al-
ways be balanced against the risks of losing sight
of alternative strategies better suited to a changing
environment.”[14]
4 References
[1] “What is Strategic Thinking?". harvardbusiness.org. Re-
trieved 10 August 2012.
[2] “What is Strategic Thinking? by Rich Horwath” (PDF).
Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[3] “Strategic Thinking” (PDF). Center for Applied Re-
search. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[4] “Strategic Thinking : The power of collaboration”. har-
vardbusiness.org. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[5] “Strategic Thinking : Is Leadership the missing link An
Exploratory Study” (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2012. by
Manu Amitabh, Fellow Scholar, M.D.I Gurgaon and Arun
Sahay, Professor and Area Chairman, Strategy Manage-
ment, M.D.I Gurgaon
[6] “Strategic Thinking : A discussion paper” (PDF).
csun.edu. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[7] “Strategic Thinking presentation”. Retrieved 10 August
2012.
[8] “Thinking Futures ..thinking beyond the status-quo to
strengthen today’s decisions”. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[9] Michael D. Taylor Systems Thinking in Project Manage-
ment
[10] Henry Mintzberg (1994), “The Fall and Rise of Strategic
Planning”, Harvard Business Review
[11] Henry Mintzberg (1987), “Crafting Strategy”, Harvard
Business Review, 65(4), 66-75.
[12] Ingrid Bonn, (2001), “Developing Strategic Thinking as
a Core Competency”, Management Decision, 39(1), 63 -
76.
[13] Fiona Graetz, (2002), “Strategic Thinking versus Strate-
gic Planning: Towards Understanding the Complementar-
ities”, Management Decision, 40(5/6), 456-462.
[14] Jeanne Liedtka,(1998), “Linking Strategic Thinking with
Strategic Planning”, Strategy and Leadership, 26(4), 30-
35.
[15] Stan Abraham, (2005), “Stretching Strategic Thinking,”
Strategy & Leadership, 33(5), 5-12.
[16] Beaufre, Andre (1965). An Introduction to Strategy. Fred-
erick A. Prager. LCCN 65014177.
[17] David Hussey, (2001), “Creative Strategic Thinking and
the Analytical Process: Critical Factors for Strategic Suc-
cess”, Strategic Change, 10(4), 201-213.
[18] Mark Chussil, (2005), “With All This Intelligence, Why
Don’t We Have Better Strategies?”, Journal of Business
Strategy, 26(1), 26-33.
[19] Jeanne Liedtka, (2000), “Strategic planning as a contrib-
utor to strategic change: a generative model
[20] “From Strategic Planning to Strategic Thinking”. Re-
trieved 10 August 2012.
[21] “Strategic Thinking versus Strategic Planning”. Retrieved
10 August 2012.
[22] Max Mckeown, (2011), “The Strategy Book: How to
think and act strategically for outstanding results", FT-
Prentice Hall.
[23] Paul Schoemaker, (2012), “6 Habits of True Strategic
Thinkers”
[24] Henry Mintzberg-The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning-
Harvard Business Review-January 1994
[25] Liedktka Strategic Thinking-Can It Be Taught?-Long
Range Planning-1998
[26] Paul Schoemaker, (1995), “Scenario Planning: A Tool for
Strategic Thinking”, Sloan Management Review, 36(2),
25-40.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/strategicthinking-150523103014-lva1-app6891/85/Strategic-thinking-2-320.jpg)
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Strategic thinking
- 1. Strategic thinking Not tobe confused with Strategic planning. Strategic thinking is defined as a mental or thinking pro- cess applied by an individual in the context of achieving success in a game or other endeavor. As a cognitive ac- tivity, it produces thought. When applied in an organizational strategic management process, strategic thinking involves the generation and ap- plication of unique business insights and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organisation.[1][2][3] It can be done individually, as well as collaboratively among key people who can positively alter an organization’s future. Group strategic thinking may create more value by enabling a proactive and creative dialogue, where individuals gain other people’s perspec- tives on critical and complex issues. This is regarded as a benefit in highly competitive and fast-changing business landscapes.[4][5][6] 1 Overview Strategic thinking includes finding and developing a strategic foresight capacity for an organization, by ex- ploring all possible organizational futures, and chal- lenging conventional thinking to foster decision mak- ing today.[7][8] Recent strategic thought points ever more clearly towards the conclusion that the critical strategic question is not the conventional “What?”,[9] but “Why?” or “How?”.[9] The work of Henry Mintzberg[10][11] and other authors,[12][13][14] further support the conclusion; and also draw a clear distinction between strategic think- ing and strategic planning, another important strategic management thought process.[6][15] General Andre Beaufre wrote in 1963 that strategic think- ing “is a mental process, at once abstract and rational, which must be capable of synthesizing both psycholog- ical and material data. The strategist must have a great capacity for both analysis and synthesis; analysis is nec- essary to assemble the data on which he makes his diag- nosis, synthesis in order to produce from these data the diagnosis itself--and the diagnosis in fact amounts to a choice between alternative courses of action.”[16] There is no generally accepted definition for strate- gic thinking, no common agreement as to its role or importance, and no standardised list of key compe- tencies of strategic thinkers.[17] There is also no con- sensus on whether strategic thinking is an uncommon ideal or a common and observable property of strategy. Most agree that traditional models of strategy making, which are primarily based on strategic planning, are not working.[18][19][20] Strategy in today’s competitive busi- ness landscape is moving away from the basic ‘strategic planning’ to more of ‘strategic thinking’ in order to remain competitive.[21] However, both thought processes must work hand-in-hand in order to reap maximum benefit.[6] It has been argued that the real heart of strategy is the 'strategist'; and for a better strategy execution requires a strategic thinker who can discover novel, imaginative strategies which can re-write the rules of the competitive game; and set in motion the chain of events that will shape and “define the future”.[22][23] 2 Strategic thinking vs. strategic planning In the view of F. Graetz, strategic thinking and planning are “distinct, but interrelated and complementary thought processes” that must sustain and support one another for effective strategic management. Graetz’s model holds that the role of strategic thinking is “to seek innovation and imagine new and very different futures that may lead the company to redefine its core strategies and even its in- dustry”. Strategic planning’s role is “to realise and to sup- port strategies developed through the strategic thinking process and to integrate these back into the business”.[13] Henry Mintzberg wrote in 1994 that strategic thinking is more about synthesis (i.e., “connecting the dots”) than analysis (i.e., “finding the dots”). It is about “capturing what the manager learns from all sources (both the soft insights from his or her personal experiences and the ex- periences of others throughout the organization and the hard data from market research and the like) and then synthesizing that learning into a vision of the direction that the business should pursue.” Mintzberg argued that strategic thinking cannot be systematized and is the crit- ical part of strategy formation, as opposed to strategic planning exercises. In his view, strategic planning hap- pens around the strategy formation or strategic thinking activity, by providing inputs for the strategist to consider and providing plans for controlling the implementation of the strategy after it is formed.[24] According to Jeanne Liedtka, strategic thinking differs from strategic planning along the following dimensions of strategic management:[14] 1
- 2. 2 4 REFERENCES 3Strategic thinking competencies Liedtka observed five “major attributes of strategic think- ing in practice” that resemble competencies:[14][25] 1. Systems perspective, refers to being able to under- stand implications of strategic actions. “A strate- gic thinker has a mental model of the complete end-to-end system of value creation, his or her role within it, and an understanding of the competencies it contains.”[14] 2. Intent focused which means more determined and less distractible than rivals in the marketplace. Crediting Hamel and Prahalad with popularising the concept, Liedtka describes strategic intent as “the focus that allows individuals within an organization to marshal and leverage their energy, to focus atten- tion, to resist distraction, and to concentrate for as long as it takes to achieve a goal.”[14] 3. Thinking in time means being able to hold past, present and future in mind at the same time to cre- ate better decision making and speed implementa- tion. “Strategy is not driven by future intent alone. It is the gap between today’s reality and intent for the future that is critical.”[14] Scenario planning is a practical application for incorporating “thinking in time” into strategy making.[26] 4. Hypothesis driven, ensuring that both creative and critical thinking are incorporated into strategy mak- ing. This competency explicitly incorporates the scientific method into strategic thinking.[25] 5. Intelligent opportunism, which means being respon- sive to good opportunities. “The dilemma involved in using a well-articulated strategy to channel organ- isational efforts effectively and efficiently must al- ways be balanced against the risks of losing sight of alternative strategies better suited to a changing environment.”[14] 4 References [1] “What is Strategic Thinking?". harvardbusiness.org. Re- trieved 10 August 2012. [2] “What is Strategic Thinking? by Rich Horwath” (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2012. [3] “Strategic Thinking” (PDF). Center for Applied Re- search. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [4] “Strategic Thinking : The power of collaboration”. har- vardbusiness.org. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [5] “Strategic Thinking : Is Leadership the missing link An Exploratory Study” (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2012. by Manu Amitabh, Fellow Scholar, M.D.I Gurgaon and Arun Sahay, Professor and Area Chairman, Strategy Manage- ment, M.D.I Gurgaon [6] “Strategic Thinking : A discussion paper” (PDF). csun.edu. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [7] “Strategic Thinking presentation”. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [8] “Thinking Futures ..thinking beyond the status-quo to strengthen today’s decisions”. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [9] Michael D. Taylor Systems Thinking in Project Manage- ment [10] Henry Mintzberg (1994), “The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning”, Harvard Business Review [11] Henry Mintzberg (1987), “Crafting Strategy”, Harvard Business Review, 65(4), 66-75. [12] Ingrid Bonn, (2001), “Developing Strategic Thinking as a Core Competency”, Management Decision, 39(1), 63 - 76. [13] Fiona Graetz, (2002), “Strategic Thinking versus Strate- gic Planning: Towards Understanding the Complementar- ities”, Management Decision, 40(5/6), 456-462. [14] Jeanne Liedtka,(1998), “Linking Strategic Thinking with Strategic Planning”, Strategy and Leadership, 26(4), 30- 35. [15] Stan Abraham, (2005), “Stretching Strategic Thinking,” Strategy & Leadership, 33(5), 5-12. [16] Beaufre, Andre (1965). An Introduction to Strategy. Fred- erick A. Prager. LCCN 65014177. [17] David Hussey, (2001), “Creative Strategic Thinking and the Analytical Process: Critical Factors for Strategic Suc- cess”, Strategic Change, 10(4), 201-213. [18] Mark Chussil, (2005), “With All This Intelligence, Why Don’t We Have Better Strategies?”, Journal of Business Strategy, 26(1), 26-33. [19] Jeanne Liedtka, (2000), “Strategic planning as a contrib- utor to strategic change: a generative model [20] “From Strategic Planning to Strategic Thinking”. Re- trieved 10 August 2012. [21] “Strategic Thinking versus Strategic Planning”. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [22] Max Mckeown, (2011), “The Strategy Book: How to think and act strategically for outstanding results", FT- Prentice Hall. [23] Paul Schoemaker, (2012), “6 Habits of True Strategic Thinkers” [24] Henry Mintzberg-The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning- Harvard Business Review-January 1994 [25] Liedktka Strategic Thinking-Can It Be Taught?-Long Range Planning-1998 [26] Paul Schoemaker, (1995), “Scenario Planning: A Tool for Strategic Thinking”, Sloan Management Review, 36(2), 25-40.
- 3. 3 5 External links •What is strategic thinking?, harvardbusiness.org • 6 Habits of True Strategic Thinkers by Paul J. H. Schoemaker, Inc.com • For Great Leadership, Clear Your Head by Joshua Ehrlich, Harvard Business Review • How to Think Strategically by Michael Watkins, Harvard Business Review • Strategic Thinking: Success Secrets of Big Business Projects Dr David Stevens, McGraw Hill, 1997 • Strategy Execution – Ensure your culture provides for common sense by i-nexus
- 4. 4 6 TEXTAND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 6.1 Text • Strategic thinking Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20thinking?oldid=654817716 Contributors: Ronz, BoonDock, Dfod- ness, SmackBot, C.Fred, Gilliam, Bluebot, TastyPoutine, Van helsing, Pascal.Tesson, TXiKiBoT, Dwillden, Farcaster, Pm master, Jelsova, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Jean.julius, AnomieBOT, Elaine OrganizedChangeConsultancy, Lafv, John of Reading, The- SeniorStrategist, GGithens, EdoBot, ClueBot NG, Cntras, Tom soldier, BG19bot, Cdolls, Possumd, Stevensdavid, TuxLibNit, Inexus-grant and Anonymous: 13 6.2 Images • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Strategy_Concept.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Denis Fadeev 6.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0