This document discusses logical and critical thinking through categorical statements. It defines logic and categorical syllogisms, which involve three terms and three categorical propositions. The four types of categorical statements are explained as All S are P, No S are P, Some S are P, and Some S are not P. Terms used in categorical syllogisms include the major term, minor term, and middle term. The document also covers categories of quantity and quality for categorical forms, as well as distributed and undistributed classes.

1. LOGICAL AND CRITICAL
THINKING
STATEMENT OF CATEGORICAL FORM

2. OBJECTIVES
• AFTER COMPLETION OF THIS TOPIC STUDENT WILL ABLE TO UNDERSTAND:
• EXPLAIN ABOUT LOGICS?
• ANALYZE THE CATEGORICAL FORM/ SYLL0GISMS?
• EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF STATEMENT?
• DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TERMS USED IN CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS?

3. LOGICS
• DEFINITION:
• LOGIC IS A METHOD OF REASONING THAT INVOLVES A SERIES OF STATEMENTS, EACH OF
WHICH MUST BE TRUE IF THE STATEMENT BEFORE IT IS TRUE.
• THE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING ANY ART OR SCIENCE.

4. STATEMENT OF CATEGORICAL FORM
• CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS IS AN ARGUMENT CONSISTING OF EXACTLY
THREE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS (TWO PREMISES AND A CONCLUSION) IN WHICH
THERE APPEAR A TOTAL OF EXACTLY THREE CATEGORICAL TERMS, EACH OF WHICH IS
USED EXACTLY TWICE.
• THE STUDY OF ARGUMENTS USING CATEGORICAL STATEMENTS FORMS AN IMPORTANT
BRANCH OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING THAT BEGINS WITH ANCIENT GREEKS.

5. CATEGORICAL STATEMENT OR CATEGORICAL
PREPOSITION
• IN LOGIC, CATEGORICAL STATEMENT OR CATEGORICAL PREPOSITION IS A PREPOSITION
THAT ASSERTS OR DENIES THAT ALL OR SOME OF THE MEMBERS OF ONE CATEGORY (THE
SUBJECT TERM) ARE INCLUDED IN ANOTHER (THE PREDICATE TERM).
• ONE OF THE BEST WAY TO SIMPLIFYAN ARGUMENT OR DRAW A CONCLUSION IS THROUGH
USE OF CATEGORICAL FORM

6. 4 TYPES OF STATEMENT
• ALL S ARE P (A FORM).
• NO S ARE P (E FORM).
• SOME S ARE P (I FORM).
• SOME S ARE NOT P (O FORM).
• S STAND FOR SUBJECT AND P STAND FOR PREDICATE.

7. 4 TYPES OF STATEMENT

8. ACTIVITY
• WHAT IS THE MEANING OF SYLLOGISMS?
• CATEGORICAL FORM BELONGS TO WHICH REASONING?
• WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO SIMPLIFY THE ARGUMENT?
• IN CATEGORICAL FORM, S AND P STAND FOR WHAT?

9. TERMS USED IN CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS:
• MAJOR TERM OF ARGUMENT: PREDICATE OF CONCLUSION
• MINOR TERM: SUBJECT OF CONCLUSION
• MIDDLE TERM: TERM OF PREMISES

10. COMPONENTS OF STATEMENT
• COMPLEX THINGS ARE BREAKDOWN INTO CATEGORICAL FORM AS GROUPS SO THAT
COMPLEX THINGS ARE FIT INTO THEM. THESE TERMS ARE NOUN, AND GROUPS ARE
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. BUT NOT THESE TWO TERM IN SENTENCE DOES NOT MAKE IT
CATEGORICAL STATEMENT, 2 TERMS ARE REQUIRED;
• COPULA; 2 SETS ARE CONNECTED BY ‘’ARE’’
• QUANTIFIER; TO FINISH THE STATEMENT, USE ‘’NONE, ALL, SOME’’

11. CATEGORIES:
• QUANTITY: IT REFER TO THE NUMBER OF MEMBER IN SUBJECT CLASS IT MAY BE UNIVERSAL
(REFERS TO ALL MEMBERS) OR PARTICULAR (NOT REFERS TO ALL MEMBERS).
• QUALITY; PREPOSITION IS AFFIRM OR DENY (NEGATIVE).

12. QUESTIONS
• NAME THE 3 TERMS OF CATEGORICAL FORM?
• WHAT IS COPULA AND QUANTIFIER?
• NAME 2 CATEGORIES OF CATEGORICAL FORM?

13. DISTRIBUTION
• IF ALL THE MEMBERS OF CLASS ARE AFFECTED SO CLASS IS CALLED DISTRIBUTED
CLASS.
• THE OTHERWISE CLASS IS CALLED UNDISTRIBUTED CLASS.

14. SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
• THE 4 CATEGORICAL PREPOSITION ARE ARRANGED AS IT FORM A GRID KNOWN AS
SQUARE OF OPPOSITION.

15. QUESTIONS
• DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DISTRIBUTED AND UNDISTRIBUTED STATEMENT?
• WHAT IS SQUARE OF OPPOSITION?
• BRIEFLY EXPLAIN WHAT YOU UNDERSTAND FROM THIS TOPIC?