Various traditional storage methods, Improved storage methods, Modern storage structures & Controlled storage atmosphere.

1. Power Point Presentation
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
20AG105PE
STORAGE AND PACKING TECHNOLOGY
Unit – 2 Storage Methods
Prepared by,
Dr. P. Dineshkumar M.E., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology.
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET 1

2. STORAGE METHOD
 Storage methods encompass a range of techniques designed
to slow down spoilage, inhibit microbial growth, and
maintain the nutritional value of various food items.
 When it comes to storing food, different approaches are
employed based on factors such as the
• Type of food
• Desired shelf life and
• Available resources.
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET 2

3. COMMON FOOD STORAGE METHODS
1. Refrigeration.
2. Freezing.
3. Dehydration.
4. Vacuum Packaging.
5. Root Cellaring.
6. Fermentation.
7. Canning.

4. REFRIGERATION
• Refrigeration is one of the most widely used methods for
short-term food storage.
• It involves keeping perishable foods at low temperatures,
typically between 1-5 degrees Celsius, to slow down bacterial
growth and maintain freshness.

5. FREEZING
• Freezing is a popular long-term storage method that involves
lowering the temperature of food below the freezing point to
inhibit bacterial growth and preserve quality.
• By freezing food, you can extend its shelf life for several
months or even longer.
• Proper packaging, such as airtight containers or freezer bags,
helps prevent freezer burn and maintain flavor and texture

6. DEHYDRATION
• Dehydration involves removing the moisture content from
food to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
•It can be achieved through various methods such as air
drying, sun drying, or using specialized dehydrators.
•Dehydrated foods, such as dried fruits have a significantly
extended shelf life and are lightweight and convenient for
storage and transportation.

7. VACUUM PACKAGING
• Vacuum packaging involves removing air from the
packaging around food products to prevent oxidation,
microbial growth, and freezer burn.
•It helps to maintain the quality and freshness of perishable
foods. Vacuum-sealed packaging is commonly used for
meats, cheeses, and other products susceptible to spoilage.

8. ROOT CELLARING

9. • Root cellaring is an old-fashioned method of storing fruits, vegetables,
and root crops in a cool, dark, and humid environment.
• Root cellars provide a consistent temperature and humidity level,
which helps slow down spoilage and extend the shelf life of product.
• Remember to follow proper food safety guidelines and
recommendations when storing food to minimize the risk of foodborne
illnesses.
• Additionally, it's important to rotate food supplies regularly to ensure
the use of older items before they expire and to maintain a fresh stock
of stored food.

10. FERMENTATION
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which microorganisms, such as
bacteria or yeast, convert carbohydrates into simpler substances,
typically in the absence of oxygen. This process involves the breakdown
of sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases, producing energy and generating
various flavours, textures, and preservation properties in foods.
10
Carbohydrates
Microorganisms
in the absence
of oxygen
Acid Alcohol
Dr. P. Dineshkumar / AP / AGE / KNCET

11. CANNING
• Canning involves heat-processing food in jars or cans to kill bacteria
and create a sealed, airtight container that prevents spoilage.
• The food is usually cooked, placed in sterilized containers, sealed,
and then heated to eliminate microorganisms.

12. IMPROVED STORAGE METHODS OF GRAINS
Traditional storage structures can be built upon to create a new
type of storage structure known as the upgraded type of storage
structures. Traditional storage structures typically have a lower
storage capacity than the other forms of storage structures. The
capacities of the many upgraded types of storage buildings
typically range anywhere from 1.5 to 150 tons.

13. IMPROVED STORAGE METHODS
1. Pusa Bin.
2. Brick & Cement Bin.
3. Silo Storage.
4. Hermetic Storage.
5. Modified Atmosphere Storage.
6. Insect – Resistant Storage Structures.
7. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Techniques.
8. Temperature and Humidity Control.
9. Quality Monitoring and Testing.

14. PUSA BIN
• The "Pusa bin" is indeed a storage structure used in India,
particularly for the storage of grains, pulses, and other agricultural
produce.
• It is named after the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
in Pusa, New Delhi, where the design was developed.
• They are rectangular in shape and have a capacity of 1 to 3 tonnes.

16. • Pusa bin is like traditional storage structure made of mud.
• To make storage structure moisture proof as plastic film is used in all
insides of the bin.
• To construct Pusa bin first a platform of mud bricks is made.
• On this platform a sheet of 700 gauge plastic is overlaps the platform on all
sides by at least 6 cm.
• Walls are made of Kachha bricks and these are sealed with mud plaster.
• When the walls are raised to proper height a wooden frame is placed on it.
• The upper roof is made of burnt bricks.
• For unloading of grains on inclined wooden or steel pipe is fixed in such a
way that grains may come out the mouth of pipe is closed by cover.
• The inside of all the four walls and roof are covered by plastic sheet.
• On the top an open surface of about 50 cm * 50 cm is left for loading of
grains leaving this open space the roof is sealed by mud.

17. The key features of the Pusa bin include
Aeration System: The bin is designed with perforations or small vents to allow
airflow, which helps control temperature and moisture levels within the storage
structure.
Air Plenum: The bin has an air plenum, which is a space at the bottom of the
structure that allows for the distribution of air evenly throughout the stored grain.
Rat Guards: Pusa bins often have rat guards installed at the entrances or openings
to prevent infestations. These guards act as barriers to keep rats and other pests from
entering the storage structure.

18. Capacity: Pusa bins come in various sizes and capacities, allowing for
storage of different quantities of grains or agricultural produce. The size of
the bin can be chosen based on the specific storage requirements of the user.
Eg: 2 tonne pusa bin:
1. Base – 140 x 100 cm.
2. Height – 160 cm.
3. Length – 8.5 m.
4. Kachha bricks – 1150 Nos.
5. Burnt bricks – 100 Nos.
6. Pipe for outlet

19. IMPORTANCE OF PUSA BIN
• The Pusa bin is known for its effectiveness in maintaining grain quality
and reducing post-harvest losses
• It provides a controlled storage environment that helps extend the shelf life
of grains and ensures their availability during periods of high demand or
price fluctuations.
• The design of the Pusa bin has been widely adopted and recommended by
agricultural authorities and organizations in India for improving grain
storage practices.

20. BRICK & CEMENT BIN

21. • These storage structures are very strong and therefore, the effect of
season on them is negligible.
• The bin is made on a platform raised at 60 cm above the ground.
• A ladder is provided on one side of the bin for loading of the grains.
• A hole of about 60 cm diameter is provided on the roof for the purpose
of loading the material (Grains).
• The walls of bin are about 23 cm thick with cement plastered on both
the sides

22. • Roof is made of Reinforced concrete (R.C.C).
• The base of bin is made inclined and an outlet is provided for
unloading of grains.
• The capacity of such bin is usually between 1.5 to 60 tonnes.
• Cleaning of bin and complete unloading, a provision of iron rings
steps is provided inside the bin for person can enter and exit the
bin.

23. The key features and benefits of a brick and cement bin include.
Durability: The use of bricks or cement blocks ensures that the structure
is durable and resistant to weather conditions, providing long-lasting
storage capabilities.
Protection: The solid construction of the bin offers protection against
moisture, pests and other external factors that could damage or
contaminate the stored materials.
Size and Capacity: Brick and cement bins can be built in various sizes
and capacities to accommodate different storage needs. They can be
customized to store large or small quantities of materials.

24. Temperature Regulation: Depending on the specific requirements of
the stored materials, brick and cement bins can be designed with
insulation or ventilation systems to regulate temperature and moisture
levels within the structure.
Accessibility: Access points such as doors are typically included in the
design to allow for easy loading, unloading, and inspection of the
stored materials.
Cost-effectiveness: Compared to other storage options brick and
cement bins can be a more cost-effective solution, especially for larger-
scale storage requirements.

25. SILO STORAGE
• Silos are large, airtight structures designed to store
bulk grains.
• They provide protection against moisture, pests,
and fungi while maintaining optimal conditions
for grain storage.
• Modern silos are often equipped with ventilation
systems, temperature and humidity monitoring,
and insect control measures.
• Silo storage may helps for transporting the grains
to required place.

26. HERMETIC STORAGE
Hermetic storage involves storing grains in airtight containers or bags,
creating an oxygen-deprived environment that suffocates pests and
inhibits their reproduction.
Common hermetic storage options include airtight bags, plastic liners
or metal containers with airtight seals.

27. MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
• Modified atmosphere storage techniques involve altering the
composition of the storage environment by controlling temperature,
humidity, and gas concentrations.
• This method helps reduce insect activity and fungal growth.
Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2)gas can be injected into
grain storage facilities to displace oxygen and create an unfavorable
atmosphere for pests.

30. INSECT - RESISTANT STORAGE STRUCTURES
These structures are designed with specific features to deter
(protect) or control insect infestations.
Examples
•Metal storage bins with smooth surfaces that prevent insects
from crawling.
•Grain storage bags with insect-repellent liners.
•Storage facilities with insect screens or traps.

31. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
TECHNIQUES
• IPM combines multiple strategies to control pests in grain storage. It
involves practices such as regular cleaning, proper sanitation, and
monitoring for early detection of pests.
• Additionally, biological control methods like the introduction of natural
enemies or using grain protectants can be employed.

32. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL
• Maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity levels is crucial for
grain storage. Low temperatures (below freezing) can prevent insect
activity.
• Controlling moisture levels can inhibit fungal growth and reduce the
risk of grain spoilage.
• Ventilation systems and moisture control equipment can help regulate
these factors in grain storage facilities.

33. QUALITY MONITORING AND TESTING
• Regular quality monitoring and testing of stored grains are essential to
detect any signs of spoilage or deterioration.
• Physical inspections, moisture content measurements and periodic
sampling for laboratory analysis can help identify potential issues and
take corrective actions.

34. MODERN STORAGE STRUCTURES
Modern storage structures encompass a range of innovative and
advanced designs and technologies aimed at optimizing storage
efficiency, maximizing space utilization, improving accessibility,
and enhancing preservation capabilities. These structures
leverage modern materials, construction techniques and
automation to meet the evolving storage needs of various
industries.

35. 1. Automated warehouse.
2. High-Density Storage Systems.
3. Vertical Lift Modules.
4. Shuttle Systems.
5. Climate-Controlled Storage.
6. Smart Storage Systems.
7. Modular Storage Solutions.
8. Cold Storage Automation.

36. AUTOMATED WAREHOUSES
• Automated warehouses employ robotics and advanced conveyor
systems to streamline the storage and retrieval processes.
• Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and robotic arms are utilized to
transport and organize goods within the warehouse.
• These systems are often integrated with inventory management
software, allowing for efficient tracking and inventory control.

38. HIGH-DENSITY STORAGE SYSTEMS
High-density storage systems such as pallet racking, push-back racking
and mobile racking which maximize vertical space utilization while
providing easy access to stored items. These systems are designed to
efficiently store large quantities of goods in a compact footprint

39. VERTICAL LIFT MODULES (VLMS)
•VLMs are automated storage systems consisting of vertical
columns with trays that can be accessed by an automated lift.
•These systems optimize storage density and facilitate order
picking by automatically retrieving the required trays, reducing
the need for manual searching and handling of items.

40. SHUTTLE SYSTEMS
Shuttle systems are automated storage and retrieval systems that use
robotic shuttles to transport goods within the storage structure. The
shuttles can move horizontally and vertically along storage racks,
enabling high-speed and accurate order fulfillment while maximizing
storage capacity

41. CLIMATE-CONTROLLED STORAGE
•Climate-controlled storage structures provide precise
temperature and humidity control to preserve sensitive items
such as pharmaceuticals.
•These structures employ advanced HVAC (Heating, Ventilation,
and Air Conditioning) systems and insulation techniques to
maintain stable and optimal storage conditions.

42. SMART STORAGE SYSTEMS
•Smart storage systems utilize Internet of Things (IoT)
technology and data analytics to optimize storage operations
•These systems integrate sensors, RFID tags, and cloud-based
software to monitor inventory levels, track item location and
generate real-time insights for improved inventory
management and supply chain efficiency.

43. MODULAR STORAGE SOLUTIONS
Modular storage structures are flexible and scalable, allowing for easy
expansion or reconfiguration as storage needs change. These structures
are typically constructed using pre-fabricated modular components,
enabling rapid installation and customization according to specific
requirements.

44. COLD STORAGE AUTOMATION
In the field of cold storage, automated systems are increasingly employed to
optimize operations and maintain the integrity of perishable goods. Automated
storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), conveyor systems, and robotic picking
technologies enhance efficiency and accuracy while ensuring the cold chain is
maintained.

45. TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN STORAGE STRUCTURES
• To mitigate the effects of temperature changes in storage structures, it is
essential to implement proper temperature control measures.
• This includes insulation to minimize external temperature influences,
utilizing HVAC systems to regulate temperature and humidity,
monitoring systems to track and respond to temperature variations.
• Regular monitoring and maintenance help ensure that storage structures
provide a stable and controlled environment for the stored items,
preserving their quality and extending their shelf life.

46. 1. Product quality: Temperature fluctuations can significantly impact
the quality of stored items. Perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables,
and dairy products are particularly sensitive to temperature changes.
2. Microbial Growth: Temperature variations in storage structures can
affect microbial growth. Bacteria, molds and yeasts thrive in specific
temperature ranges.
3. Chemical Reactions: Temperature changes can trigger chemical
reactions in stored items, affecting their composition and properties.
In beverages, temperature variations can impact carbonation levels,
causing changes in taste and texture.

47. 4. Physical Changes: Extreme temperature fluctuations can cause
physical changes in stored items and the storage structure itself.
Temperature variations can also impact the integrity of packaging
materials, such as plastic containers or glass bottles, potentially
compromising the safety and quality of the stored items.
5. Moisture Control: Temperature changes can affect humidity levels
within storage structures. High temperatures can increase moisture
levels, leading to condensation, which can promote mold growth and
spoilage.
6. Energy Consumption: Temperature control in storage structures
requires energy for heating or cooling. Fluctuating temperatures or
inadequate insulation can lead to increased energy consumption and
higher operating costs for the storage facility.

48. MOISTURE CHANGES IN STORAGE STRUCTURES
1. Product Quality and Shelf Life: Moisture fluctuations can directly
impact the quality and shelf life of stored items. Excessive moisture
can lead to increased microbial activity, mold growth, and the
development of off-flavors, odors, and texture changes. It can
accelerate spoilage and deterioration of food.
2. Mold and Fungal Growth: Moisture fluctuations provide favorable
conditions for mold and fungal growth. High humidity levels can
promote the proliferation of molds, which can contaminate and spoil
stored items and also produce mycotoxins, which are harmful to
human health.

49. 4. Structural Integrity: Excessive moisture in storage structures can
lead to structural issues. It can cause corrosion of metal surfaces,
deterioration of wood, and degradation of building materials.

50. Construction and operation of Controlled
Atmosphere of storage facilities

51. • Constructing a controlled atmosphere (CA) storage facility is a
meticulous process that requires careful planning, adherence to industry
standards, and consideration of various factors.
• These facilities play a critical role in preserving the quality and extending
the shelf life of stored commodities.
• In this essay, we will explore the key steps involved in the construction
and operation of CA storage facilities, highlighting the importance of
proper design, construction techniques, and operational practices.

52. DESIGN AND LAYOUT
• The first step in constructing a CA storage facility is to develop a
comprehensive design and layout plan
• Optimized layout planning ensures smooth material flow,
efficient space utilization, and compliance with safety regulations
• The design should consider factors such as storage capacity,
accessibility, energy efficiency, ventilation systems, and
equipment requirements

53. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• The construction process begins with site preparation, including
clearing the land, leveling, and addressing any environmental
considerations
• It is crucial to use high-quality materials that provide adequate
insulation to minimize heat transfer and maintain the desired
temperature within the storage facility
• Special attention should be given to proper sealing and insulation
to prevent air leakage and maintain a controlled atmosphere

54. Refrigeration Systems and Equipment Installation
• The heart of a CA storage facility is the refrigeration system
• It is responsible for maintaining the desired temperature and humidity
levels within the storage space
• The equipment, including compressors, condensers, evaporators, and
controllers, must be selected based on the specific requirements of the
commodities being stored
• Regular maintenance and calibration of the equipment are essential to
ensure optimal performance and energy efficiency

55. VENTILATION AND AIR CIRCULATION
• Proper ventilation and air circulation are critical in CA storage
facilities
• The facility should be equipped with well-designed ventilation
systems that allow for the controlled exchange of gases and the
removal of excess heat and moisture
• This helps maintain the desired gas composition and prevents the
buildup of harmful gases or condensation

56. MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
• CA storage facilities require advanced monitoring and control
systems to maintain the desired atmospheric conditions
• This includes temperature, humidity, gas composition, and
pressure monitoring
• Alarms and alerts should be integrated to notify operators in case
of any deviations from the desired parameters

57. OPERATIONAL PRACTICES AND STAFF
TRAINING
• Once the CA storage facility is constructed and operational,
implementing proper operational practices is essential for its
effective utilization
• Staff members should receive comprehensive training on
handling and operating the facility, including temperature
monitoring, equipment maintenance, and emergency procedures
• Good inventory management practices, such as FIFO (first-in,
first-out), should be followed to minimize stock discrepancies and
ensure the timely rotation of stored commodities.

58. COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
• CA storage facilities must adhere to local building codes, safety
regulations, and industry standards
• Fire safety measures, emergency exits, and proper handling of
hazardous materials should be incorporated into the facility
design
• Regular inspections, maintenance, and compliance checks are
necessary to ensure the facility operates in a safe and compliant
manner

59. MAINTENANCE OF CONTROLLED
ATMOSPHERE (CA) STORAGE
FACILITIES

60. • Maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper
functioning and longevity of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage
facilities
• Regular maintenance activities help preserve the desired
atmospheric conditions, maximize energy efficiency, and prevent
equipment failures

61. • Regular Inspection: Conduct routine inspections of the facility to
identify any potential issues or equipment malfunctions. Identify and
address any problems promptly to prevent further damage and ensure
optimal performance.
• Cleaning and Sanitation: Maintain a clean and hygienic environment
within the CA storage facility. Thoroughly sanitize the facility to
prevent the growth of molds, bacteria, and pests. Use appropriate
cleaning agents and follow industry guidelines to ensure the safety of
stored products.

62. • Temperature and Gas Composition Monitoring: Continuously
monitor and calibrate temperature and gas composition sensors to
ensure accurate readings. Deviations from the target parameters should
be investigated and addressed promptly.
• Refrigeration System Maintenance: The refrigeration system is a
critical component of CA storage facilities. Conduct regular
maintenance on compressors, condensers, evaporators, and other
refrigeration equipment. Follow manufacturer guidelines and consult
qualified technicians to perform any necessary repairs or maintenance
tasks.

63. • Ventilation and Air Circulation: Ensure proper functioning of
ventilation systems and fans to facilitate adequate air circulation
within the storage chambers. Check dampers and louvers for proper
operation and adjust as needed to maintain the desired gas
composition and prevent condensation.
• Structural Integrity and Insulation: Regularly inspect the structural
components of the CA storage facility, including walls, ceilings, and
floors, for signs of damage or deterioration. Repair or replace
insulation materials as necessary to maintain efficient temperature
control and minimize energy loss.

64. • Emergency Preparedness: Develop and implement emergency
protocols to address any unforeseen events or equipment failures.
Maintain emergency contact information for relevant service
providers and ensure the availability of backup power sources, if
applicable.
• Documentation and Record-Keeping: Maintain thorough records
of maintenance activities, inspections, repairs, and calibration of
equipment. It also serves as a valuable reference for future
maintenance and troubleshooting.

65. A few additional points to consider for the maintenance of
controlled atmosphere (CA) storage facilities:
• Training and Knowledge Transfer
• Calibration and Testing
• Energy Efficiency Measures
• Pest Control
• Emergency Backup Systems
• Collaboration with Service Providers
• Continuous Improvement

66. CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
FOR GRAINS AND PERISHABLES

67. • Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage is a specialized technique
used to create a modified atmospheric environment in storage
structures
• This technique aims to extend the shelf life and maintain the
quality of grains and perishable products
• We will examine practical case studies and emerging trends in
CA storage, highlighting the advancements in technology and
their potential implications for the industry

68. PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLED
ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
• Gas Composition Control is a fundamental aspect of CA
storage.
• It involves adjusting and regulating the levels of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and nitrogen within the storage environment
• By modifying the gas composition, CA storage can slow
down the ripening process, inhibit microbial growth, and
preserve the quality of stored products
.

69. • Temperature and Humidity Management play a crucial role in CA
storage
• Effective humidity management is also essential to avoid excessive
moisture or dehydration, which can impact the texture and overall
quality of the stored items
• Packaging Considerations are vital in CA storage.
• The packaging should have suitable gas barrier properties to prevent
gas exchange with the external environment

70. • Monitoring and Control Systems are implemented in CA storage to
ensure the desired atmospheric conditions are maintained
• Sensors and monitoring devices are used to measure and track gas
composition, temperature, and humidity levels within the storage
structure.
• Control mechanisms, such as automated control systems or manual
adjustments, are employed to regulate the storage environment based
on the predefined parameters

71. APPLICATIONS OF CA STORAGE FOR
GRAINS
• CA storage offers significant benefits for grain preservation
• It extends the shelf life, reduces spoilage, and helps preserve
the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of grains
• Implementing CA storage techniques tailored to specific
grain varieties ensures optimal storage conditions and
maximizes preservation

72. IMPACT OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE
STORAGE ON GRAIN QUALITY
• It influences grain composition, attributes, and nutritional
value
• By maintaining the controlled atmosphere, CA storage
minimizes the loss of moisture content, preserves the texture
and flavor of grains, and prevents insect infestations
• Various quality evaluation methods, including sensory
analysis and laboratory testing, are employed to assess the
effects of CA storage on grain quality.

73. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND
BENEFITS OF CA STORAGE
• CA storage systems have economic advantages
• Although the initial investment may be higher compared to
conventional storage methods, the extended shelf life and reduced
spoilage result in decreased product losses and increased
profitability
• CA storage also helps optimize the utilization of agricultural
resources and reduce food waste, contributing to sustainable and
efficient agricultural practices

74. EMERGING TRENDS AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
• The field of CA storage is continuously evolving, with
emerging trends and technological advancements
• Innovations in monitoring and control systems, integration of
Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and data analytics are
shaping the future of CA storage
• Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage is a valuable technique
for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of
grains and perishables

75. • CA Storage for Apples: Apples are commonly stored in
controlled atmosphere conditions to maintain their quality and
extend their shelf life. The gas composition is adjusted to reduce
oxygen levels and increase carbon dioxide levels, which slows
down the ripening process and inhibits microbial growth.
• CA Storage for Potatoes: Potatoes are often stored in controlled
atmosphere conditions to prevent sprouting and reduce spoilage.
Controlled atmosphere storage helps maintain the firmness and
color of potatoes, reducing losses due to sprouting and decay.

76. • CA Storage for Grains: Various grains, such as wheat, rice, and
maize, can benefit from controlled atmosphere storage. By adjusting
the gas composition and regulating temperature and humidity, the
storage life of grains can be prolonged, preserving their nutritional
quality and preventing insect infestations.
• CA Storage for Cut Flowers: Cut flowers, such as roses, carnations,
and orchids, are commonly stored in controlled atmosphere conditions
to extend their vase life. By reducing ethylene levels and maintaining
optimal temperature and humidity, the quality and freshness of cut
flowers can be preserved for longer periods.

77. • CA Storage for Fresh Vegetables: Various fresh vegetables,
including lettuce, spinach, and broccoli, can benefit from
controlled atmosphere storage. By maintaining optimal gas
composition and humidity levels, the shelf life of vegetables can
be extended, minimizing post-harvest losses

78. CAP STORAGE

79. • CAP storage structures, also known as Controlled
Atmosphere Packaging, are designed to create a modified
atmospheric environment around the stored products
• This controlled atmosphere helps to extend the shelf life and
maintain the quality of perishable items, such as fruits,
vegetables, and certain food products

80. • Purpose and Benefits: The primary purpose of CAP storage
structures is to regulate the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
sometimes nitrogen within the storage environment. By controlling
these gases, CAP aims to slow down the ripening process, inhibit
microbial growth, and prevent quality deterioration in the stored
products.
• Gas Composition Control: Temperature and humidity control are
integral to CAP storage structures. Monitoring and regulating
temperature and humidity within CAP structures are critical to
optimizing storage conditions.
• Packaging and Sealing: It require specific packaging materials and
sealing techniques to maintain the desired gas composition.

81. • Monitoring and Control Systems: CAP storage structures typically
incorporate monitoring and control systems to ensure the desired
atmospheric conditions are maintained. Automated control systems
can adjust gas composition or activate ventilation as needed, based on
predefined parameters.
• Application and Considerations: CAP storage structures are
commonly used in the storage and transportation of fresh produce,
including fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers. They can also be
employed in certain processed food products, such as bakery items
and snack foods