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Recommended
difficult weaning from Mechanical ventilator
1) Difficult weaning refers to patients who fail initial weaning attempts or require up to three spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) over seven days to be successfully weaned.
2) Causes of difficult weaning include imbalance between respiratory muscle strength and load, cardiac dysfunction, neuromuscular impairment, and metabolic or nutritional deficiencies.
3) Management of difficult weaning involves addressing potentially reversible causes, using ventilator modes like pressure support ventilation (PSV) to aid the weaning process, and considering non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in selected patients.
Weaning from mechanical Ventilation
Hippocrates first described endotracheal intubation in the 5th century BC. Mechanical ventilation progressed through the centuries with innovations like Paracelsus using bellows in 1530 and Vesalius recognizing artificial respiration through tracheostomy in dogs in the 16th century. The development of positive pressure ventilation in the 1950s helped greatly during polio epidemics. Key events included the iron lung in 1929 and intensive use of positive pressure ventilation in Scandinavia and the US in the 1950s. The document outlines the historical aspects and developments of mechanical ventilation from ancient times through the modern era.
Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
NIV, or non-invasive ventilation, is a form of ventilation therapy that is applied non-invasively through a mask rather than an endotracheal tube. It is commonly used to treat conditions like COPD exacerbations, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. Key settings that must be adjusted include IPAP, EPAP, Ti min/max, trigger sensitivity, and backup rate. Modes include spontaneous, timed, and bi-level positive airway pressure. Proper mask fitting and troubleshooting issues like leaks are important for ensuring effective ventilation. Regular monitoring of parameters like ABGs, SpO2, and ventilation is needed to optimize NIV therapy.
Patient ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilation
Patient Ventilator Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation lecture presented by Dr.Lluis Blanch at Pulmonary Critical Care Egypt Meeting and Exhibition, January 2014. www.pccmegypt.com
Ventilatory strategies in ARDS
This document discusses various ventilatory strategies for treating ALI/ARDS, including:
- Using low tidal volumes (6 ml/kg) instead of conventional volumes to decrease mortality.
- Using PEEP to recruit collapsed lung units and prevent atelectrauma.
- Pressure-controlled ventilation to limit peak pressures while maintaining oxygenation.
- Permissive hypercapnia to decrease lung injury even if it increases CO2 levels.
- Prone positioning and recruitment maneuvers to improve oxygenation by opening collapsed alveoli.
- High frequency ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation as rescue therapies.
Mechanical Ventilation
The document discusses mechanical ventilation and the mechanics of breathing. It covers topics like spontaneous breathing, respiration, ventilation, gas flow and pressure gradients in the lungs during breathing, compliance, resistance, time constants, and different types of ventilators including conventional and high frequency ventilators.
Comparative pharmacology for anesthetics PDF
The document discusses the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, including the presynaptic and postsynaptic components. It then examines the mechanisms of action and metabolism of succinylcholine, a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug. Various factors that can affect the activity of the metabolizing enzyme pseudocholinesterase are also reviewed.
Recommended
difficult weaning from Mechanical ventilator
1) Difficult weaning refers to patients who fail initial weaning attempts or require up to three spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) over seven days to be successfully weaned.
2) Causes of difficult weaning include imbalance between respiratory muscle strength and load, cardiac dysfunction, neuromuscular impairment, and metabolic or nutritional deficiencies.
3) Management of difficult weaning involves addressing potentially reversible causes, using ventilator modes like pressure support ventilation (PSV) to aid the weaning process, and considering non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in selected patients.
Weaning from mechanical Ventilation
Hippocrates first described endotracheal intubation in the 5th century BC. Mechanical ventilation progressed through the centuries with innovations like Paracelsus using bellows in 1530 and Vesalius recognizing artificial respiration through tracheostomy in dogs in the 16th century. The development of positive pressure ventilation in the 1950s helped greatly during polio epidemics. Key events included the iron lung in 1929 and intensive use of positive pressure ventilation in Scandinavia and the US in the 1950s. The document outlines the historical aspects and developments of mechanical ventilation from ancient times through the modern era.
Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
NIV, or non-invasive ventilation, is a form of ventilation therapy that is applied non-invasively through a mask rather than an endotracheal tube. It is commonly used to treat conditions like COPD exacerbations, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. Key settings that must be adjusted include IPAP, EPAP, Ti min/max, trigger sensitivity, and backup rate. Modes include spontaneous, timed, and bi-level positive airway pressure. Proper mask fitting and troubleshooting issues like leaks are important for ensuring effective ventilation. Regular monitoring of parameters like ABGs, SpO2, and ventilation is needed to optimize NIV therapy.
Patient ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilation
Patient Ventilator Interaction during Mechanical Ventilation lecture presented by Dr.Lluis Blanch at Pulmonary Critical Care Egypt Meeting and Exhibition, January 2014. www.pccmegypt.com
Ventilatory strategies in ARDS
This document discusses various ventilatory strategies for treating ALI/ARDS, including:
- Using low tidal volumes (6 ml/kg) instead of conventional volumes to decrease mortality.
- Using PEEP to recruit collapsed lung units and prevent atelectrauma.
- Pressure-controlled ventilation to limit peak pressures while maintaining oxygenation.
- Permissive hypercapnia to decrease lung injury even if it increases CO2 levels.
- Prone positioning and recruitment maneuvers to improve oxygenation by opening collapsed alveoli.
- High frequency ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation as rescue therapies.
Mechanical Ventilation
The document discusses mechanical ventilation and the mechanics of breathing. It covers topics like spontaneous breathing, respiration, ventilation, gas flow and pressure gradients in the lungs during breathing, compliance, resistance, time constants, and different types of ventilators including conventional and high frequency ventilators.
Comparative pharmacology for anesthetics PDF
The document discusses the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, including the presynaptic and postsynaptic components. It then examines the mechanisms of action and metabolism of succinylcholine, a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug. Various factors that can affect the activity of the metabolizing enzyme pseudocholinesterase are also reviewed.
Non return valves 18 1-11
This document provides information on non-return valves (unidirectional valves), including their uses, components, classifications, and descriptions of specific valve types. It discusses how unidirectional valves work for both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Several common valve designs are described, including their functions, evaluations, care requirements, advantages and disadvantages. The key points are:
Unidirectional valves allow gas flow in one direction only and are useful for resuscitation where CO2 absorption is not available. Common valves include the Ambu, E2, Fink and Laerdal designs. Valves are classified by their mechanical characteristics and whether they are for spontaneous, controlled, or both types of ventilation. Proper cleaning and potential hazards are
Ventilation 7 patient-ventilator dyssynchrony
This document discusses different types of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. It begins with background information on how the main purpose of a ventilator is to decrease the work of breathing. Normally, respiratory muscles account for 1-3% of oxygen consumption, but this can increase to 20% for patients in acute respiratory failure undergoing CPR due to the increased work of breathing.
The document then discusses different factors that can contribute to different types of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, including trigger-related dyssynchrony from a high trigger threshold, muscle weakness, leaks, auto-PEEP, or expiratory flow limitation. Target-related and cycle-related dyssynchrony are also mentioned
New modes of mechanical ventilation TRC
The document discusses newer modes of mechanical ventilation that were introduced to address clinical issues like poor patient-ventilator synchrony, prolonged weaning times, and ventilator-induced lung injury. It classifies the newer modes as dual modes that combine volume and pressure control, modes that adapt to lung characteristics, and knowledge-based weaning modes. It provides more details on proportional assist ventilation (PAV+), airway pressure release ventilation (APRV/BIPAP), and Smartcare—modes that aim to improve synchrony, maintain high functional residual capacity, and reduce workload for clinicians respectively.
Basics of mechanical ventilation
This document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, including indications, modes, settings, and alarms. It discusses the different modes of ventilation such as controlled, assisted-control, SIMV. It explains various ventilation settings including tidal volume, respiratory rate, pressure and flow. It also describes the purpose and meaning of different ventilator alarms.
Mechanical Ventilation modes used clinically
Mechanical ventilation modes are the preset settings that are set in view of patients condition in order to decreses the work of breathing.
Vortex Approach to Unexpected Difficult Airway
The document outlines a team-based approach for preventing and managing airway emergencies using a difficult airway algorithm. It discusses the need for such an algorithm given that past incidents have shown failures to properly execute basic techniques or abandon failed intubation attempts in a timely manner. The algorithm consists of Plan A which is the initial intubation plan, Plan B which is secondary intubation options if Plan A fails, Plan C which focuses on maintaining oxygenation if intubation continues to fail, and Plan D which are rescue techniques for "can't intubate, can't ventilate" situations involving interventions like cannula or surgical cricothyroidotomy. It provides step-by-step details for executing each plan.
Anaesthesia breathing systems
This document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anaesthesia. It describes the components and ideal properties of breathing systems. Open, semi-open, and semi-closed systems are defined. Several specific semi-open systems are outlined, including the Mapleson A, D, F systems. Semi-closed systems require CO2 absorbents and lower fresh gas flows than open systems. Types of semi-closed systems are also defined. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring tight connections between breathing system components.
Intermediate & low pressure system
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
ASV
This presentation provides information about a mechanical ventilation mode (Adaptive support ventilation).
Done by:
Aziza Al-Amri, Mashail Al-Rayes
Prone Ventilation In ARDS
Prone ventilation improves oxygenation in ARDS patients by redistributing ventilation and perfusion away from dependent lung regions. Several clinical trials found no clear survival benefit of prone ventilation overall, but some showed benefits for subgroups with higher illness severity. New research suggests prone positioning may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury by decreasing regional overdistension and making ventilation more homogeneous.
Recruitment maneuvers in ards
1) Recruitment maneuvers (RMs) aim to reopen collapsed alveoli in ARDS patients through temporarily increasing transpulmonary pressure. Common types include sighs, sustained inflations, and stepwise increases in pressure.
2) While RMs often improve short-term oxygenation, clinical trials have found no evidence of reduced mortality or improved outcomes. One large trial found RMs may actually increase mortality.
3) Not all ARDS patients respond equally to RMs due to factors like etiology, severity, and lung recruitability. RMs should only be considered for hypoxemic individuals based on an individual risk-benefit assessment.
Anaesthesia breathing systems
The document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anesthesia, including their components, principles of function, and classifications based on gas flow patterns and carbon dioxide elimination methods. Key systems described include the Mapleson A, B, C, and D circuits as well as the Bain system.
Advanced ventilatory modes
This document discusses several advanced modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by describing triggered modes like volume support (VS) and proportional assist ventilation (PAV) which provide pressure support that varies based on patient effort. It then covers hybrid modes like volume-assured pressure support and pressure regulated volume control (PRVC) which use dual controls. Newer dual-controlled modes are presented that regulate pressure and volume both within and between breaths. Modes like adaptive support ventilation (ASV) automatically adapt settings to patient changes. Pros, cons and indications are provided for some of the more complex modes.
Modes of mechanical ventilation
MODES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION, NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION, POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION, INDICATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Aerosolized antibiotic
Nebulization is a common method for administering drugs through inhalation by converting liquid medications into a fine mist using compressed air or ultrasonic waves. Various types of nebulizers exist including jet, ultrasonic, and vibrating mesh nebulizers. Nebulization allows for direct delivery of drugs to the lungs and is commonly used to deliver bronchodilators for asthma, antibiotics for lung infections, and analgesics. It provides higher drug concentrations in the lungs while limiting systemic absorption and side effects compared to intravenous administration. Proper technique and cleaning of nebulizers is important for effective and safe use.
Difficult airway
This document discusses the assessment and management of difficult airways. It defines a difficult airway as one where adequate ventilation cannot be achieved with a mask or oxygen saturation cannot be maintained above 90%. It notes the prevalence of difficult airways is about 1 in 10,000 cases in general surgery and 1 in 300 in obstetrics. Basic airway evaluation involves examining the patient's history, neck, face, jaw movement, and oropharynx. The document outlines causes of difficult intubation related to both the anesthesiologist and patient factors. It emphasizes the importance of advance planning, having backup equipment and senior support available when anticipating a difficult airway. Various airway devices and techniques are presented for managing both anticipated and
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstation
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
Negative pressure pulmonary edema
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) or postobstruction pulmonary edema (POPE) is a clinical entity of great relevance in anesthesiology and intensive care. The presentation of NPPE can be immediate or delayed, which therefore necessitates immediate recognition and treatment by anyone directly involved in the perioperative care of a patient.
Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: ProCESS, ARISE...
1) This study compared early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) to usual care in patients with septic shock. EGDT aimed to optimize tissue oxygen delivery through monitoring of physiological targets like central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation.
2) The study found no significant difference in 90-day mortality between the EGDT and usual care groups. Patients in the EGDT group received more intravenous fluids and vasopressors but this did not impact mortality outcomes.
3) The study concludes that EGDT did not decrease mortality in patients presenting with septic shock compared to usual resuscitation practices. The value of incorporating EGDT into international guidelines is questionable.
Valved Holding Chambers V1
1) Valved holding chambers (VHCs) are devices used with pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) to improve drug delivery to the lungs. They hold the aerosol cloud to allow particles to evaporate to a smaller size before inhalation.
2) Guidelines from regulatory agencies like the EMEA and FDA provide recommendations for characterizing VHCs and assessing their impact on aerosol particle size and drug delivery. Studies evaluate factors like delay time between actuation and inhalation.
3) Key attributes of VHCs include their size selective function, impact of delay time, effect of electrostatic charge, and how the drug and VHC type
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Non return valves 18 1-11
This document provides information on non-return valves (unidirectional valves), including their uses, components, classifications, and descriptions of specific valve types. It discusses how unidirectional valves work for both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Several common valve designs are described, including their functions, evaluations, care requirements, advantages and disadvantages. The key points are:
Unidirectional valves allow gas flow in one direction only and are useful for resuscitation where CO2 absorption is not available. Common valves include the Ambu, E2, Fink and Laerdal designs. Valves are classified by their mechanical characteristics and whether they are for spontaneous, controlled, or both types of ventilation. Proper cleaning and potential hazards are
Ventilation 7 patient-ventilator dyssynchrony
This document discusses different types of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. It begins with background information on how the main purpose of a ventilator is to decrease the work of breathing. Normally, respiratory muscles account for 1-3% of oxygen consumption, but this can increase to 20% for patients in acute respiratory failure undergoing CPR due to the increased work of breathing.
The document then discusses different factors that can contribute to different types of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, including trigger-related dyssynchrony from a high trigger threshold, muscle weakness, leaks, auto-PEEP, or expiratory flow limitation. Target-related and cycle-related dyssynchrony are also mentioned
New modes of mechanical ventilation TRC
The document discusses newer modes of mechanical ventilation that were introduced to address clinical issues like poor patient-ventilator synchrony, prolonged weaning times, and ventilator-induced lung injury. It classifies the newer modes as dual modes that combine volume and pressure control, modes that adapt to lung characteristics, and knowledge-based weaning modes. It provides more details on proportional assist ventilation (PAV+), airway pressure release ventilation (APRV/BIPAP), and Smartcare—modes that aim to improve synchrony, maintain high functional residual capacity, and reduce workload for clinicians respectively.
Basics of mechanical ventilation
This document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation, including indications, modes, settings, and alarms. It discusses the different modes of ventilation such as controlled, assisted-control, SIMV. It explains various ventilation settings including tidal volume, respiratory rate, pressure and flow. It also describes the purpose and meaning of different ventilator alarms.
Mechanical Ventilation modes used clinically
Mechanical ventilation modes are the preset settings that are set in view of patients condition in order to decreses the work of breathing.
Vortex Approach to Unexpected Difficult Airway
The document outlines a team-based approach for preventing and managing airway emergencies using a difficult airway algorithm. It discusses the need for such an algorithm given that past incidents have shown failures to properly execute basic techniques or abandon failed intubation attempts in a timely manner. The algorithm consists of Plan A which is the initial intubation plan, Plan B which is secondary intubation options if Plan A fails, Plan C which focuses on maintaining oxygenation if intubation continues to fail, and Plan D which are rescue techniques for "can't intubate, can't ventilate" situations involving interventions like cannula or surgical cricothyroidotomy. It provides step-by-step details for executing each plan.
Anaesthesia breathing systems
This document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anaesthesia. It describes the components and ideal properties of breathing systems. Open, semi-open, and semi-closed systems are defined. Several specific semi-open systems are outlined, including the Mapleson A, D, F systems. Semi-closed systems require CO2 absorbents and lower fresh gas flows than open systems. Types of semi-closed systems are also defined. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring tight connections between breathing system components.
Intermediate & low pressure system
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
ASV
This presentation provides information about a mechanical ventilation mode (Adaptive support ventilation).
Done by:
Aziza Al-Amri, Mashail Al-Rayes
Prone Ventilation In ARDS
Prone ventilation improves oxygenation in ARDS patients by redistributing ventilation and perfusion away from dependent lung regions. Several clinical trials found no clear survival benefit of prone ventilation overall, but some showed benefits for subgroups with higher illness severity. New research suggests prone positioning may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury by decreasing regional overdistension and making ventilation more homogeneous.
Recruitment maneuvers in ards
1) Recruitment maneuvers (RMs) aim to reopen collapsed alveoli in ARDS patients through temporarily increasing transpulmonary pressure. Common types include sighs, sustained inflations, and stepwise increases in pressure.
2) While RMs often improve short-term oxygenation, clinical trials have found no evidence of reduced mortality or improved outcomes. One large trial found RMs may actually increase mortality.
3) Not all ARDS patients respond equally to RMs due to factors like etiology, severity, and lung recruitability. RMs should only be considered for hypoxemic individuals based on an individual risk-benefit assessment.
Anaesthesia breathing systems
The document discusses different types of breathing systems used in anesthesia, including their components, principles of function, and classifications based on gas flow patterns and carbon dioxide elimination methods. Key systems described include the Mapleson A, B, C, and D circuits as well as the Bain system.
Advanced ventilatory modes
This document discusses several advanced modes of mechanical ventilation. It begins by describing triggered modes like volume support (VS) and proportional assist ventilation (PAV) which provide pressure support that varies based on patient effort. It then covers hybrid modes like volume-assured pressure support and pressure regulated volume control (PRVC) which use dual controls. Newer dual-controlled modes are presented that regulate pressure and volume both within and between breaths. Modes like adaptive support ventilation (ASV) automatically adapt settings to patient changes. Pros, cons and indications are provided for some of the more complex modes.
Modes of mechanical ventilation
MODES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION, NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION, POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION, INDICATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Aerosolized antibiotic
Nebulization is a common method for administering drugs through inhalation by converting liquid medications into a fine mist using compressed air or ultrasonic waves. Various types of nebulizers exist including jet, ultrasonic, and vibrating mesh nebulizers. Nebulization allows for direct delivery of drugs to the lungs and is commonly used to deliver bronchodilators for asthma, antibiotics for lung infections, and analgesics. It provides higher drug concentrations in the lungs while limiting systemic absorption and side effects compared to intravenous administration. Proper technique and cleaning of nebulizers is important for effective and safe use.
Difficult airway
This document discusses the assessment and management of difficult airways. It defines a difficult airway as one where adequate ventilation cannot be achieved with a mask or oxygen saturation cannot be maintained above 90%. It notes the prevalence of difficult airways is about 1 in 10,000 cases in general surgery and 1 in 300 in obstetrics. Basic airway evaluation involves examining the patient's history, neck, face, jaw movement, and oropharynx. The document outlines causes of difficult intubation related to both the anesthesiologist and patient factors. It emphasizes the importance of advance planning, having backup equipment and senior support available when anticipating a difficult airway. Various airway devices and techniques are presented for managing both anticipated and
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstation
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
Negative pressure pulmonary edema
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) or postobstruction pulmonary edema (POPE) is a clinical entity of great relevance in anesthesiology and intensive care. The presentation of NPPE can be immediate or delayed, which therefore necessitates immediate recognition and treatment by anyone directly involved in the perioperative care of a patient.
Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: ProCESS, ARISE...
1) This study compared early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) to usual care in patients with septic shock. EGDT aimed to optimize tissue oxygen delivery through monitoring of physiological targets like central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation.
2) The study found no significant difference in 90-day mortality between the EGDT and usual care groups. Patients in the EGDT group received more intravenous fluids and vasopressors but this did not impact mortality outcomes.
3) The study concludes that EGDT did not decrease mortality in patients presenting with septic shock compared to usual resuscitation practices. The value of incorporating EGDT into international guidelines is questionable.
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Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: ProCESS, ARISE...
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Valved Holding Chambers V1
1) Valved holding chambers (VHCs) are devices used with pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) to improve drug delivery to the lungs. They hold the aerosol cloud to allow particles to evaporate to a smaller size before inhalation.
2) Guidelines from regulatory agencies like the EMEA and FDA provide recommendations for characterizing VHCs and assessing their impact on aerosol particle size and drug delivery. Studies evaluate factors like delay time between actuation and inhalation.
3) Key attributes of VHCs include their size selective function, impact of delay time, effect of electrostatic charge, and how the drug and VHC type
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霧氣治療介紹
- 1. 霧氣治療介紹
- 3. 一 、霧氣治療的基本介紹
- 16. 治療性氣霧粒子的沉積位置 Y.J.Chang <0.05 µ 可能會隨呼出氣體飄至大氣，不沉積 0.5~3 µ 細支氣管、肺泡管及肺泡 3-10 µ 咽部、氣管、支氣管 10-50 µ 口、鼻、咽部 50 µ 太大無法進入 氣霧粒子大小 氣霧粒子的沉積位置
- 17. 霧氣顆粒大小與沉積位置
- 18. 二 、霧氣治療的裝置介紹
- 19. Inhalation Drug Delivery Flow Rate Independent Electrical/ Mechanical Interface Multi-dose DPIs Single-dose DPIs Dose Indicators Breath Actuation Press and Breath MDIs Nebulizers Aqueous Nasal Pump Spray Novel Formulations Controlled Release Novel Formulations Spacers Nasal MDIs Pocket Nebulizers Spray Force Control Increased Efficiency Continuous
- 29. SVN 小容量噴霧器的問題排除 同上 流速調的太小 藥水量太多 治療時間太長 定時的清洗或替換 潛在性感染 設定吸藥的流速每分鐘 8~10L 全部的藥量控制在 4~5c.c. 流速調的太大 藥水量太少 治療時間太短 打開流量表 接好管路 檢查相關的零件 流量表沒開 流量表到噴霧器管路接頭掉了 裝藥的水杯裝太滿 噴霧杯是空的 沒有東西從噴霧器出來 解決方法 可能原因 問題
- 44. 三 、如何選擇適當的裝置
- 46. 噴霧器的選擇標準 Y.J.Chang FROM AARC 2001.4
- 47. 噴霧器容積與噴出藥劑之影響
- 49. 各類型噴霧器比較