SCTP is a transport layer protocol that combines features of UDP and TCP. It allows multi-streaming so data on blocked streams can still be delivered, supports multihoming to use multiple network interfaces for fault tolerance, and provides reliable and ordered delivery of data. Key SCTP features include a 4-way handshake to prevent DoS attacks, graceful shutdown, and congestion/flow control adapted from TCP to support multihoming. Data is sent in chunks identified by TSN, SI, and SSN numbers.
TCP & UDP Streaming Comparison and a Study on DCCP & SCTP ProtocolsPeter SHIN
As a graduate student work, I have compared the performance between TCP and UDP media streaming with empirical results. Also, I have researched on different attempts on UDP to be more reliable, but why its progress has not been as fast as possible
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
TCP & UDP Streaming Comparison and a Study on DCCP & SCTP ProtocolsPeter SHIN
As a graduate student work, I have compared the performance between TCP and UDP media streaming with empirical results. Also, I have researched on different attempts on UDP to be more reliable, but why its progress has not been as fast as possible
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
Overview of transport protocols as alternatives to TCP and UDP.
TCP and UDP are the two transport protocols (OSI layer 4) that are predominantly used by applications in IP based networks.
The properties of TCP and UDP are complementary in that TCP provides many quality of service features that UDP lacks.
Therefore, TCP is mainly used in applications that require a certain level of reliable transport connection while UDP is used when reliability is of secondary importance but speed and simplicity are important.
There are, however, alternatives to TCP and UDP. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) was defined some time ago and was meant to eventually replace TCP. It provides the same features as TCP but fixes some of the shortcomings of TCP. Alternatives for UDP exist as well such as Reliable UDP and UDP redundancy.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by the vast majority of applications to transport their data reliably across the Internet and in the cloud. TCP was designed in the 1970s and has slowly evolved since then. Today's networks are multipath: mobile devices have multiple wireless interfaces, datacenters have many redundant paths between servers, and multihoming has become the norm for big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is essentially a single-path protocol: when a TCP connection is established, the connection is bound to the IP addresses of the two communicating hosts and these cannot change. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a major modification to TCP that allows multiple paths to be used simultaneously by a single transport connection. Multipath TCP circumvents the issues mentioned above and several others that affect TCP. The IETF is currently finalising the Multipath TCP RFC and an implementation in the Linux kernel is available today.
This tutorial will present in details the design of Multipath TCP and the role that it could play in cloud environments. We will start with a presentation of the current Internet landscape and explain how various types of middleboxes have influenced the design of Multipath TCP. Second we will describe in details the connection establishment and release procedures as well as the data transfer mechanisms that are specific to Multipath TCP. We will then discuss several use cases for the deployment of Multipath TCP including improving the performance of datacenters and
mobile WiFi offloading on smartphones. All these use cases are key when both accessing cloud-based services or when providing them. We will end the tutorial with some open research issues.
This tutorial was given at the IEEE Cloud'Net 2012 conference in novembrer 2012.
The pptx version containing animations that are not shown here is available from http://www.multipath-tcp.org
Overview of transport protocols.
The transport layer (OSI layer 4) is the interface between the network and application (network API).
The transport layer provides data transport service and some level of quality of service (QoS) to the application.
While all transport protocols offer data transport services, they have varying levels of quality of service in terms of error detection and correction, packet ordering and packet delay.
Simple transport protocols like UDP are often connectionless while connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP provide many quality of service properties.
Overview of transport protocols as alternatives to TCP and UDP.
TCP and UDP are the two transport protocols (OSI layer 4) that are predominantly used by applications in IP based networks.
The properties of TCP and UDP are complementary in that TCP provides many quality of service features that UDP lacks.
Therefore, TCP is mainly used in applications that require a certain level of reliable transport connection while UDP is used when reliability is of secondary importance but speed and simplicity are important.
There are, however, alternatives to TCP and UDP. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) was defined some time ago and was meant to eventually replace TCP. It provides the same features as TCP but fixes some of the shortcomings of TCP. Alternatives for UDP exist as well such as Reliable UDP and UDP redundancy.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by the vast majority of applications to transport their data reliably across the Internet and in the cloud. TCP was designed in the 1970s and has slowly evolved since then. Today's networks are multipath: mobile devices have multiple wireless interfaces, datacenters have many redundant paths between servers, and multihoming has become the norm for big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is essentially a single-path protocol: when a TCP connection is established, the connection is bound to the IP addresses of the two communicating hosts and these cannot change. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a major modification to TCP that allows multiple paths to be used simultaneously by a single transport connection. Multipath TCP circumvents the issues mentioned above and several others that affect TCP. The IETF is currently finalising the Multipath TCP RFC and an implementation in the Linux kernel is available today.
This tutorial will present in details the design of Multipath TCP and the role that it could play in cloud environments. We will start with a presentation of the current Internet landscape and explain how various types of middleboxes have influenced the design of Multipath TCP. Second we will describe in details the connection establishment and release procedures as well as the data transfer mechanisms that are specific to Multipath TCP. We will then discuss several use cases for the deployment of Multipath TCP including improving the performance of datacenters and
mobile WiFi offloading on smartphones. All these use cases are key when both accessing cloud-based services or when providing them. We will end the tutorial with some open research issues.
This tutorial was given at the IEEE Cloud'Net 2012 conference in novembrer 2012.
The pptx version containing animations that are not shown here is available from http://www.multipath-tcp.org
Overview of transport protocols.
The transport layer (OSI layer 4) is the interface between the network and application (network API).
The transport layer provides data transport service and some level of quality of service (QoS) to the application.
While all transport protocols offer data transport services, they have varying levels of quality of service in terms of error detection and correction, packet ordering and packet delay.
Simple transport protocols like UDP are often connectionless while connection-oriented transport protocols like TCP provide many quality of service properties.
IV B.Tech I Sem CSE&IT JNTUK R10 regulation students have Mobile computing paper. This slides especially contains UNIT - 5 total material required for end exams
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2. CONTENTS
• What is SCTP?
• Why not TCP?
• SCTP Services
-Multiple Streams
-Multihoming
-Full-Duplex Communication
-Connection-Oriented Service
-Reliable Service
•
•
•
•
•
SCTP Features
FOUR Way Hand Shake
Graceful Shutdown
Flow Control Mechanism in SCTP
Congestion Control Mechanism in SCTP
3. SCTP
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new
reliable, message-oriented transport-layer protocol. It
combines the best features of UDP and TCP.
• Why TCP can’t be used as a common Protocol?
TCP provides reliable data transfer and strict order-of-transmission delivery.
_ The problem of this approach is that a loss at any point in the stream
blocks the delivery of the rest of the data.
– some applications(real time data such as audio or video ) need reliable transfer
but not sequence maintenance. They suffer head-of-line (HOL) blocking.
• TCP was never designed to be multi-homed
– A multi-homed host is one that has several network cards, and can make use of
a number of IP addresses at the same time.
• TCP is relatively vulnerable to denial of service attacks.
– This kind of attacks try to make unavailable one service, by exhausting the
resources it uses. One of such well-known attacks is the so-called SYN attack.
5. Multi-stream
SCTP allows multistream service in each connection
,which is called association in SCTP terminology. If one
of the streams is blocked, the other streams can still
• SCTP is a message-oriented,
deliver their data. The idea is similar to multiple lanes
reliable lane can be used for a different type
on a highway, eachprotocol that combines the
of traffic.
• best features of UDP and TCP.
6. Multihoming
The following figure depicts a typical multi-homed host
• A multi-homed host is one that has several network cards, and
can make use of a number of IP addresses at the same time.
App-3
App-2
App-1
OS
NI-1
NI-2
160.15.82.20
NI-3
10.1.61.11
161.10.8.221
7. Multihoming (contd)
• A TCP connection involves one source and one
destination IP address i.e. even if the sender or
receiver is a multihomed ,only one of these IP
addresses per end can be utilized during the
connection.
• An SCTP association on the other hand support
multihoming service. The sender and receiver can
define multiple IP addresses in each end for an
association
• In this fault-tolerant approach ,when one path
fails, another interface can be used for data delivery
without interruption.
8. SCTP Endpoint : An SCTP endpoint can be represented as a
list of SCTP transport addresses with the same port:
endpoint = [10.1.4.2, 10.1.5.3 : 80]
[161.10.8.221 : 2223]
Application-1
NI-1
NI-2
NI-3
10.1.61.11
160.15.82.20
161.10.8.221
9. SCTP Endpoint (contd)
• Application-1 has bound one IP address of the host
with the port 2223.
• If a new application is started Application-2, it may
legally bind [160.15.82.20 : 2223] or [10.1.61.11 :
2223] or even [160.15.82.20, 10.1.61.11 : 2223]
• The new application will NOT be able to bind the
existing SCTP Transport address that Application-1
has bound i.e.: [161.10.8.221 : 2223]
10. • Client and server are connected to two networks with two IP
addresses each .They can make an association ,using four
different pairs of IP address.
• However in current implementations only one pair of IP
addresses can be chosen for normal communication ;the
alternative is used if the main fails.
i.e. At present, SCTP does not allow load sharing between different
path.
Currently, it is only for fault-tolerance.
10
11. SCTP SERVICES(contd)
• Full-Duplex Communication: data can flow
in both the directions.
• Connection-Oriented Service: two SCTP’s
establish an association between each other.
• Reliable Service: uses acknowledgement
mechanism to check the safe and sound arrival
of data.
13. The unit of data in SCTP is called data
chunk. In SCTP, a data chunk is numbered
using a TSN.
• To distinguish between different streams,
SCTP uses an SI.
To distinguish between different data
chunks belonging to the same stream,
SCTP uses SSNs.
• Data chunks are identified by three
identifiers: TSN, SI, and SSN.
• TSN is a cumulative number identifying
the association
14. A scenario:
Suppose that process A needs to send 11 messages to
process B in three streams, the first four in first stream,
the second three in second stream, and last four in third
stream
15. PACKET FORMAT
• An SCTP packet has a mandatory general
header and a set of blocks called chunks.
There are two types of chunks: control
chunks and data chunks.
17. FOUR- WAY HANDSHAKE
• The client sends the first packet which contain an INIT
chunk.
• The server sends the second packet which contains an
INIT ACK chunk.
• The client sends the third packet which includes a
COOKIE ECHO chunk, this is a simple chunk that echoes
without any change to the cookie sent by the server.
• The server sends the fourth packet, which includes the
COOKIE ACK CHUNK that acknowledges the receipt of
the COOKIE ECHO chunk.
• It prevents Denial Of Service Attack .
20. Problem in 3 way handshake :SYN
Flooding Attack in TCP
attackers
128.3.4.5
192.10.2.8
130.2.4.15
victim
SYN
228.3.14.5
SYN
190.13.4.1
221.3.5.10
SYN
Flooded!!
TCB
TCB
TCB
TCB
TCB
Unavailable, reserved resources
• There is no ACK in response to the SYN-ACK, hence connection
remains half-open
• Other genuine clients cannot open connections to the victim
• The victim is unable to provide service
22. • Framing : preserve message boundaries
• Flow Control
– SCTP uses an end-to-end window based flow and congestion
control mechanism similar to the one that is used in TCP
• Flow Control for Multi-homed Endpoints
– By default, all transmission is done to a previously selected
address from the set of destination addresses, which is called
the Primary Address.
– Retransmissions should be done on different paths, so that if
one path is overloaded, retransmissions do not affect this
path.
• Congestion Control
– The congestion control mechanisms for SCTP have been
derived from TCP Congestion Control), and been adapted
for multi-homing.
• Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance is used with
different parameters for different paths.