Stephen Krashen developed a theory of second language acquisition consisting of 5 main hypotheses: 1) Acquisition-Learning hypothesis distinguishes acquired implicit knowledge from learned explicit knowledge. 2) Natural Order hypothesis states language rules are acquired in a predictable order. 3) Monitor hypothesis describes how learned rules are used to edit language. 4) Input hypothesis emphasizes comprehensible input just beyond a learner's level. 5) Affective Filter hypothesis explains how affective variables like motivation and anxiety can help or hinder acquisition. Krashen's theory mapped out a "natural approach" to teaching language that focused on acquiring language through meaningful interaction and input at an appropriate level.

1. Stephen Krashen
The natural approach
to teaching & learning L2

2. A map of Australia before Cook

3. Krashen mapped a very educated guess

4. Krashen’s map

5. Krashen's theory of
second language
acquisition consists of
five main hypotheses
1. the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,
2. the Natural Order hypothesis,
3. the Monitor hypothesis,
4. the Input hypothesis,
5. and the Affective Filter hypothesis.

6. Map idea 1 – we need to acquire
language

7. What’s the difference?
Acquisition Learning
implicit, subconscious explicit, conscious
informal situations formal situations
uses grammatical 'feel' uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude depends on aptitude
stable order of acquisition simple to complex order of
learning

8. Map idea 2 – Natural order
“we acquire the rules of language in a
predictable order”

9. Map idea 3 – The Monitor
we check, edit & correct according to
what we have learned

10. The Monitor kicks in if
1. we have time
2. focus on correct form
3. we know the rules
Then we check, edit, correct

11. Input
Comprehensible input
i =
current
level
i+1
i + ….
Acquires
a second
language
Input
Input too difficult
i =
current
level
i + 1
i+5
Map idea 4
- THE INPUT HYPOTHESIS
Give me something I can understand
Well actually, a little bit more than I
understand (I + 1)

12. Some similarities to Vygotsky’s
Zone of Proximal Development

13. Map idea 5 – the Affective Filter
self-confidence, motivation, anxiety
affect learning

15. The 5 map ideas

16. Of course Krashen’s map was not perfect
but neither was Cook’s. (e.g. Tasmania!)

17. Krashen drew a new map for
English teaching – the natural
approach