This document discusses the effects of saline water on agriculture in Pakistan. It defines saline water as water with a high concentration of dissolved salts that poses risks to crop growth and yield. In Pakistan, about 6.3 million hectares of land are affected by salt, which can crystallize on the surface and harm crops. The document recommends growing salt-tolerant crops or crops that absorb more salt to manage saline irrigation water and minimize its negative impacts on agriculture. It concludes that saline water cannot be avoided, so salt-tolerant plants should be cultivated in affected areas.
Ecology of plant parasitic nematode’s (PPN's)Francis Matu
This document provides an overview of the ecology of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It defines key ecological concepts and describes various aspects of PPN ecology, including population ecology, community and ecosystem interactions, the soil food web, physical habitat factors, foraging patterns, niche partitioning, and the role of PPNs in ecosystem functions like primary productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling.
This note looks at crop rotation as one of the sustainable arable crop production practices. It describes the approaches to crop rotation, the benefits and the limitations of crop rotation. The note will serve as a valuable resource for higher ed students taking introductory courses in Agriculture.
This document discusses soil color from the University of Salahaddin's College of Education Environmental Science department. It defines soil color, discusses the causes and classification of soil color. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and silicate content and indicates environmental conditions during soil formation. Color can identify general properties and chemical processes in soil, ranging from gray to black, white, reds, browns, and yellows. Wet soil appears darker than dry soil and water affects oxidation rates influencing color.
This document discusses essential and beneficial plant nutrients and their forms in soil. It explains that 17 elements are essential for plant growth according to established criteria. These essential nutrients can be classified as macronutrients or micronutrients. In addition, some elements like sodium, aluminum, nickel, and vanadium may be beneficial for certain plants under specific conditions. The document then describes the various organic and inorganic forms nutrients can take in soil, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and micronutrients. Maintaining nutrients in available forms is important for plant uptake and growth.
Mineral nutrition, absoprtion & assimililationHaya Jihan
This document discusses mineral nutrition and absorption in plants. It covers essential mineral nutrients, how they are absorbed by plant roots from the soil solution and transported throughout the plant. The key points are:
1) Plants require mineral nutrients which are absorbed from the soil by roots and transported via xylem to other plant parts.
2) There are 16 essential mineral nutrients grouped by their functions in plant metabolism and structure.
3) Nutrients are absorbed as ions by root hairs and transported through the root before loading into the xylem for long-distance transport.
4) Once in plant tissues, nutrients are assimilated into organic molecules to support plant growth and metabolism.
Soil taxonomy provides a standardized system for classifying soils based on measurable properties. It categorizes soils into six levels - order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Diagnostic horizons are used to classify soils into the 12 soil orders. The system aims to organize soil knowledge, understand relationships between soils, establish groups for practical uses like predicting behavior and identifying best land uses. It considers factors affecting soil genesis like climate, vegetation, parent material, and relief of the area.
This document discusses the effects of saline water on agriculture in Pakistan. It defines saline water as water with a high concentration of dissolved salts that poses risks to crop growth and yield. In Pakistan, about 6.3 million hectares of land are affected by salt, which can crystallize on the surface and harm crops. The document recommends growing salt-tolerant crops or crops that absorb more salt to manage saline irrigation water and minimize its negative impacts on agriculture. It concludes that saline water cannot be avoided, so salt-tolerant plants should be cultivated in affected areas.
Ecology of plant parasitic nematode’s (PPN's)Francis Matu
This document provides an overview of the ecology of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It defines key ecological concepts and describes various aspects of PPN ecology, including population ecology, community and ecosystem interactions, the soil food web, physical habitat factors, foraging patterns, niche partitioning, and the role of PPNs in ecosystem functions like primary productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling.
This note looks at crop rotation as one of the sustainable arable crop production practices. It describes the approaches to crop rotation, the benefits and the limitations of crop rotation. The note will serve as a valuable resource for higher ed students taking introductory courses in Agriculture.
This document discusses soil color from the University of Salahaddin's College of Education Environmental Science department. It defines soil color, discusses the causes and classification of soil color. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and silicate content and indicates environmental conditions during soil formation. Color can identify general properties and chemical processes in soil, ranging from gray to black, white, reds, browns, and yellows. Wet soil appears darker than dry soil and water affects oxidation rates influencing color.
This document discusses essential and beneficial plant nutrients and their forms in soil. It explains that 17 elements are essential for plant growth according to established criteria. These essential nutrients can be classified as macronutrients or micronutrients. In addition, some elements like sodium, aluminum, nickel, and vanadium may be beneficial for certain plants under specific conditions. The document then describes the various organic and inorganic forms nutrients can take in soil, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and micronutrients. Maintaining nutrients in available forms is important for plant uptake and growth.
Mineral nutrition, absoprtion & assimililationHaya Jihan
This document discusses mineral nutrition and absorption in plants. It covers essential mineral nutrients, how they are absorbed by plant roots from the soil solution and transported throughout the plant. The key points are:
1) Plants require mineral nutrients which are absorbed from the soil by roots and transported via xylem to other plant parts.
2) There are 16 essential mineral nutrients grouped by their functions in plant metabolism and structure.
3) Nutrients are absorbed as ions by root hairs and transported through the root before loading into the xylem for long-distance transport.
4) Once in plant tissues, nutrients are assimilated into organic molecules to support plant growth and metabolism.
Soil taxonomy provides a standardized system for classifying soils based on measurable properties. It categorizes soils into six levels - order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Diagnostic horizons are used to classify soils into the 12 soil orders. The system aims to organize soil knowledge, understand relationships between soils, establish groups for practical uses like predicting behavior and identifying best land uses. It considers factors affecting soil genesis like climate, vegetation, parent material, and relief of the area.
This document summarizes information about soil color, including its definition, causes, and classification. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and other compounds, and can provide clues about soil composition and environmental conditions. It is classified using the Munsell color book system. The key causes of soil color mentioned are organic matter content, iron and aluminum oxides, moisture level, and oxidation rates.
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
Calcium and magnesium are important plant nutrients that are taken up from the soil. Calcium plays key roles in plant cell structure and is important for fruit and vegetable quality. While calcium deficiencies can occur, soils often contain adequate levels. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is also involved in enzyme activation. Both nutrients can be supplemented through soil or foliar applications when tissue tests indicate a need. However, over-application should be avoided as it can negatively impact nutrient availability and balance.
This document discusses sodic soils, including their mode of formation, characteristics, and impact on plant growth. Sodic soils form through processes like desalinization, reduction of sulfate ions, or concentration of soil solutions during wet and dry seasons. They are characterized by an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) over 15, pH over 8.2, and presence of salts that hydrolyze alkali like sodium carbonate. High exchangeable sodium negatively impacts soil structure and nutrient availability, inhibiting plant growth. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil extracts can estimate ESP. ESP levels over 15 represent an increasing sodicity hazard for crops.
This document provides information about soil fertility and nutrient management. It discusses key concepts like soil fertility, plant nutrients, integrated plant nutrient management, and how physical properties, water, and problem soils impact nutrient management. Organic matter, soil reactions, fertility evaluation methods, and nutrient interactions are also covered. The document lists various topics to be covered in the syllabus like nutrient functions, deficiency diagnosis, and principles of determining macro and micronutrients. It pays tribute to notable scientists who contributed to the field.
This document discusses calcium (Ca) and its properties and role in soils and plant nutrition. It begins by providing Ca's atomic number and weight. It then discusses that Ca shares properties with other Group IIA elements. The document covers various forms of Ca in soils, factors affecting Ca availability to plants like soil pH, competing cations, and clay mineralogy. It discusses Ca's importance for plant cell functions and deficiency symptoms. It also addresses plant uptake of Ca and interactions with other nutrients. The document provides information on assessing Ca status and supplementing soils with Ca through various amendment options. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of Ca in agronomic systems, highlighting its critical role and various factors influencing its availability and plant
The document provides an overview of potassium acquisition in plants. It discusses sources of potassium in soil, mechanisms of potassium uptake, and factors affecting potassium availability to plants. Key points include: potassium is released through weathering of minerals like feldspar and micas; plants uptake potassium via mass flow, diffusion, and root interception; and soil properties like pH, moisture, temperature impact potassium uptake by plants. The document also examines potassium storage in soil minerals, exchange between soil reserves, and transportation within plant cells.
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
This document discusses various aspects of soil chemistry including chemical composition, ion exchange, soil pH, acid soil development, buffer capacity, and pH management. Specifically, it covers topics like cation exchange capacity, sources of soil acidity and alkalinity, the role of aluminum in acid soils, liming to adjust soil pH, and using sulfur to increase soil acidity. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for nutrient availability and plant growth.
Seed Biopriming- Biological method of seed treatmentRajan Poudel
This document summarizes a presentation on seed bio-priming. It discusses how seed bio-priming uses beneficial microorganisms to coat seeds and protect them from diseases. The process involves soaking seeds in a solution containing antagonistic fungi or bacteria, incubating them to allow a protective layer to form, and planting. Several microbes like Trichoderma and Pseudomonas species effectively control various seed-borne diseases of crops like carrots, soybeans, and pearl millet. Bio-priming provides ecological disease management and can increase yields comparable to chemicals with fewer negative impacts. The technique warrants further exploration and adoption by farmers for safer food production.
Soil pH is affected by several factors: the parent material determines the soil's initial pH level, with basic rocks producing alkaline soil and acidic rocks producing acidic soil; leaching washes away alkaline nutrients and replaces them with hydrogen ions, lowering the pH; the use of acid-forming fertilizers like ammonium sulfate introduces sulfuric acid which makes the soil more acidic; living organisms and plant nutrient uptake both remove cations from the soil and replace them with hydrogen ions, reducing the pH over time.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
Ch. 1 ,2 history and development of soil science, its scope and importance. s...Sarika Hire
This document provides a history of the development of soil science over time. It discusses early scientists like Jan Baptista van Helmont in the 1600s, who conducted early plant experiments, and Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure in the 1700s, who conducted quantitative experiments on plant nutrition. It then outlines several other important contributors to soil science in the 18th-19th centuries like John Woodward, Jean Baptista Boussingault, Carl Sprengel, and Justus von Liebig. The document also discusses the scope and importance of soil science, covering areas like soil fertility, chemistry, physics, microbiology, conservation, and pedology. Finally, it provides definitions and concepts regarding soil as a natural
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Weed management in conservation agricultural systemspujithasudhakar
This document discusses weed management strategies in conservation agriculture systems. It outlines the principles of conservation agriculture including minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation, and maintaining crop residues on the soil surface. Preventive weed management focuses on reducing new weed populations and propagation through quality seed and clean equipment. Tillage can stimulate weed germination. Cover crops and crop residues suppress weeds physically and chemically. Crop rotation alters weed selection pressures. Adjusting crop planting dates can give crops competitive advantages over weeds. Higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing increase crop competitiveness. Herbicides, herbicide-resistant crops, and integrated weed management are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of soil-plant-water relationships and irrigation water management. It discusses key topics like soil properties that influence water retention and movement, including texture, structure, and density. It describes the different types of water movement in soil like infiltration, percolation, and saturated vs. unsaturated flow. The relationships between soil water tension, moisture content, and pF curves are also summarized. The document aims to explain the important concepts needed to effectively plan and manage irrigation systems.
Management of Red lateritic soil and Dry land soil...pptxMohanSahu35
The document discusses the management principles of red lateritic soil and dryland soil. Red lateritic soil is rich in iron and aluminum, and found in hot, wet tropical areas. It has low organic matter and water holding capacity. Management includes adding clay or rice husk to improve physical properties, growing tolerant crops, and liming to reduce toxicity. Dryland soils have low fertility and moisture. Management involves adopting drought-resistant crop varieties and systems, mechanical methods to reduce erosion, and maintaining soil fertility.
Plant nutrients and soil test based fertilizer application pijush kanti mukhe...PIJUSH KANTI MUKHERJEE
The document discusses soil testing and fertilizer recommendations for different crops. It outlines 16 essential plant nutrients and groups them into primary, secondary and micro nutrients. It describes the roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in plant growth. Symptoms of deficiencies for various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and calcium are shown for crops such as maize, wheat, rice and soybean. The objectives of soil testing and suitable sampling methods are explained. Guidelines for soil test reports and fertilizer recommendations for crops like wheat, potato, maize and rice are provided based on the soil fertility status.
This document defines and describes different types of Anthrosols and Technosols. Anthrosols are soils that have been significantly modified by human activities like adding organic materials, fertilization, irrigation, and cultivation. They can develop plaggic, terric, hortic, hydragric, or irragric horizons. Technosols are soils dominated by human-made materials and structures. They form in urban, industrial, and contaminated areas and contain at least 20% artifacts by volume within 100 cm of the surface. Key characteristics of different Anthrosols and Technosols are provided.
This document summarizes information about soil color, including its definition, causes, and classification. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and other compounds, and can provide clues about soil composition and environmental conditions. It is classified using the Munsell color book system. The key causes of soil color mentioned are organic matter content, iron and aluminum oxides, moisture level, and oxidation rates.
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
Calcium and magnesium are important plant nutrients that are taken up from the soil. Calcium plays key roles in plant cell structure and is important for fruit and vegetable quality. While calcium deficiencies can occur, soils often contain adequate levels. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is also involved in enzyme activation. Both nutrients can be supplemented through soil or foliar applications when tissue tests indicate a need. However, over-application should be avoided as it can negatively impact nutrient availability and balance.
This document discusses sodic soils, including their mode of formation, characteristics, and impact on plant growth. Sodic soils form through processes like desalinization, reduction of sulfate ions, or concentration of soil solutions during wet and dry seasons. They are characterized by an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) over 15, pH over 8.2, and presence of salts that hydrolyze alkali like sodium carbonate. High exchangeable sodium negatively impacts soil structure and nutrient availability, inhibiting plant growth. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil extracts can estimate ESP. ESP levels over 15 represent an increasing sodicity hazard for crops.
This document provides information about soil fertility and nutrient management. It discusses key concepts like soil fertility, plant nutrients, integrated plant nutrient management, and how physical properties, water, and problem soils impact nutrient management. Organic matter, soil reactions, fertility evaluation methods, and nutrient interactions are also covered. The document lists various topics to be covered in the syllabus like nutrient functions, deficiency diagnosis, and principles of determining macro and micronutrients. It pays tribute to notable scientists who contributed to the field.
This document discusses calcium (Ca) and its properties and role in soils and plant nutrition. It begins by providing Ca's atomic number and weight. It then discusses that Ca shares properties with other Group IIA elements. The document covers various forms of Ca in soils, factors affecting Ca availability to plants like soil pH, competing cations, and clay mineralogy. It discusses Ca's importance for plant cell functions and deficiency symptoms. It also addresses plant uptake of Ca and interactions with other nutrients. The document provides information on assessing Ca status and supplementing soils with Ca through various amendment options. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of Ca in agronomic systems, highlighting its critical role and various factors influencing its availability and plant
The document provides an overview of potassium acquisition in plants. It discusses sources of potassium in soil, mechanisms of potassium uptake, and factors affecting potassium availability to plants. Key points include: potassium is released through weathering of minerals like feldspar and micas; plants uptake potassium via mass flow, diffusion, and root interception; and soil properties like pH, moisture, temperature impact potassium uptake by plants. The document also examines potassium storage in soil minerals, exchange between soil reserves, and transportation within plant cells.
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
This document discusses various aspects of soil chemistry including chemical composition, ion exchange, soil pH, acid soil development, buffer capacity, and pH management. Specifically, it covers topics like cation exchange capacity, sources of soil acidity and alkalinity, the role of aluminum in acid soils, liming to adjust soil pH, and using sulfur to increase soil acidity. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for nutrient availability and plant growth.
Seed Biopriming- Biological method of seed treatmentRajan Poudel
This document summarizes a presentation on seed bio-priming. It discusses how seed bio-priming uses beneficial microorganisms to coat seeds and protect them from diseases. The process involves soaking seeds in a solution containing antagonistic fungi or bacteria, incubating them to allow a protective layer to form, and planting. Several microbes like Trichoderma and Pseudomonas species effectively control various seed-borne diseases of crops like carrots, soybeans, and pearl millet. Bio-priming provides ecological disease management and can increase yields comparable to chemicals with fewer negative impacts. The technique warrants further exploration and adoption by farmers for safer food production.
Soil pH is affected by several factors: the parent material determines the soil's initial pH level, with basic rocks producing alkaline soil and acidic rocks producing acidic soil; leaching washes away alkaline nutrients and replaces them with hydrogen ions, lowering the pH; the use of acid-forming fertilizers like ammonium sulfate introduces sulfuric acid which makes the soil more acidic; living organisms and plant nutrient uptake both remove cations from the soil and replace them with hydrogen ions, reducing the pH over time.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
Ch. 1 ,2 history and development of soil science, its scope and importance. s...Sarika Hire
This document provides a history of the development of soil science over time. It discusses early scientists like Jan Baptista van Helmont in the 1600s, who conducted early plant experiments, and Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure in the 1700s, who conducted quantitative experiments on plant nutrition. It then outlines several other important contributors to soil science in the 18th-19th centuries like John Woodward, Jean Baptista Boussingault, Carl Sprengel, and Justus von Liebig. The document also discusses the scope and importance of soil science, covering areas like soil fertility, chemistry, physics, microbiology, conservation, and pedology. Finally, it provides definitions and concepts regarding soil as a natural
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Weed management in conservation agricultural systemspujithasudhakar
This document discusses weed management strategies in conservation agriculture systems. It outlines the principles of conservation agriculture including minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation, and maintaining crop residues on the soil surface. Preventive weed management focuses on reducing new weed populations and propagation through quality seed and clean equipment. Tillage can stimulate weed germination. Cover crops and crop residues suppress weeds physically and chemically. Crop rotation alters weed selection pressures. Adjusting crop planting dates can give crops competitive advantages over weeds. Higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing increase crop competitiveness. Herbicides, herbicide-resistant crops, and integrated weed management are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of soil-plant-water relationships and irrigation water management. It discusses key topics like soil properties that influence water retention and movement, including texture, structure, and density. It describes the different types of water movement in soil like infiltration, percolation, and saturated vs. unsaturated flow. The relationships between soil water tension, moisture content, and pF curves are also summarized. The document aims to explain the important concepts needed to effectively plan and manage irrigation systems.
Management of Red lateritic soil and Dry land soil...pptxMohanSahu35
The document discusses the management principles of red lateritic soil and dryland soil. Red lateritic soil is rich in iron and aluminum, and found in hot, wet tropical areas. It has low organic matter and water holding capacity. Management includes adding clay or rice husk to improve physical properties, growing tolerant crops, and liming to reduce toxicity. Dryland soils have low fertility and moisture. Management involves adopting drought-resistant crop varieties and systems, mechanical methods to reduce erosion, and maintaining soil fertility.
Plant nutrients and soil test based fertilizer application pijush kanti mukhe...PIJUSH KANTI MUKHERJEE
The document discusses soil testing and fertilizer recommendations for different crops. It outlines 16 essential plant nutrients and groups them into primary, secondary and micro nutrients. It describes the roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in plant growth. Symptoms of deficiencies for various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and calcium are shown for crops such as maize, wheat, rice and soybean. The objectives of soil testing and suitable sampling methods are explained. Guidelines for soil test reports and fertilizer recommendations for crops like wheat, potato, maize and rice are provided based on the soil fertility status.
This document defines and describes different types of Anthrosols and Technosols. Anthrosols are soils that have been significantly modified by human activities like adding organic materials, fertilization, irrigation, and cultivation. They can develop plaggic, terric, hortic, hydragric, or irragric horizons. Technosols are soils dominated by human-made materials and structures. They form in urban, industrial, and contaminated areas and contain at least 20% artifacts by volume within 100 cm of the surface. Key characteristics of different Anthrosols and Technosols are provided.
2. અમ્લીય જમીન (Acid Soils)
જમીનમ ાં અમ્લીયત ઘણ ક રણોસર ઉત્પન્ન થ ય છે ,જેમ ાં સોથી અગત્યનોફોળોજમીનન કલીલ પદ થથ નો છે અને આ કલીલો મ ાં
મુખ્યત્વે એલ્યુમમનો સીલીકેટખનીજો ,લોહઅનેએલ્યુમમનીયમન જલીલ ઓક્સ ઈડ અને સેન્દ્રીય પદ થથ હ્ુાંમસનોસમ વેશ થ ય છે.આ બધ
ક્લીલોનો ખનીજ જમીન (Mineral Soil)જમીનની અમ્લીયત મ ાં ૯૦ થી ૯૫ ટક ફ ળો હોય છે એવો અંદ જ છે.વધુ વરસ દ વ ળ
પ્રદેશમ ાં બેઝિક આયનો ધોવ ય જવ ન લીધે કલેની સપ ટી પર બીજા ધન યન કરત H+ આયન નુાં વર્થસ્વ વધ રે હોય છે. પરાંતુ કલીલ
પ્રણ લી જમીનન ર વણ સ થે તેમન ધન યનની બ બતમ ાં સાંતુલન સ્થ પવ નો પ્રય સ કરે છે.પરરણ મે તેની સપ ટી પરનો હ ઈડ્રોજન
મવયોજજત થઈ ર વણમ ાં આવે છે. અને તે રીતે જમીનની અમ્લત વધ રે છે.વળી વધુ પડતી અમ્લત હોય ત્ય રે કલે-ખનીજની જાળી મ ાંથી
અમુક અલ્યુમમનીયમ પણ ઓગળી જાય છે અને એ રીતે હ ઈડ્રોજન અને એલ્યુમમનીયમ બને આવ સાંજોગોમ ાં હ જર હોય છે.એટલુ જ નહી
વળી H+ ની મ ફક અલ્યુમમનીયમ પણ ર વણ ન અલ્યુમમનીયમ સ થે સાંતુલન મ ાં હોય છે. અને ર વણમ ાં તેનુાં જલમવશ્લેષણ થત તે H+
આયન ઉત્પન્ન કરે છે.
સાંદર્થગ્રાંથ =જમીન મવજ્ઞ ન ર્ ગ ૨ યુમનવસીટીગ્રાંથ બોડથ મનમ થણ (પી.એમ.મહેત )
3. ભેજવાળા વવસ્તાર માાં જયારે ખુબજ વરસાદ પડતો હોય તયાાં ખુબ જ વરસાદ ને કારણે બેઝિક ક્ષારો નીતરી જવાથી અમ્લીય જમીનો
બને છે. જમીનનો Ph આંક સાત કરતા ઓછો , એક્ટીવ એસીડીટી ના કારણે થાય છે. આવી જમીનમાાં H+ આયનોની સાાંદ્રતા OH-
આયનો કરતા વધી જાય છે.આવી જમીનો ખુબજ ઊંચા પ્રમાણમાાં એલ્યુવમનીયમ, આયનન અને મેગનીિ ધરાવે છે. ભારતમાાં વાવેતર
જમીનો પેકી ૩૪% (pH < ૬.૫ ) જમીનો અમ્લીય છે.
સાંદભન= જમીન વવજ્ઞાન પેજ નાંબર ૧૫૮ (ડૉ. હસમુખભાઈ સુથાર )
અમ્લીયત ણી મ ત્ર Ph રેંજ
અવત અવત અમ્લીય જમીનો <૩.૫
અવતશય અમ્લીય જમીનો ૩.૫ થી ૪.૪
ખુબજ અમ્લીય જમીનો ૪.૫ થી ૫.૦
મધ્યમ અમ્લીય જમીનો ૫.૧ થી ૫.૫
સામન્ય અમ્લીય જમીનો ૫.૬ થી ૬.૦
તટસ્થ જમીનો ૬.૧ થી ૬.૫
4. અમ્લીય જમીનોના લક્ષણો
1. આવી જમીનોમાાં કેઓઝલનાઈ કલે હોય છે , ને ક્ાાંક ક્ાાંક ઇલાઇટ ખનીજ જોવા મળે છે .
2. આવી જમીનોમાાં ધન આયન વવવનમય શક્ક્ત ઓછી ,નાઈટ્રોજન ,ફોસ્ફરસ અને સેન્દ્ન્દ્રય પદાથન ની માત્ર ઓછી જોવા મળે
છે.
3. સુક્ષ્મ જીવો દ્વરા હ્યુમસ સડવાથી ઓગેવનક એવસડ બને છે, જેનાથી જમીનની અમ્લીયતા વવકસે છે.
4. જુદી – જુદી જમીનોમાાં સુક્ષ્મ તતવો ણી માત્રા પણ વૈવવધ્યસભર જોવા મળે છે.
સાંદભન = જમીન વવજ્ઞાન પેજ નાંબર ૧૫૮ (ડૉ. હસમુખભાઈ સુથાર )
5. જમીનમ ાં રહેલી અમ્લીયત ને લીધે (અમ્લીય જમીનમ ાં )છોડવ ઓની વૃધ્ધધ પર શી અસર
થ ય છે.
સામાન્ય રીતે અમ્લીયતા ણી છોડવાઓને થતી અસર અંગે મનમાાં એવી છાપ ઉપક્સ્થત થાય કે કા તો જમીનોના
દ્રાવણમાાં રહેલી વધુ પડતુાં H+ આયનનનુાં પ્રમાણ છોડવાઓની સીધી અસર કરે છે. અથવા તો તેને લીધે ઉપક્સ્થત
થતી પરરક્સ્થવતને લીધે બીજી ગોણ અસર થવાથી છોડવાઓને સહન કરવુાં પડે છે.
૧.કેલ્લ્સયમ ,મેગ્નેવશયમ અને ફોસ્ફરસ પર અસર : સામન્ય રીતે જયારે બેઝિક આયનનુાં ધોવાણ થઈ જમીનમાાં થી દુર
થાય છે તયારે અમ્લીયતા ઉતપન્ન થાય છે.આ બેઝિક આયનમાાં કેલ્લ્શયમ નુાં સ્થાન અગતયનુાં છે. અને તેથી તેમાાં
ઘટાડો થવાથી છોડવાઓની વૃલ્ધ્ધ ને વવપરીત અસર થાય છે.આ હકીકત મેગ્નેશીયમાાં પણ લાગુ પડે છે.Ca અને Mg
બને છોડવાઓના પોષણમાાં ભાગ ભજવે છે.એટલુ જ નહી પણ તેની હાજરી અથવા ગેરહાજરીની અસર જમીનમાાં
પ્રવતનતા બીજા ઘણા સાંજોગો પર અસર કરતા હોઈ તે આડકતરી રીતે છોડવાઓના પોષણમાાં મહતવનો ભાગ ભજવે
છે. જો કે જમીનમાાં ૬ થી ૭ પી.એચ .હોય તો ફોસ્ફરસ સોથી વધુ છોડવાઓને મળી રહે છે.પરાંતુ તેનાથી વધુ
પી.એચ હોય અને જમીનમાાં Ca નુાં પ્રમાણ વવશેષ હોય તો Ca ના અદ્રવ્ય ક્ષારોમાાં ફેરવાય જાય છ અને લભ્યતા
ઘણી ઓછી થઈ જાય છે.
સાંદભન = જમીન વવજ્ઞાન ભાગ – ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૯૭ થી ૯૮
6. ૨.અલ્યુવમનીયમ ,મેગેવનિઅને બીજા ધાત્તવક તતવો પર અમ્લીયતા ણી અસર :
નીચા પી.એચ વળી જમીનમાાં આ તતવો ખાસ કરીને અલ્યુવમનીયમ,મેગેવનિ ,લોહ ,તાાંબુ વગેરેની દ્રાવ્યતા ખુબ વધી જાય છે.આ
પરરક્સ્થવત માાં ચ ૂનો નાખવાથી દુર કરી શકાય છે.વળી પી.એચ.૭ ઉપર જાયતો પણ આ તતવની અછત જણાય છે.
૩.સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓ પર અમ્લીયતાની અસર:આપણે એ તો જોયુાં કે સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓ ણી પ્રવૃવિઓ માટે જમીનમાાં
સાંજોગો અનુકુળ હોવા જરૂરી છે.સામાન્ય રીતે સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓ મોટા ભાગે ૫.૫ કે ૬.૦ થી ઉપર પી.એચ. હોય તયારે પ્રવૃવતઓ
સારી રીતે કરી શકે છે.
૪.રોગોનો ઉપદ્રવ અને જમીનની પ્રવતરિયા: અમુક રોગો ઉતપન્ન કરતા સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓ વધુ
અમ્લતાવાળીજમીનમાાં પોતાની વૃદ્ધિ સારી રીતે કરે શકે છે. અને તે સાંજોગોમાાં પાક પર રોગ લાગવાનો ભય રહે
છે.દા.ત.(Plasmodiophora brassicae )નામની ફૂગ અમ્લીય જમીનમાાં વૃદ્ધિ કરી શકે છે અને કોબીજ વગેરે પાકોમાાં રોગ લાગે
છે. આથી ઉલટુાં બટેટામાાં ચાાંદીનો રોગ ઉતપન્ન કરતા સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓ (Actinomycetes edremogenus) અમ્લીય જમીનમાાં
વવકાસ પામી શકતા નથી.
સાંદભન = જમીન વવજ્ઞાન ભાગ - ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૯૮ થી ૯૯
7. અમ્લીયતાની વવપરીત અસર દુર કઈ રીતે થાય છે.?
જમીનની અમ્લીયતા ઓછી કરવા માટે જમીનમાાં ચ ૂનો ઉમેરવામાાં આવે છે. જે જમીનના H+ આયનને વશવથલ કરી અનુકુળ
સાંજોગો ઉતપન્ન કરે છે.ચ ૂનો જુદા જુદા સ્વરૂપે બજારમાાં મળે છે.તેમાાં કેલ્લ્શયમ કાબોનેટ ,ઓક્સાઈડ હાઈડ્રોકસાઈડ અને
સીલીકેટ અગતયના છે.
ચુના ના ફાયદાઓ
૧.ચુનાથી જમીનના પોષક તતવો ણી દ્રાવ્યતા અને છોડવાઓને તેની લભ્યતા પર અસર થાય છે.
૨. અલ્યુવમનીયમ અને મેગેવનિ જેવા તતવોની દ્રાવ્યતા પર વવપરીત અસર થવાથી છોડવાઓ પર તેમની િેરી અસર થતી અટકે
છે.
૩.તે જમીનનો બાાંધો સુધરે છે અને આડકતરી રીતે સુક્ષ્મ જીવાણુઓની પ્રવૃવતઓને વેગ મળે છે.
૪.ચ ૂનો ઉમેરવાથી ચોદ્વાઓના મુઝળયા સારી રીતે વવકાસ પામે છે અને તેને લીધે છોડવાઓ પાણી તેમજ પોષકતતવો વધુ સારી
રીતે અને વધુ પ્રમાણમાાં લઈ શકે છે.
સાંદભન = જમીન વવજ્ઞાન ભાગ - ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૧૦૦
8. જમીન અમ્લીય થવાના કારણો=જે જમીનનો અમ્લીયતા આંક ૭ થી નીચો હોય તેવી જમીનને અમ્લીય કહેવામાાં આવે છે.
૧. જમીનમાાંથી ભાક્સ્મક તતવો જેવાકે કેલ્લ્શયમ ,મેગ્નેવશયમ અને પોટેવશયમ નીતર દ્વરા દુર થઈ જવાથી.
૨. વધરે પડતા વરસાદ થી તેમજ નીતાર થી જમીનમાાં હાઈડ્રોજન H+ આયનનુાં પ્રમાણ વધવાથી.
૩. વનસ્પવત દ્વારા ભસ્મનો વધારે પડતો ઉપયોગ .
૪.અ અમ્લીય ખાતરો નો સતત ઉપયોગ.
૫. સેન્દ્રીય તતવોનો જમવ અને તેનુાં વવધટન.
૬. સકીણન ક્લીલો ણી સપાટી પર રહેલા વવવનમય A+++ નુાં જલવવશ્લેષણ .
અમ્લીય જમીનની ઝચરકતસા= આખી દુવનયામાાં જમીનની અમ્લીયતા ઓછી કરવા માટે ચૂનાના પદાથો આપવાની પ્રથા પ્રચઝલત
છે. સામાન્ય રીતે આ પદાથોમાાં કેલ્લ્શયમ,મેગ્નેવશયમના ઓક્સાઈડ હાઈડ્રોકસાઈડ, સીલીકેટ કાબોનેટ લાઈમ સ્ટોન ,ડોલોમાઈટ,ડોલોમાઈટ
લાઈમ સ્ટોન ,બેઝિક સ્લેગ ,માલન,ચોક અને બળેલા ચ ૂનાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે.
ચૂનો (Lime)= જમીની અમ્લીયતા સુધારવામાાં ચૂનાની અસરકારકતા ઘણા પરરબળો પર આધરરત છે.તેમાાંથી સૌથી મહતવનુાં પરરબળ
તેની બરીકતા છે. જયારે કેલ્લ્શયમ કાબોનેટ અને બેઝિક સ્લેગ જે જે સ્્તીકના રૂપમાાં હોય છે.તેની અસર તેના બારીક ભુક્કા પર આધારરત
છે.પદાથો ણી જેમ બરીકતા વધે છે તેમ તેની અસરકારકતા વધે છે પરાંતુ પદાથોની બરીકતા વધરતા તેની રકિંમત પણ વધે છે.આથી પદાથન
ઓછામાાં ઓછા દળીને તે બારીક રજકણો આપે અને જમીનના અમ્લીયતાના આંકમાાં વધરો કરે તેવા પદાથો ણી પસાંદગી કરવી જરૂરી છે.
સાંદભન = જમીન વવજ્ઞાન ભાગ - ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૩૯૫ થી ૩૯૭ (જમીન- સુધારકો )
9. ચૂનાના સ્વરૂપો
જલદ અસીડના ક્ષારોને છુટા પડવાથી કેલ્લ્શયમ અને મેગ્નેવશયમ ના બે સમૂહ રહે તેમાાં (૧)માંદ તેજાબના ક્ષારો જેવા કે કાબોનેટ અને
(૨) ઓક્સાઈડ અને હાઈડ્રોકસાઈડ જેવા ભાક્સ્મક સયોજનોના સમાવેશ થાય છે કેલ્લ્શયમ અને મેગ્નેશ્યમ ના આ સમૂહો ખેતીવાડી નો ચ ૂનો
(Agricultural Lime) તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. બજારમાાં ચ ૂનાના પદાથો કેલ્લ્શયમ અથવા મેગ્નેવશયમ ના અકલા સયોજન ના રૂપમાાં મળતા
નથી તેના ઘણા વગો છે.૧.ચુનાના ઓક્સાઈડ= ચ ૂનાના ઓક્સાઈડને બળેલો ચ ૂનો ,ક્ક્વક લાઈમ અથવા ઘણી વખત ફક્ત ઓક્સાઈડ તરીકે
ઓળખવામાાં આવે છે.ખેતીવાડીમાાં વપરાતા ચ ૂનાની શુિતા ૮૫ થી ૯૮ ટકા હોય છે. ૨.ચ ૂનાના હાઈડ્રોકસાઈડ= ચ ૂનાના આ સ્વરૂપને હાઈટ્રેટ
તરીકે ઓળખવા માાં આવે છે.બળેલા ચુનામાાં પાણી ઉમેરીને બનાવવામાાં આવે છે. ૩. ચ ૂનાના કાબોનેટ= દળેલા ચ ૂનાની શુઘ્ધતા ૭૫ થી ૯૯
ટકા હોય છે.ચુના ના પથ્થરમાાં બે જુદા જુદા સયોજનો હોય છે ૧.કેલ્લ્શયમ કાબોનેટ અને ૨.ડોલોમાઈટ
અમ્લીય જમીનમાાં સુધારણા માટે ચુના ની જરૂરરયાત =
સામાન્ય રીતે વ્યવહારમાાં ૩ થી ૪ તન પ્રવત હેકટર ચુના ના પથ્થર નો બારીક ભુક્કો આપવો ઈચ્છનીય છે આથી વધારે
ઈચ્છનીય નથી કારણ કે તે આવથિક રીતે પોષાય તેમ નથી અમુક સાંજોગોમાાં જમીન જો બહુ જ અમ્લીય હોય અને પાક ઉતપાદન માટે ઘણી
સારી શક્ક્ત ધરાવતી હોય આવે રકસ્સમાાં ૩ થી ૪ ટન થી વધારે ચ ૂનો આપી શકાય છે.
સાંદભન ગ્રાંથ= જમીન વવજ્ઞાનભાગ ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૩૯૮ થી ૪૦૧
10. ચૂનો આપવાની પિવત=
જમીનમાાં ચુનોના રજકણો નુાં નેચે તરફનુાં વહન થતુાં ન હોવાથી ચુનો નીચેના ભાગમાાં પણ પ્રમાણસર વમશ્ર થાય તે માટે
જરૂરી ચુનાનો અડધો ભાગ જમીનની સપાટી ઉપર આપવામાાં આવે છે પછી ખેડ કરીને વમશ્ર કરવામાાં આવે છે તયરબાદ બાકીનો
ચુનો ચાસમાાં આપીને ફરી ખેડ કરવાથી સારી રીતે વમશ્ર કેરી શકાય છે. વધુ અમ્લીય જમીનમાાં પાક લેતા પહેલા ૩ થી ૬ માસ
ચ ૂનો આપવો રહતાવહ છે.દા.ત મકાઈ ,ઓટ ,ઘઉ બે વષન રજકો વગેરે પાકોની ફેરબદલીનો િમ હોય તો ચુનો આપવાનો સમય
ઘઉ ના પાકને પહેલા પસાંદ કરવો જોઈએ જેથી તયાર પછી ના પાકો ને ફાયદો થશે.
જમીનમાાં ચુનો ઉમેરવાથી થતા ફાયદા = જમીન પર તેની (૧) ભોવતક અસર (૨)જેવવક અસર (૩)રાસાયઝણક
જમીન માાં વધરે પડતો ચુનો આપવાથી તેની અસર =
૧.લોહ ,મેંગેનીિ,તાાંબુ અને જસત લભ્યતા ઘટતા છોડમાાં તેની ઉણપ જણાય છે.
૨.ફોસ્ફેટની લભ્યતા માાં ઘટાડો જણાય છે.
૩.બોરોનની લભ્યતા અને તેના અવશોસણ માાં પણ અડચણ ઉભી થાય છે.
૪.પોટેવશયમ ની લભ્યતા માાં ઘટાડો થાય છે. સાંદભન ગ્રાંથ જમીન વવજ્ઞાન ભાગ ૨ પેજ નાંબર ૪૦૪ થી ૪૦૫
11. જુદી જુદી જમીનના પ્રકારને આધરે ચૂનાની જરૂરરયાત
જમીન નો પ્રક ર ૧ એકમ PH વધ રવ ચ ૂન ની જરૂરરય ત (૫.૦ થી ૬.૦)
મધ્યમ અને સારી પ્રત ધરાવતી ગ્રે અને કાળા ઘેરા રાંગની
જમીન.
૧ થી ૨ ટન / એકર
સારી પ્રત ધરાવતી ગ્રે અને કાળા ઘેરા રાંગની જમીનો,
પાતળી,કાળી અને કાળી જમીનો.
૨ થી ૩ ટન /એકર
સારી પ્રતની કાળી જમીનો,સેન્દ્રીય જમીનો. ૩ થી ૪ ટન / એકર
સાંદભન ગ્રાંથજ જમીન વવજ્ઞાન પે નાં ૧૬૦ ( ડૉ. હસમુખભાઈ
સુથાર
12. ૧. Saline Soil (ક્ષારીય જમીન ) =આ જમીનમાાં દ્રાવ્ય ક્ષારો નુાં પ્રમાણ વધુ હોય છે.તેનો ph આંક ૮.૫ થી ઓછો હોય છે. અને
વવવનમય પામે તેવુાં સોડીયમ 15 ટકા થી ઓછુ હોય છે.
૨.Alkaline Soil (ભાક્સ્મક જમીન )= આ જમીનમાાં ph આંક ૮.૫ થી ૧૦.૦ હોય છે.અને ક્ારેક તેનાથી પણ વધારે હોય છે અને
વવવનમય પામે તેવુાં સોડીયમ 15 ટકા કરતા વધારે હોય છે.
૩. Saline Alkaline Soil (ક્ષારીય ભાક્સ્મક જમીન )=આ જમીનનો ph આંક ૮.૫ કે તેથી વધારે હોય છે.અને વવવનમય પામે તેવુાં
સોડીયમ 15 ટકા થી વધુ હોય છે.
સાંદભનગ્રાંથ જમીન વવજ્ઞાન પે નાં ૪૭ થી ૪૮ ( ડૉ. હસમુખભાઈ સુથાર)
આભાર
