Changemakers Summit is a place to meet likeminded people from NGOs and other mission-driven organisations who are trying to change the world for the better. These three days are meant to inspire and to help you learn from the best practices and find fellow Changemakers to work together with.

1. Kaia Oras
Changemakers Summit
Tartu 07. 06. 2019
How has the Estonian society changed in recent years:
environmental trends

2. Plan of the presentation
Envrionmental SDG-s, Estonias position
Planetary environmental boundaries model
Some environmental trends:
 - use of natural resources, environmental pressure, key figures on climate change
Circular economy
Environmental financial measures
 Environmental taxes
 Environmental sector
 Contribution to environmental protection
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

3. * Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2018, Illustration: Azote Images for Stockholm Resilience Centre
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
UN Sustainable
Development Goals
Hinnang 18 eesmärgi osas on kujundatud üksikute näitajate positsioonide keskmisena
bad
bad goodgood
Economy and society have to fit into the
environment *

4. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

5. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019https://www.stat.ee/publication-2018_indicators-of-sustainable-development
Estonias ranking and the trends of environmental SDG indicators

6. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

7. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

8. * Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2018, Illustration: Azote Images for Stockholm Resilience Centre
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
UN Sustainable
Development Goals
Hinnang 18 eesmärgi osas on kujundatud üksikute näitajate positsioonide keskmisena
bad
bad goodgood
Economy and society have to fit into the
environment *

9. Planetary boundaries according to Rockström et al. 2009[1] and Steffen et al. 2015.[2] The green areas in middle represent human activities that are
within safe margins, the yellow areas represent human activities that may or may not have exceeded safe margins, the red areas represent human
activities that have exceeded safe margins, and the gray areas with red question marks represent human activities for which safe margins have not
yet been determined. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
Planetary environmental boundaries
Scientific viewpoint
Which are important
environmental
trends?

10. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Generation of
waste,
thousand tons
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Landfill of
waste,
thousand tons
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Generation of
hazardous
waste,
thousand tons
0
100
200
300
400
500
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Generation of
municipal
waste per
capita, kg
0
500
1 000
1 500
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Fresh water
extraction per
capita, m³
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Excavation of
sand,
thousand m³
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Excavation of
limestone,
thousand m³
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Excavation of
gravel, thousand
m³
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Excavation of oil
shale, thousand
tons
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Excavation of
peat, thousand
tons
0
50
100
150
200
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Pollution load of
wastewater,
nitrogen, tons
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Pollution load
of wastewater,
phosphorus,
tons
0
20
40
60
80
100
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Emission of
sulphur
dioxide,
thousand tons
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Emission of
carbon dioxide,
thousand tons
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Forest felling, th
cubic metres
solid volume
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
Ground water
abstraction,
thousand m3
Main trends of environmental pressure and resource use

11. Environmental trends and circular economy…
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

12. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

13. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
Circular economy indicators unit EU average Estonia’ s value and
rank in EU red: worse than
average green: better than
average
Estonian trend
(v.v.a.)
3. Municipal waste generation kg per cap 486 390 No trend
3. Waste generation kg/ th. euro 65 646 No trend
3. Waste generation per DMC % 13.5 33.4 No trend
4. Food waste generation M ton 76 - No trend
5. Recycling rate of waste, excl mineral waste % 57 10 No trend
5. Recycling rate of municipal waste % 46.4 28.4 No trend
6.1 Recycling rate of packaging waste % 67.2 56 Changed for worse
6. 2. Recycling rate of packaging waste (plastic) % 42.4 24.6 Changed for worse
6. 3. Recycling rate of packaging waste (wood) % 39.8 32.5 Changed for worse
6. 4. Recycling rate of E-waste % 41.2 75.3 Improved
6. 5. Recycling rate of bio waste % 81 14 Improved
6. 6. Recycling rate of construction and demolition waste % 89 97 Improved
7. Circular material use rate % DMC 11.7 11.8 Improved
8. Import of recyclable material, non EU ton 5,905,135 14,933 No trend
8. Export of recyclable material, non EU ton 36,934,824 447,253 No trend
8. Import of recyclable material, EU ton 53,035,741 160,285 No trend
9. Investments into activities related to recycling % inv.-st 0.12 0.15 Improved
9. Employment of activities related to recycling % empl 1.73 2.01 Improved
9. Value added of activities related to recycling % GDP 0.98 1.11 Improved
10. Patents related to recycling number 338 4 Improved

14. ECONOMIC GROWTH OR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, COULD
WE GET BOTH?
Resource use and economic growth
decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth…
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019

15. GDP, domestic material consumption and resource productivity, trends of change 2000-
2017*
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
IMPORTANT INDICATORS:
DOMESTIC MATERIAL CONSUMPTION =
Domestic extraction use + physical trade
balance
DOMESTIC EXTRACTION USE =
Materials, which are moved or extracted in
Estonia
PHYSICAL TRADE BALANCE =
Physical import - Physical export
RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY =
GDP / Domestic material consumption
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
GDP
Domestic material consumption
Resource productivity

16. Resource productivity 2016 Changes in resource productivity 2008-2016
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00
Romania
Bulgaria
Estonia
Latvia
Poland
Lithuania
Hungary
Czechia
Slovakia
Croatia
Finland
Portugal
Cyprus
Malta
Greece
Slovenia
Austria
Sweden
Denmark
EU-28
Germany
Ireland
Belgium
Spain
France
Italy
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Netherlands
euro per kg
-50 0 50 100 150
Malta
Luxembourg
Sweden
Latvia
Austria
Estonia
Germany
Hungary
Finland
Romania
Denmark
Bulgaria
Poland
Lithuania
Netherlands
Czechia
EU-28
United Kingdom
France
Slovakia
Greece
Belgium
Portugal
Croatia
Italy
Slovenia
Spain
Cyprus
Ireland
%

17. Just an intersting component: physical export and import,
million tons
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Export
Import

18. Physical export, million tons Physical import, million tons
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
milliontons
Waste for final treatment and disposal
Other products
Metal ores and concentrates
Biomass and biomass products
Non-metallic minerals
Fossil energy materials/carriers
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
milliontons
Waste for final treatment and disposal
Other products
Metal ores and concentrates
Biomass and biomass products
Non-metallic minerals
Fossil energy materials/carriers

19. Economy is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions
Emissions of greenhouse gases 2000-2017,
tons of CO2 equivalents
Sources of greenhouse gases emissions 2000-2017,
tons of CO2 equivalents
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Waste
Agriculture
Industrial
processes
Energy
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
F-gases
N2O
CH4
CO2

20. Changes in GDP, domestic energy consumption and CO2 emissions, 2010=1
Is there a decoupling of emissions from economic growth
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0,80
0,90
1,00
1,10
1,20
1,30
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GDP
Gross domestic energy use
CO2 emissions

21. Changes in GDP, CO2 emissions and intensities of GHG emissions, 2010=1
Is there a decoupling of emissions from economic growth
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GDP
Intensity of
GHG
emissions
GHG
emissions

22. Decoupling of GHG emissions and economic growth in two sectors
DECOUPLING: Electricity, gas and steam supply Decoupling is missimg: manufacturing industry
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GHG
emission
Value added
Intensity of
GHG
emissions
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GHG
emission
Value
added
Intensity
of GHG
emission
s

23. ”
CO2 emission intensity of in economic activity
“Electricity, gas and steam supply”, kg/euro
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Estonia
EU
Source: Eurostat 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
Bulgaaria
Eesti
Küpros
Poola
Kreeka
Tšehhi
Saksamaa
Holland
Sloveenia
Suurbritannia
Ungari
Rumeenia
Itaalia
EL
Portugal
Iiri
Soome
Läti
Horvaatia
Leedu
Belgia
Taani
Slovakkia
Hispaania
Austria
Prantsusmaa
Rootsi
Luksemburg
”
CO2 emissioon intensity of in economic activity
“Electricity, gas and steam supply”, 2016, kg/Euro
Luxembourg
Sweden
France
Austria
Spain
Slovakia
Denmark
Belgium
Lithuania
Croatia
Latvia
Finland
Ireland
Portugal
EU
Italy
Romania
Hungary
United Kingdom
Slovenia
Netherlands
Germany
Czechia
Greece
Poland
Cyprus
Estonia
Bulgaria

24. Which are the sectorial trends?
Intensities of GHG emissions and the changes
Canges in GHG intensities* 2010 ja 2016Which sector is most intensities in terms of GHG emissions
2016, kg of CO2 equivalents/Euro
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
* 1-(CO2/LV 2010)/(CO2/LV 2016)
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
Electricity, gas and steam
supply
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Transportation and storage
Manufacturing
Mining and quarrying
Other
Manufacturing
Other
Mining and quarrying
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Transportation and storage
Electricity, gas and steam supply
-0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4

25. 10.06.2019
What is done in Estonia to lessen the negative impact on environment?
Trends of environmental fiscal measures
Size of environmental (green) sector

26. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
TRANSPORT TAXES
PACKAGING EXCISE DUTY
FISHING CHARGE
WATER POLLUTION CHARGE
AIR POLLUTION CHARGE
WATER ABSTRACTION CHARGE
EMISSION PERMITS
WASTE DISPOSAL CHARGE
ELECTRICITY EXCISE DUTY
FUEL EXCISE DUTY

27. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000
Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation
activities
Warehousing and support activities for transportation
Manufacture of wood and paper, printing and reproduction of
recorded media
Administrative and support service activities
Other manufacturing activities, excl. manufacture of coke and
refined petroleum products
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles
Public administration and defence, education, health and
social work
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying, activities related to energy production
Construction
Other activities
Households
Land transport
FUEL EXCISE DUTY
ELECTRICITY EXCISE DUTY
EMISSION PERMITS
TRANSPORT TAXES
AIR POLLUTION FEE
WATER POLLUTION FEE
WASTE DISPOSAL FEE
PACKAGING EXCISE DUTY
WATER ABSTRACTION FEE
FISHING FEE
MINERAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION FEE
Who pays environmental taxes and charges (million EUR), 2016

28. Are environmental taxes fair? Example: quantify of used transport fuels and
transport fuels excise duty, 2016
Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
EXCISE DUTY
QUANTITY
10%
3%
0%
4%
2%
4%
3%
32%
41%
0%
10%
2%
1%
3%
4%
6%
10%
18%
21%
25%
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45
Other
Public administration and defence; education;
human health and social work activities
Non-residents
Mining and quarrying; manufacture of coke and
refined petroleum products; electricity, gas and…
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles
and motorcycles
Construction
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Land transport
Households
Water and air transport

29. Monitoring of the ecological tax reform in10.06.2019
Imapct on competivness:
surplus compared to environmental expenditures, million EUR, 2016
283
165
168
212
43
15
190
256
218
33
8
10
11
13
13
22
24
28
100
201
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Warehousing and supporting activities;
Postal and courier activities
Administrative and support service
Manufacture of wood and paper, printing
Other manufacture (except coke and
refined petroleum)
Water supply, sewerage, waste
management and remediation
Public administration and defence;
education, human health and social…
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Construction
Mining, manufacture of coke and refined
petroleum and energetics
Land transport
Environmental taxes Surplus
283
165
168
212
43
15
190
256
218
33
8
11
18
14
58
22
30
35
146
201
0 100 200 300
Environmental expenditures + taxes Surplus

30. National environmental protection expenditure, mln euros
-500 0 500 1000
2014
2015
2016
Use
Investments
Transfers
By type of exenditure and
transfers from the rest of
the world (left)
Environmental
domains
Who is contributing?
0 200 400
General government
Corporations
Households
Rest of the world
0 200 400 600
2014
2015
2016
Waste water
management
Waste
management
Other
Protection of
ambient air and
climate
Protection of
biodiversity and
landscape
Trend

31. GREEN ECONOMY:
ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES SECTOR IN
ESTONIA IN 2016
10.06.2019
Output: 2,7 billion eur (6% total output)
Value added: 1,1 billion eur (6% total value added)
Export: 443 million eur (3% total export)
Employment: 31 thousand full-time equivalent (5%, comparable with employment of
healthcare)

32. 10.06.2019
ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESOURCE SAVING
Air
Waste
water Waste
Ground
and
surface
water Noise
Biodive
rsity
Radiati
on R&D Other Water Forest Game
Renew
ables
Energy
saving Fossil
Minera
ls R&D Other
Agriculture, forestry, fishing 0 0 0 69 10 0 4 55 1 12 0 0
Mining and quarrying 0 12 0 8 0 1 0
Manufacturing 15 31 41 0 0 0 2 1 56 21 255 210 16 45 8
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 6 3 2 0 0 7 187 60 1 9
Water supply, sewerage, waste management 0 62 88 2 0 0 0 48 5 0 47 146
Construction 22 22 9 3 2 3 0 13 0 14 660 1
Wholesale and retail trade 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 24 4 1 55 0
Transportation and storage 0 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 0
Accommodation, food service 0 0 0 0 1
Information and communication 3 0
Financial and insurance 0 0 0
Real estate 0 1 2 0 1 1 4 1
Professional, scientific and technical 6 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 33 2 0 0 8 44 0 1 2 2
Administrative and support service 0 12 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 0
Puclic administration and defence 8 38 2 10 1 0 62 0 0 2 1 0 8
Education 0 0 7 1 0 0 1 3 6
Human health and social work 0 0 0 0 0
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Other service 0 2 0 3 2 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Environmental goods and services output, million eur, 2016

33. Output of economic activities producing some circular economy goods, including
export, million eur, 2016
10.06.2019
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Plastic granules from plastic waste
Reuse of glass
Retreaded tyres
New products from oilshale ash
Products from old paper
Reuse of metal
Output Export

34. *- price difference between environmentally friendlier product and “normal” product
Specific
products
Cleaner and resource
efficient products
Consumption of env goods, million eur
Goods
Consumption Extra cost*
Septic tanks 5 5
Rubbish containers 1 1
Wood fired boilers 6 6
Wind turbines 12 12
Heat pumps 19 19
Electric cars 3 1
Hybrid cars 33 5
Bio fuels 4 0
Organic goods 46 19
Electricity from renewable sources 211 7
Heat from biogas 1 0
Fuelwood 362 0
Total 702 74

35. Interaktiivsed juhtimislauad kui otsustamise tööriistad tulevikus

36. Thank you for the attention!
Kaia Oras
Leading Analyst
Economic and Environmental Statistics Department
Statistics Estonia
kaia.oras@stat.ee
tel: +372 625 9234
GSM: +372 504 2694
More:
https://www.stat.ee/keskkond
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment