These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
Reuse and recyclable waste construction material. In this ppt you will types of rubble stones, uses, properties, test to be done on stone , where it can be reuse, et al.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
Reuse and recyclable waste construction material. In this ppt you will types of rubble stones, uses, properties, test to be done on stone , where it can be reuse, et al.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6. GENERAL PRINCIPALS
The stones to be used for stone masonry
should be hard, tough and durable.
The stones should be perfectly dressed
as per the requirements.
The mortar to be used should be good
quality.
As per as possible broken stones or
small stones chips should not used.
The properly wetted stones should be
used to avoid mortar moisture being
sucked. Cont…..
7. Joints must be maintained of uniform
thickness to it’s minimum norm & proper
bond should be maintained throughout
for alternate courses.
Large flat stones should be used below
the seat of girders, trusses for
distribution of point loads on wider
cross-sectional (c/s) area of wall.
8.
9. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
Rubble Masonry:-
The stones which are used in this
category are either rough or
undressed
The masonry has wider joints, since
stones of irregular sizes are used.
Cont……
10. Ashlar Masonry:-
The stones which are used in this
category are accurately dressed.
The blocks may be either square or
rectangular.
The masonry has very fine joints of
the order of 3mm thick.
It is the highest grade of masonry
work & is very costly.
12. ASHLAR MASONRY
1) Ashlar fine
2) Ashlar rough
3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced
4) Ashlar facing
5) Ashlar chamfered
6) Ashlar block in course
13. 1. UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY
Cheapest, roughest and poorest form
of stone masonry.
Stones are used in this type are of
widely different sizes.
Stones of irregular shape & size
directly obtained quarry by removing
the weak corners & edges by hammer.
15. COURSED RANDOM RUBBLE
MASONRY
This type of masonry is commonly used
in the construction of low height walls of
public buildings, residential buildings.
The method of construction is same as
previous except that course is levelled
having thickness 30 to 45 cm thick.
All the courses are not of same height.
The stones of 5 to 20cm size are used
in each course.
Header stones are allowed about regular
internal in each course.
17. COURSED SQUARED
RUBBLE MASONRY
This type of masonry is made up of hammer
squared stones.
The stones employed in each course are of
equal height.
In order to avoid thick mortar joints, small
chips may be used.
Good appearance can be achieved by using
risers ( large stones), leveller (thinner
stones), sneck or check (small stones) in a
pattern having their depths in the ratio of
3:2:1.
It is sometimes known as Square-snecked
rubble.
19. POLYGONAL RUBBLE
MASONRY
In this type of masonry the stones are
roughly dressed to an irregular
polygonal shape.
The stones should be so arranged as
to avoid long vertical joints in face
work and to break joints as much as
possible.
Small stone chips should not be used
to support the stones on the facing.
21. FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY
This type of masonry is used in the areas
where the flint is available in plenty.
These are the irregularly shaped nodules of
silica.
The flint stones varying in
thickness from 8 to 15cm and in length from
15 to 30cm are arranged in the facing in the
form of coursed or uncoursed masonry.
These stones are brittle & therefore break
easily.
Strength of flint wall may be increased by
introducing lacing courses of either thin long
stones or bricks at vertical interval of 1 to 2
meters.
23. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
This type of masonry is used in the
construction
agriculture
of
land,
retaining
pitching
walls in
earthen
dams and canal slopes in the form of
random rubble masonry without any
mortar.
This type of construction is the
cheapest & requires more skills in
construction.
The hallow spaces left around stones
should be tightly packed with smaller
stone pieces.
26. ASHLAR MASONRY
1) Ashlar fine
2) Ashlar rough
3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced
4) Ashlar facing
5) Ashlar chamfered
6) Ashlar block in course
27. ASHLAR FINE
This is the finest type of masonry
perfectly dressed stones are used.
The height of the courses is never less
than 30cm & generally all the courses
are kept of same height.
The stones are generally laid as
header & stretcher alternately.
The bed & side joints in this type of
work should never exceed 5mm in
thickness.
29. ASHLAR ROUGH
In this type, the exposed faces should
have a fine chisel drafting.
The Thickness of mortar joints does
not exceeds 6mm.
The size, angle, edges etc are
maintained in order similar to that for
dressed ashlar.
It is also known as bastard ashlar.
30.
31. ASHLAR CHAMFERED
Chamfered masonry is the special type of
ashlar-masonry in which at an angle of 45
degrees to a depth of 25 mm the strip
provided around the perimeter of the
exposed face is chamfered
32. ASHLAR FACING
Ashlar facing masonry is provided
along with brick or concrete block
masonry, to give better appearance.
Face stones are rough tooled.
Height of stone should not be less
than 20 cm.
Backing is made up of brick, concrete
etc.
37. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
STONE & BRICK MASONARY
Properties Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
Strength High Strength Less strength
Durability Excellent Less
Appearance No external treatment
required
Plastering required
Mortar Joints Thick Thin
Danger from
dampness
No Yes
Fire Resistance Less More
Handling Requiring Lifting
Devices
Easy to handle
Method of
Construction
Quarrying, Dressing Preparation of Clay,
Moulding, Drying,
Burning
Cost More Less
Use Pier, Dam, Residential Residential & Public