St Johns Wort
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Success story of St Johns Wort 16.02.2016
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a flowering plant that has been used for centuries to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It contains active ingredients like hyperforin and hypericin that are believed to improve mood by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Clinical studies show it is similarly effective as prescription antidepressants for mild to moderate depression but causes fewer side effects. The document outlines St. John's Wort's traditional uses, chemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and results from preclinical and clinical studies evaluating its antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and other therapeutic effects.
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HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD IN HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Herbs as health food is related to the herbal drug technology subject . It's all about the importance of herbs as health food like Alfalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina, etc.. All above herbs plays the important role in herbal medicine. All the herbs have different chemicals constituents with different health benefits. And all of them herbs have give potent activity against the disease. It's play important role in herbal medicine.
Hypericum
العرن المثقوب او عشبة القديس يوحنا او عشبة القديسين أو نبتة سانت جونز أو نبتة سيدي يحيى
Hypericum, St John's wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
Part used: dried flowering tops (better) or with leaves or aerial parts.
Constituents:
1- Naphthodianthrones (usually 0.3% total hypericins), including hypericin and pseudohypericin.
2- Prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives including hyperforin and adhyperforin; standardise for hyperforin (usually 2% to 5%).
3- xanthones (dibenzo-γ-pirone)
4- Flavonoids (such as biapigenin, quercetrin and rutin) and procyanidins
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Hypericum
العرن المثقوب او عشبة القديس يوحنا او عشبة القديسين أو نبتة سانت جونز أو نبتة سيدي يحيى
Hypericum, St John's wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
Part used: dried flowering tops (better) or with leaves or aerial parts.
Constituents:
1- Naphthodianthrones (usually 0.3% total hypericins), including hypericin and pseudohypericin.
2- Prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives including hyperforin and adhyperforin; standardise for hyperforin (usually 2% to 5%).
3- xanthones (dibenzo-γ-pirone)
4- Flavonoids (such as biapigenin, quercetrin and rutin) and procyanidins
5- essential oil.
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The document discusses patenting and regulatory requirements for natural products. It defines key terms like patents, intellectual property rights, farmers' rights, breeder's rights, bioprospecting, and biopiracy. It provides examples of patentable and non-patentable natural products. The document also presents two case studies: one on turmeric where a US patent was cancelled due to evidence of prior traditional knowledge in India, and one on neem where a European patent was rejected for similar reasons.
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This document discusses several potential drug interactions that can occur when drugs are taken with other substances like prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbs, supplements, food, or alcohol. It provides examples of specific herb-drug interactions for St. John's Wort, kava, ginkgo, ginseng, garlic, and white pepper and notes how these herbs can increase or decrease drug levels in the body, potentially causing adverse effects or reducing drug effectiveness. The document emphasizes the importance of avoiding certain combinations and being aware of how foods, herbs, and medications may interact.
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This document summarizes the pharmacological properties and applications of Panax ginseng. It describes the botanical information of P. ginseng, outlines its various therapeutic effects including effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, growth and metabolism, and its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. It also discusses the applications of P. ginseng in areas such as the immune system, cardiovascular health, diabetes, fertility and endurance. Finally, it notes some potential side effects and concludes that further research is needed to better understand uses of P. ginseng leaf-stem extracts.
Herb-food, Herb-Drug reaction
This document discusses several potential drug interactions that can occur when drugs are taken with other substances like prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbs, supplements, food, or alcohol. It provides examples of specific herb-drug interactions for St. John's Wort, kava, ginkgo, ginseng, garlic, and white pepper and notes how these herbs can increase or decrease drug levels in the body, potentially causing adverse effects or reducing drug effectiveness. The document emphasizes the importance of avoiding certain combinations and being aware of how foods, herbs, and medications may interact.
Nutraceuticals
The document discusses nutraceuticals, which are foods or nutrients that provide health benefits for preventing or treating disease. It notes that ancient texts like the Caraka Samhita emphasized diet and lifestyle as the foundations of health. Nutraceuticals can be vitamins, minerals, herbal extracts, functional foods or beverages. They are classified based on their functional components like polyphenols, probiotics, prebiotics and dietary fibers. The document outlines the scope of nutraceuticals for conditions like cardiovascular, cancer and diabetes prevention. It also discusses regulations for nutraceuticals in India and the growth of the nutraceutical market. Specific nutraceuticals like amorfrutins are highlighted for their anti
Herbal Drug Technology Unit 5
1. The herbal drug industry in India has significant present scope and future prospects due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines that are safer, less toxic, and more affordable than synthetic drugs.
2. India has a large number of plant-based industries and research institutions involved in developing medicinal and aromatic plants, with over 2400 plant species used as raw drugs and 8000 plant varieties used in herbal medicines.
3. The herbal drug market in India is estimated at Rs. 7000 crore currently and is one of the fastest growing sectors due to the popularity of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicine systems.
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हर्बल रंगों का उपयोग करना चाहिए जो स्वास्थ्य क
े मलए बेहतर हैं। कुछ उदाहरण हैं:
1. हेना - यह एक सुरक्षित और प्राकृतिक रंग है जो बालों और त्व
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This document discusses nutraceuticals and their role in healthcare. It defines nutraceuticals as food or food components that provide health benefits in addition to their nutritional value. The document outlines some common definitions of nutraceuticals from different countries. It also discusses labeling regulations for nutraceuticals and some herbs that are used for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antihyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective properties such as amla, bahera, harde, ginseng, tinospora, and ashwagandha.
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This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
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The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
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This document discusses the processing of herbal raw materials. It defines key terms like herb, herbal medicine, and herbal drug preparations. It describes the selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials. The major sources of herbs are outlined as wild sources, cultivated sources, and through modern scientific techniques. The steps involved in processing herbal raw materials are discussed in detail, including selection of herbs, identification and authentication, cultivation, collection, and processing. Processing involves primary processing like sorting and drying as well as secondary processing techniques to enhance therapeutic properties.
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Norfloxacin
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Ofloxacin*,
Moxifloxacin,
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This document discusses the basic principles of chemotherapy. It provides a history of chemotherapy beginning in the 19th century with Pasteur and Koch's germ theory of disease. Early developments included Ehrlich's discovery of arsphenamine to treat syphilis. Later discoveries included sulfa drugs, penicillin, streptomycin, and other antibiotics produced by soil microbes. The document discusses the mechanisms of several classes of antimicrobial drugs including those that inhibit cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. It also covers the desirable properties of chemotherapeutic agents and issues like resistance.
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- Penicillins were the first discovered from the mold Penicillium and include natural penicillin G as well as semi-synthetic derivatives like ampicillin. Cephalosporins were later derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and have greater gram-negative spectrum.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Tempest
The Tempest is Shakespeare's play about Prospero, the exiled Duke of Milan, who uses magic to summon a storm that shipwrecks his enemies on the island where he and his daughter Miranda live. Prospero plots to take his revenge through illusions and tricks created by his spirit servant Ariel. The tempest brings together the royal families of Naples and Milan, and Miranda falls in love with Ferdinand, the son of the King of Naples. In the end, Prospero forgives his enemies and agrees to return to Milan while giving up his magic.
IgA
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
IVC Filter
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Diabetes Mellitus and Sulfonylureas
This document discusses long-term side effects of the oral hypoglycemic drug sulfonylureas, which are used to treat type 2 diabetes. Sulfonylureas work by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. However, they can sometimes cause hypoglycemia by producing too much insulin. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include headaches, confusion, and seizures. Studies have also linked long-term sulfonylurea use to increased risk of heart disease in women with diabetes. While lifestyle changes and natural remedies are gaining popularity for managing diabetes, they may also interact with drugs and cause hypoglycemia. More research is still needed on natural alternatives for treating drug-induced side effects.
Clostridium
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Meat
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Biology Of Hunger
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Study In Scarlet
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ARTHROLOGY PPT NCISM SYLLABUS AYURVEDA STUDENTS
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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