4. Intangible Cultural Heritage 3
Thailand is the country with the diversity of intangible cultural heritage which is a testimony to the
achievement, progress, and prosperity of the nation, as well as a rich seam to mine for the present
cultural creativity. For these reasons, substantial efforts to conserve, restore, safeguard, and perpetuate
the intangible cultural heritage of the nation through the cooperation of every sector in society is
significant. Recognizing the importance and value of Thailand’s intangible cultural heritage, the Department
of Cultural Promotion (DCP) has proceeded with its mission to safeguard it through the Project of
Intangible Cultural Heritage Designation -- which serves as the key testimony to the nation’s intangible
cultural heritage, protects it and promotes pride in it. In the 2010 fiscal year, the DCP designated 25 items
of Thailand’s intangible cultural heritage in four domains: the performing arts; the traditional
craftsmanship; the folk literature; and the folk sports, games and martial arts. The items in the list were
selected and endorsed by the Committees of Experts appointed by the Department, as well as through
the organization of public hearing sessions participated by concerned parties. The designation of the 2010
list was eventually announced in a ceremony on 30 July 2010 and a booklet on the designated intangible
cultural heritage was produced to disseminate the information to the public.
DCP hopes that this booklet will bring about public awareness and appreciation of the nation’s
designated intangible cultural heritage and will contribute to the conservation, restoration, and
perpetuation of the culture heritage, as well as research and studies for the creation of valuable cultural
works.
Introduction
(Prisna Pongtadsirikul)
Director-General
Department of Cultural Promotion
6. Intangible Cultural Heritage 5
Designation of Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage
Background History 9
Objectives 9
11
19
Criteria for Indentification and Nomination of Items for the Designation of 23
Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage
Designation of Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010
27
Designated Intangible Cultural Heritage Items in 2010
Performing Arts Domain 33
Traditional Craftsmanship Domain 48
Folk Literature Domain 54
Folk Sports, Games and Martial Arts Domain 84
Appendix
Announcement of the Ministry of Culture on the Designation of Thailand’s Intangible 88
Cultural Heritage Year 2010
89
Table of Contents
10. Intangible Cultural Heritage 9
Designation of Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage
Background History
The Department of Cultural Promotion (DCP),
Ministry of Culture, has been carrying out various
works in cultural conservation, restoration, promotion
and disimilation, as well as research and studies,
particularly with regards to the folk culture. The DCP
has laid down policies, strategies, and measures
and has organised various projects and activities to
fulfill its mission.
From 2005 to 2009, the DCP has collected data and
has prepared Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage
(ICH) database. At present, the database contains
350 items in the performing arts, 500 in the
traditional craftsmanship, and 40 in the folk
literature domains. Moreover, in the 2010 fiscal year,
the DCP supported the ICH inventory making
program at the provincial level through the pilot
project in the performing arts, traditional
craftsmanship, folk literature, and folk sports, games
and martial arts domains.
To follow up on the implementation, the DCP
laid down the mission to safeguard the ICH by focusing
on the national ICH designation as one of the main
activities.The designation serves as the key testimony
tothenation’sICH,promotesprideinitandencourages
communityparticipationinsafeguardingandprotecting
the local and national ICH. This will lead to knowledge,
understanding,appreciationandacceptanceofcultural
diversity, and ultimately to the peaceful co-existence
of the people in society.
Objectives
1. To record the background history, wisdom
and identity of the intangible cultural heritage;
2. To provide important database on
intangible cultural heritage in Thailand;
3. To enhance the crucial role and the pride of
the communities, groups, or individuals that own the
intangible cultural heritage;
4. To promote and develop the right of
communities to conserve, perpetuate, restore, and
safeguard the local and national intangible cultural
heritage;
5. To prepare the groundwork for Thailand to
become a state party to UNESCO's Convention for the
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.
12. Intangible Cultural Heritage 11
Intangible Cultural Heritage is divided into six domains as follows:
No. Domain Definition Category
1. Performing arts “Performing arts” mean the
expressionofemotions,feelings,
orstoriesbyaperformerthrough
sound, such as singing or music
playing, and through body
movement,suchasindanceor
inthemanipulation(ofpuppets),
in gesture etc.
1) “Traditionalmusic”meansthesoundthatmakes
upatuneand/orrhythmthatentertainsorinducesemotion
of love, sadness, or joy, for example. The roles and
the functions of music are to entertain, to accompany
rites and ceremonies, or performances, for example;
2) “Traditionalperformance”meanstheexpression
throughbodymovements,postures,gestures,dancesteps,
theactofdancing,manipulating(thepuppets)etc.,allof
which express emotions, feelings, or tell stories.
Aperformancemightbeaccompaniedbymusicandsinging;
3) “Folk ritual performance” means the traditional
playactivity,suchasfestivaldrama,folkdance,ritualistic
dance drama, ritual music used in rites and rituals;
4) “Folk song” means the song of folk origin in its
form or style, with a simple tune and lyric that aim to
entertain during the various occasions or festivities
or during a collaborative labour or work.
2. Traditional
craftsmanship
“Traditional craftsmanship”
means the knowledge and
skills of a group of people
in making handicrafts, in
selecting materials and
methods to create handicrafts
that reflect the identity and
the social development and
culture.
1) “Textilesandtextileproducts”meantheproducts
created by weaving, dying, knitting, embroidering,
Ti-kliao, Yok (pulled extra weft-threads technique),
Chok, weft ikat, printing motifs, Khit, Ko/Luang technique
withtheaimtobeused as items of clothing which show
the social status of the wearer;
2) “Basketry” means the traditional household
utensils and objects made by weaving together thin
strips of locally available raw materials, such as
bamboo, rattan, Krachut (Lepironia articulate (Retz.)
Domin),Lamchiak(PandanusodoratissimusLinn).Weaving
methods involve knitting, tying, fastening, binding or
stringing strips of bamboo or rattan, to make durable
products that retain their shape for a long time;
“Intangible Cultural Heritage” means the practices,
expressions, knowledge, skills, tools, objects,
inventions, and the relevant cultural space that
communities, groups of people or, in some cases,
individuals, acknowledge as a part of their cultural
heritage. The intangible cultural heritage, which is
passed on from one generation to another,
is constantly recreated by the communities and groups
of people in response to their environment. It is their
interaction to nature and to their history. It gives them
pride in their identity and a sense of continuity, which
eventually leads to respect for cultural diversity and
creativity.
Definition of Intangible Cultural Heritage
14. Intangible Cultural Heritage 13
No. Domain Definition Category
3) “Lacquerware” means the handicraft objects that are
coated with the lacquer that is made from the gum of Rak tree
(Melanorrhoea usitata). Various applications and techniques
are used to make lacquer objects, for example, the gilt lacquer,
gold appliqué on lacquer, Kammalo (Japanese style lacquer object),
mother-of-pearl or coloured glass inlay on lacquer, Pan Kranae
(gilt stucco work), and Khoen (vermillion paint on lacquer).
The gum from Rak tree is viscous and sticky. It holds fast to
the surface of objects and when the gum dries, it makes a smooth
and shiny surface and is resistant to heat, moisture, weak acid
or alkaline. Rak’s gum also acts as a binding agent for Samuk
(ground charcoal of dried banana leaves and lalang grass, used as
a primer on the surface of wood to be gilded with gold leaves)
or other colours;
4) “Pottery” is the handicraft work that uses clay as
the principal raw material. Pottery comes in glazed and
unglazed types. The clay must be mixed with fine river sand,
which helps to make the clay dry well and prevent cracking.
Different types of clay from various sites make for the different
colors of the pottery;
5) “Metal work” means the handicraft objects, mostly for
household use and agricultural work, which are made of iron,
brass, or copper as the principal raw material. Iron-based material
is heated to soften it before being beaten into shape. Brass work is
made by heating brass until it becomes molten before pouring it
into a mould. After it cools down and is taken out of the mould, it is
chasedanddressed.Copperismostlyusedastheprincipalcomposite
in the silver alloy jewellery;
6) “Woodwork” means the handicraft objects made of logs
or planks of wood for use as furniture, altar offerings, altar sets,
costume accessories, tools, weapons, musical instruments, toys,
and vehicles, or as building material in the Khrueang Sap house
(house built by wooden joints, without using metal nails).
Techniques used are carving, sculpturing, chopping, digging,
piercing, turning on the lathe, planning, scraping, and polishing;
7) “Leatherwork” means the folk handicraft objects made
from animal raw hides and skins that are soaked in alkali
solution and tanned to prevent decay and to make them soft
and pliable. Leather work is often used in various ways in
the performing arts and in instruments that require leather;
8) “Folk ornamentation” means the handicraft accessories
used in decorating the body for beauty. At first easy-to-find,
local materials were used, but in later development,
they were replaced by gems and precious metals;
9) “Folk art” means the art objects that concretely
express emotions through craftsmanship for practical use and
for aesthetic value, for example, painting, sculpture, carving,
and casting;
16. Intangible Cultural Heritage 15
No. Domain Definition Category
10) “Other kinds of products” mean other
traditional handicraft products that cannot be
classified in the aforementioned nine
categories and may involve those handicraft
products made from locally available materials
or waste materials, for example.
3. Folk literature “Folkliterature”meanstheoral
or written literature that is
transmitted through the folk
way of life.
1) “Folktale”meansthestoriesthataretransmitted
from generation to generation by words of mouth,
namely myths, religious tales, didactic tales, fairy tales,
romantic tales, legends/sages, explanatory tales,
animal tales, ghost tales, jokes/humorous anecdotes,
formula tales;
2) “Oralhistory”meansstoriesaboutthehistoryof
settlement, resettlement, exodus, and the background
history of a community and its important persons;
3) “Incantation or ritual chant” means
the incantation or chant that is used in the various rites
and rituals such as the Bot Tham Kwan (incantations
used in the heartening rite to invoke the guardian-spirit),
Kham Bucha (chants of worship), Kham Sama
(incantations for asking forgiveness), Kham Wen Than
(incantations for transferring the merit), Bot Suat
Sora-phan-ya, Kha-tha Bot Anisong, incantations
used in folk medicine and faith healing, blessings,
chants of invocation or prayers etc.;
4) “Folk chant” means the words of the songs
and chants that are transmitted in the society during
various occasions such as lullaby and nursery rhyme,
Bot Rong Len, Bot Kiao-pha-rasi (courtship ritual
dialogue), Bot Joi, Kham Soeng etc.;
5) “Idiom and adage” mean the words or sayings
which are transmitted from generation to generation
in the society and which often rhyme - for example,
rhetorical expressions, epigrams, aporisms, metaphors,
slogans, mottos, swear words/vows, curses/spells,
eulogies, Kham Khanong (slangs) etc.;
6) “Riddle” means wordplays in the form of
questions, which have been transmitted within
the society -- for example, riddles, trick questions,
and Phami;
7) “Treatise” means a body of knowledge
and information recorded, written or inscribed in old
manuscripts, for example, texts on astrology,
physiognomy, medicines etc.
18. Intangible Cultural Heritage 17
No. Domain Definition Category
4. Folk sports, games
and martial arts
“Folk sports, games and
martial arts” mean games,
sports and martial arts which
are practiced in Thailand and
which uniquely reflect the
Thai way of life.
1) “Folk games” mean the games that the
Thai people of different ages play for different
objectives with the ultimate aims to foster
brotherly love, solidarity, and to have fun;
2) “Folk sports” mean games and
competitions that the Thai people of different
ages play by using equipments and by following
the rules and regulations that are particular to
the different regions of the country;
3) “Folk martial arts” mean the methods or
forms of fighting by using parts of the body or
equipments and which require training through
cultural transmission.
5. Social practices,
rituals and festive
events
“Social practices, rituals and
festive events”mean the
customary or traditional
practices that have been
commonly adopted by the
people in a community
andpassedonfromgeneration
togenerationastheauspicious
way and that foster social
peace and reflect the
self-image of the community
or ethnic group.
1) “Etiquette”meanspolitewaysoftreatingother
people;
2) “Custom and tradition” mean the practices
and activities which are adopted in the people’s way
of life and their community and which have been
passed on from generation to generation;
3) “Festive event” means the activities that
are performed on specific dates of the year.
6. Knowledge and
practicesconcerning
nature and the
universe
“Knowledge and practices
concerning nature and
the universe” mean the body
of knowledge, methods,
skills, beliefs, practices,
and expressions which
are developed from
the interaction between
man and his natural and
supernatural environments.
1) Food and nutrition.
2) Thai traditional medicine and folk medicine.
3) Astrology and astronomy.
4) Naturalresourcesmanagementofconservation
and sustainable utilization.
5) Chaiya-phum (divination for auspicious
location) and human settlement.
20. Intangible Cultural Heritage 19
To facilitate Thailand's ICH management in
systematic and continuous manner, to promote
an awareness in the communities of the value
and identity of their ICH, to bring about the
pride in their ICH, and to encourage the younger
generations to learn and perpetuate the ICH in their
communities, the DCP has therefore laid down the
operational directives and regulated the procedure
for the designation of Thailand’s ICH as follows:
1. The DCP shall appoint the ICH Committees of
Experts in the following domains: performing arts,
traditional craftsmanship, folk literature; folk sports,
games and martial arts;
2. The ICH Committees of Experts shall prepare
and revise the criteria for national ICH designation;
3. The ICH Committees of Experts shall nominate
the items to be designated as the national ICH;
4. The ICH Committees of Experts shall prepare
key information relevant to each ICH item to be
designated as the national ICH;
5. TheDCPshallappointtheExecutiveCommittee
of Experts for the ICH Designation;
Operational Directives for Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Designation
6. The Executive Committee of Experts for
the ICH Designation shall approve the list of items
to be designated as the national ICH;
7. The ICH Committees of Experts shall consider
the result of public hearings on the list of items to be
designated as the national ICH;
8. The Executive Committee of Experts for the
ICH Designation shall endorse the result of national
ICH designation;
9. The Minister of Culture shall sign the
announcement of the national ICH designation;
10. The DCP shall organize the announcement
ceremony of the national ICH designation;
11. The DCP shall publicize the information
through the printed and video media;
12. The DCP shall promote and support the
transmission and perpetuation of the designated
national ICH.
22. Intangible Cultural Heritage 21
Flow Chart on Operational Directives for Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Designation
The ICH Committees of Experts
The Executive Committee of
Experts for the ICH
Designation
Department of Cultural
Promotion, Ministry of Culture
Prepare and revise the criteria for
national ICH designation.
Nominate the items to be designated
as the national ICH.
Prepare key information for
consideration of each ICH item to be
designated.
Organize forums to gather public
opinion on the nominated items.
Approves the list of items to be
designated as the national ICH.
EndorsestheresultofnationalICH
designation.
Submits the designation
announcement to the Minister
for signature.
Organizes the announcement
ceremony.
Publicizestheinformationthrough
the printed and video media.
Promotes and supports the
transmission and perpetuation
of the designated national ICH.
24. Intangible Cultural Heritage 23
Criteria for Identification and Nomination of Items for the Designation of
Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage
The ICH Committees of Experts have provided the
criteria for intangible cultural heritage designation
by describing the defining attributes of the items to
be considered in each of the six domains as
follows:
Performing arts domain:
1. Having specific characteristics that attest to the
cultural identity and self-image of the
community;
2. Having elements that correspond to the
performance genre;
3. Having the explicit performance or presentation
format;
4. Being transmitted and perpetuated to the
present, or continuing to be performed
on specific occasions;
5. Having social and spiritual value and value
to the community's way of life;
6. HavingothercharacteristicsthattheCommittees
of Experts consider relevant.
Traditional craftsmanship domain:
1. Having been originated in and/or introduced
into and developed by the community to
the point of being commonly recognized
as such and having been perpetuated/
transmitted within the community;
2. Showing the skills, wisdom, and appropriate
technology, such as production by hand or
using folk technology;
3. Having developed the tools and materials
to accommodate the production process;
4. Having the primary functions for use in
daily life, or for use related to custom,
tradition, belief, and culture, or for use in the
work of the people in the community;
5. Representing the identity or the self-image
of the folk, locality, or ethnic group and
being the pride of the people in the
community;
6. Having artistic, cultural, economic and social
value, as well as historical meaning and value
to the community or the ethnic group;
7. Being in urgent need of safeguarding, being at
risk of disappearance, or facing threatening
danger;
8. HavingothercharacteristicsthattheCommittees
of Experts consider relevant.
Folk literature domain:
1. Being commonly known at national, regional
or local levels;
2. Reflecting the self-image of the region or
locality;
3. Being the connecting core and forming the
network of relations among the different
regions;
4. Being in urgent need of safeguarding,
being at risk of disappearance, or facing
threatening danger;
5. Having other characteristics that the
Committees of Experts consider relevant.
Folk sports, games and martial arts domain:
1. Reflecting the local or ethnic identity or
self-image;
2. Having explicit method of playing or
competing (for example, procedure and
sequence, rules and regulations, timing);
3. Being transmitted and perpetuated to the
present, or continuing to be played or
competed on specific occasions;
4. Having physical, emotional, and social
value, as well as value to the community’s
way of life and the Thai spirit;
5. Being in urgent need of safeguarding, being
at risk of disappearance, or facing threatening
danger;
6. HavingothercharacteristicsthattheCommittees
of Experts consider relevant.
26. Intangible Cultural Heritage 25
Social practices, rituals and festive events
domain:
1. Having specific characteristics that reflect
the identity or self-image concerning the
history or origins, the selection process,
including the adaptation and development
within the community to the point of being
well-accepted and perpetuated by the
community;
2. Having explicit format or pattern of practice,
timing, procedure, and sequence;
3. Having been transmitted through several
generations and perpetuated to the
present or having evidence of having been
practiced in the community;
4. Being commonly known, adopted and
practiced at the level of ethnic group, as well as
at the level of local, regional and national
communities;
5. Reflecting the moral/ethical wisdom and
Intangible wisdom, which possess value for
the spirit, the way of life, and the society;
6. Being the connecting core and forming the
network of relations among the different
regions;
7. Being at risk of disappearance or misuse;
8. Having other characteristics that the
Committees of Experts consider relevant.
Knowledge and practices concerning nature and
the universe domain:
1. Having been transmitted and perpetuated
to the present in the people’s way of life;
2. Reflecting national identity or self-image
of the community or region;
3. Being at risk of disappearance or facing
threatening danger;
4. Having other characteristics that the
Committees of Experts consider relevant.
Remark: At least one criterion shall be met for an
item to be designated as Thailand’s Intangible
cultural heritage, which shall be done at the
discretion of the Committees of Experts, who are
appointed by the Department of Cultural
Promotion.
28. Intangible Cultural Heritage 27
Recognizing the necessity to safeguard, promote
and perpetuate the intangible cultural heritage, the
Ministry of Culture therefore designated 25 items in
four domains as Thailand’s intangible cultural
heritage in 2010, namely:
1. In the performing arts domain, 6 items
in 2 categories;
2. In the traditional craftsmanship domain,
3 items in 2 categories;
3. In the folk literature domain, 15 items in
3 categories;
4. In the folk sports, games and martial arts
domain, 1 item in 1 category.
The Ministry of Culture will foster and support the
exchange of knowledge and learning about, as well as
the transmission of, the ICH-designated items through
various means as appropriate.
Rationale for the Designation of Thailand’s
Intangible Cultural Heritage
An intangible cultural heritage is a precious legacy
from the ancestors, who created, accumulated,
perpetuated and passed it on to the next
generation. An intangible heritage means the
knowledge, thought, skill, and expertise expressed
through language, literature, the performing arts,
customs and traditions, rites and rituals, traditional
crafts, and cosmological knowledge.
In today’s fast-changing world, the intangible
cultural heritage of the nation is threatened by the
spread of foreign cultures, the appropriation and
misuse of the intangible cultural heritage in
Designation of Thailand’s Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010
an unfairly manner. Dominated by these factors, the
affected groups of people unknowingly lose their
self-image and their body of knowledge that forms
their wisdom.
While no legal measure is available to protect
Thailand’s ICH, the designation of the national
ICH might provide one way of safeguarding, and
an important evidence of Thailand’s ownership
of, the ICH in various domains. Moreover, in the
future, if Thailand shall join the other 136 countries
as a state party to UNESCO’s Convention for the
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage,
it will be a good opportunity to make known to the
world community of Thailand’s prestige.
30. Intangible Cultural Heritage 29
Domain Category Item
Performing arts Music 1. Pi Phat ensemble
Performing arts 2. Lakhon Nai
3. Hun Krabok
4. Li-ke Song Khrueang
5. Ram Phleng Cha-Ram Phleng Reo
6. Mae Tha Yak - Mae Tha Ling
Traditional craftsmanship
Textiles and textile products
1. Yok cloth
2. Mat Mi cloth
Metalwork 3. Buddha statue model making and casting
Folk literature Tales 1. The tale of Sri Thanonchai
2. The tale of Sang Thong
3. The tale of Khun Chang-Khun Phaen
Myths and Legends 4. The legend of Phra Kaeo Morakot
5. The myth of Phra Chao Ha Phra Ong
6. The myth of Dao Luk Kai
7. The legend of Phra Chao Liab Lok
8. The legend of the Phra Boromma That
Nakhon Sri Thammarat
9. The legend of Phra Phutta Sihing
10. The myth of Phraya Khan-khak
IncantationsandRitualChants 11. Tham Khwan Khao ritual text
12. Tham Khwan Nak ritual text
13. Tham Khwan Khwai ritual text
Texts 14 Text on Thai Cats
15. Text on Lek Yan
Folk sports, games and
martial arts
Martial art 1. Muai Thai
List of Designated Intangible Cultural Heritage Items in 2010
34. PerformingArtsDomain
Intangible Cultural Heritage 33
Pi Phat ensemble
Pi Phat is a type of Thai musical ensemble
comprising mainly the “striking instruments”, namely
RanatEk,RanatThum,RanatThumLek,KhongWongYai,
and Khong Wong Lek; wind instruments - such as
Pi, Khlui; and ‘tempo control and time marking
instruments’ such as Ta-phon, Klong That,
for example.
Pi Phat embraces aspects of culture that include
the musical instruments used in the ensemble,
the beliefs, values, norms, customs, traditions, and
rules. Pi Phat ensemble is performed in the royal
ceremonies and public festivities in musical concerts
or as an accompaniment to the Khon (mask dance
drama), Nang Yai (grand shadow puppet spectacle),
Lakhon (dance drama), Hun Krabok (bamboo
puppet theatre), and Li-ke (folk dance drama). Pi Phat
ensemble also features during sorrowful occasions
related to the death rituals -- a funeral ceremony
where the Buddhist monks perform a funeral chant
and a cremation, for example.
Pi Phat ensemble is sub-divided into six sub-types
as follows:
1. Pi Phat Mai Khaeng ensemble
Pi Phat Mai Khaeng is the prototype of all other
sub-types of Pi Phat ensemble. Previously called
Phin Phat ensemble, it was changed to the presently
popular name Pi Phat ensemble by HRH Prince Naritsara
Nuwattiwong. Mai Khaeng, literally “hard wooden
stick”, refers to the unpadded wooden mallets for
striking on the bars of the Ranat Ek (Ranat - Thai
xylophone; Ek - the main or leading instrument in the
ensemble). Pi Phat Mai Khaeng ensemble features
in royal ceremonies and commoners’ rites --
the merit-making during the house-warming rite,
the ordination ceremony, and the religious festivals.
It is also used to accompany dramatic performances
and today it also performs in music concerts.
2. Pi Phat Se-pha ensemble
Created during the reign of King Rama II, this
sub-type introduced either Luk Poeng or Song Na
(two-faced) drum into the Pi Phat Khrueang Ha
(five instruments) ensemble. The drum beats time
and the rhythmic pattern, or Na Thap, as
the ensemble accompanies the Se-pha singing,
Lakhon Se-pha performance, or performs in music
concerts.
3. Pi Phat Mai Nuam ensemble
Pi Phat Mai Nuam was introduced during the reign
of King Rama V by Chao Phraya Thewetwongwiwat
(Mom Ratchawong (a royal title) Lan Kunchon), who
re-arranged the Pi Phat band as well as the instrumental
and the accompaniment parts. He substituted Khlui
Phiang O (medium size fipple flute) and Khlui Lip
(small size fipple flute) for Pi Nai (soprano oboe) and
Pi Nok (sopranino oboe) and added So U (alto fiddle)
to the ensemble. Unpadded wooden mallets
are replaced by padded wooden mallets for the
Ranat Ek (soprano bamboo xylophone). Pi Phat
Mai Nuam ensemble performs in accompaniment to
the Khon and Lakhon.