Stomach
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This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. It describes the different cell types found in the stomach and their functions. It also discusses various stomach diseases including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric lymphoma, and post-gastrectomy complications such as dumping syndromes. Pyloric stenosis, gastric volvulus, and Menetrier disease are also summarized. Risk factors, symptoms, types and spread of gastric cancer are outlined.
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Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that is usually caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. It can occur suddenly or gradually. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, alcoholism, smoking, older age, and inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnosis involves tests like an upper endoscopy, blood tests, and stool tests. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying cause, increasing fluid intake, avoiding irritants, and using medication if needed.
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L7 chronic gastritis f
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17 chronic gastritis gao
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This organism, formerly known as Campylobacter pylori, is now known as Helicobacter pylori, a curved bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa. H. pylori has been found in 90% of patients with chronic gastritis, 95% with duodenal ulcer disease, and 70% with gastric ulcer. Chronic gastritis is defined as the presence of chronic inflammatory changes in the mucosa leading to mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia. The two main causes of chronic gastritis are infection by H. pylori and autoimmune gastritis. Left untreated, chronic gastritis increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarc
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17 chronic gastritis gao
Chronic gastritis is a common disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It is classified as Type A, associated with autoimmunity affecting the corpus, or Type B, associated with Helicobacter pylori infection affecting the antrum. While most patients are asymptomatic, common symptoms include dyspepsia. Diagnosis is typically made through endoscopy with biopsy for histological examination. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through medications, with H. pylori eradication therapy for Type B cases. Chronic gastritis puts patients at increased long-term risk for gastric cancer if atrophic gastritis or dysplasia develops.
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Stomach
- 2. THE STOMACH
- 3. ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH
- 4. BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE STOMACH
- 5. BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE STOMACH
- 6. VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE STOMACH
- 7. LYMPH DRAINAGE OF THE STOMACH
- 8. cell type Location Produce Function Proximal cardiac glands Cardia Mucus protects the stomach wall from the acid and digestive enzymes Parietal cells Body and funds 1-HCL 2- intrinsic factor Chief cells Body and funds Pepsinogen when activated become pepsin , digest portions G cells Pylorus Gastrin hormone stimulate gastric acid secretion from parietal cells. Stimulate mucosal growth of the GIT.
- 9. PYLORIC STENOSIS ➤ Congenital hypertrophy of pyloric smooth muscles. ➤ leads to obstruction of the gastric outlet. ➤ Treated by myotomy
- 10. GASTRIC VOLVULUS ➤ Torsion or twisting of the stomach ➤ Symptoms :(brochardt’s triad): 1-epigastric pain and distention 2-inability to vomit 3- difficult passage of nasogastric tube
- 11. MENETRIER DISEASE ➤ Hypertrophic gastropathy ( enlarged gastric rugae)
- 12. PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE ➤ Chronic mucosal ulceration of stomach/duodenum. ➤ two locations : gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers.
- 13. DUODENAL AND GASTRIC ULCERS Gastric ulcers Duodenal ulcers Pain worsens with meals Pain improve with meals 75%with H.pylori 95% with H.pylori Usually at the lesser curvature of the Antrum Usually at the anterior duodenum Bleeding from left gastric artery bleeding from gastroddoudenal artery may be caused by gastric carcinoma almost never malignant
- 14. PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE Complications : bleeding perforation obstruction
- 15. SPECIAL GASTRIC ULCERS ➤ Curling ulcers :resulte from severe burn hypovolemia leads to decreased blood supply. Cushing ulcers : results from increased intracranial pressure, increased stimulation of vagus nerve, increase acid production.
- 16. GASTRITIS ➤ Inflammation of the stomach. ➤ Chronic or acute ➤ Signs and symptoms: ACUTE : ▪May be asymptomatic. ▪Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting. ▪Mucosal ulcers. ▪Hemorrhage, hematemesis, melena. CHRONIC : ▪Iron deficiency anemia. ▪Pernicious anemia.
- 17. CAUSES OF GASTRITIS ➤ Acute : ▪NSAIDs ▪H. pylori infection ▪Alcohol, cigarette smoke, caffeine ▪stress Chronic : ▪Infectious :H. pylori ▪Autoimmune : against gastric parietal cells.
- 18. GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA ➤ Malignant proliferation of surface epithelial cells ➤ 2 types: intestinal diffuse ➤ Present with : weight loss, abdominal pain, early satiety rarely present as : acanthosis nigricans or laser-trelat sign
- 19. GASTRIC CARCINOMA ➤ Spread by lymph nodes ➤ Distant metastasis: 1-liver 2-periumbilical region (sister Mary Joseph nodule) intestinal type 3-bilateral ovaries (krukenberg tumor ) diffuse type
- 20. INTESTINAL GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA➤ more common ➤ large irregular ulcer ➤ mostly Involve the lesser curvature of the Antrum ➤ risk factors : intestinal metaplasia (h.pylori ,aoutoimmune gastritis) smoked foods (japan): nitrosamines blood type A
- 21. DIFFUSE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA ➤ signet ring cells, diffusely infiltrate the stomach wall ➤ Thickening of the wall (linitis plastica) ➤ not associated with H.pylori, nitrosamines, intestinal metaplasia
- 23. GASTRIC LYMPHOMA ➤ Malignant gastric cancer ➤ 4% of gastric tumors ➤ Mostly B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma ➤ increased risk with H.pylori
- 24. POST GASTRECTOMY COMPLICATIONS➤ Postgastrectomy diarrhea ➤ Dumping syndromes ➤ alkaline reflux gastritis ➤ Afferent loop syndrome ➤ Nutritional deficiencies :vitamin B12 ,iron ,calcium
- 25. DUMPING SYNDROMES Early dumping syndrome : ➤ Bloated feeling ➤ Abdominal cramps ➤ Nausea, vomting ➤ Diarrhea ➤ Rapid heart rate ➤ Lightheadness ➤ fainting
- 26. DUMPING SYNDROMES Late dumbing syndrome : hypoglycemia Weakness , sweating, confusion, tremors.