The document discusses several types of semiconductor devices:
- Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT): A four-layer solid-state device with a gate connected directly to the sandwiched N-type layer. It can be "programmed" to turn on at a certain voltage.
- Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS): Similar to a PUT but with an in-built low-voltage avalanche diode between gate and cathode. It turns on for a fixed anode-to-cathode voltage.
- Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS): A four-electrode thyristor with two gates, one like a PUT and the other like an SCR gate. It can be turned
Cycloconverters are static frequency changers that can produce adjustable voltage and frequency AC power from a constant voltage AC source without an intermediate DC link. They use naturally commutated thyristors in configurations such as single phase to single phase, single phase to three phase, and three phase to three phase. Cycloconverters see applications in drives for machines like cement mills, ship propulsion, rolling mills, and ore grinding mills. They have advantages like not requiring an intermediate DC stage and suitability for large, low speed drives. However, they require a large number of thyristors and are limited to an output frequency of one-third the input frequency.
Este documento resume las reglas para proteger circuitos eléctricos con interruptores automáticos. Explica que los interruptores protegen contra sobrecargas y cortocircuitos para salvaguardar la seguridad de personas y propiedades. También define sobrecargas, cortocircuitos e interruptores automáticos, y describe las normas que rigen su diseño e instalación.
ETAP - Coordinación de protecciones y arco eléctricoHimmelstern
Este documento presenta la coordinación de protecciones y análisis de arc flash para un caso de estudio. Incluye criterios de ajuste de protecciones para transformadores, motores, circuitos y líneas, así como un caso de estudio con una carga de 0.48 kV. Explica el cálculo y ajuste de las unidades temporizadas de fase y tierra y la unidad magnética para cada motor. Finalmente, analiza aspectos previos para el cálculo de arc flash como el tipo de aplicación, protección totalizadora y normativa.
This document provides an overview of signal generators. It discusses the basic components and applications of signal generators, including providing waveforms for testing electronic circuits at low powers. It describes the oscillator that provides the output signal and different waveform options. It also covers the requirements for frequency, amplitude, and distortion for the output signal. The document then discusses different frequency bands and types of fixed and variable frequency oscillators. It provides examples of basic, standard, and modern laboratory signal generators. It describes the front panel controls of an AF sine and square wave generator and includes block diagrams of a square and pulse generator and sweep frequency generator.
This document summarizes the construction and operating principles of an induction-type energy meter. The meter uses two coils - a current coil and a pressure coil - to produce rotating magnetic fields that interact with eddy currents in a disc, causing the disc to rotate. The number of revolutions of the disc corresponds to the amount of energy passing through the meter. A recording mechanism connected via gears registers the energy consumed in kilowatt-hours.
Types of electric motors include DC motors, AC motors, and other specialty motors. DC motors include shunt, series, and permanent magnet motors. AC motors include induction and synchronous motors. Other motors include reluctance, hysteresis, stepper, and brushless DC motors. The document provides details on the operating principles and applications of these various electric motor types.
Electrical test and measurement range of products from Josts ensures performance & reliability in power generation, transmission & distribution equipments
The document discusses several types of semiconductor devices:
- Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT): A four-layer solid-state device with a gate connected directly to the sandwiched N-type layer. It can be "programmed" to turn on at a certain voltage.
- Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS): Similar to a PUT but with an in-built low-voltage avalanche diode between gate and cathode. It turns on for a fixed anode-to-cathode voltage.
- Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS): A four-electrode thyristor with two gates, one like a PUT and the other like an SCR gate. It can be turned
Cycloconverters are static frequency changers that can produce adjustable voltage and frequency AC power from a constant voltage AC source without an intermediate DC link. They use naturally commutated thyristors in configurations such as single phase to single phase, single phase to three phase, and three phase to three phase. Cycloconverters see applications in drives for machines like cement mills, ship propulsion, rolling mills, and ore grinding mills. They have advantages like not requiring an intermediate DC stage and suitability for large, low speed drives. However, they require a large number of thyristors and are limited to an output frequency of one-third the input frequency.
Este documento resume las reglas para proteger circuitos eléctricos con interruptores automáticos. Explica que los interruptores protegen contra sobrecargas y cortocircuitos para salvaguardar la seguridad de personas y propiedades. También define sobrecargas, cortocircuitos e interruptores automáticos, y describe las normas que rigen su diseño e instalación.
ETAP - Coordinación de protecciones y arco eléctricoHimmelstern
Este documento presenta la coordinación de protecciones y análisis de arc flash para un caso de estudio. Incluye criterios de ajuste de protecciones para transformadores, motores, circuitos y líneas, así como un caso de estudio con una carga de 0.48 kV. Explica el cálculo y ajuste de las unidades temporizadas de fase y tierra y la unidad magnética para cada motor. Finalmente, analiza aspectos previos para el cálculo de arc flash como el tipo de aplicación, protección totalizadora y normativa.
This document provides an overview of signal generators. It discusses the basic components and applications of signal generators, including providing waveforms for testing electronic circuits at low powers. It describes the oscillator that provides the output signal and different waveform options. It also covers the requirements for frequency, amplitude, and distortion for the output signal. The document then discusses different frequency bands and types of fixed and variable frequency oscillators. It provides examples of basic, standard, and modern laboratory signal generators. It describes the front panel controls of an AF sine and square wave generator and includes block diagrams of a square and pulse generator and sweep frequency generator.
This document summarizes the construction and operating principles of an induction-type energy meter. The meter uses two coils - a current coil and a pressure coil - to produce rotating magnetic fields that interact with eddy currents in a disc, causing the disc to rotate. The number of revolutions of the disc corresponds to the amount of energy passing through the meter. A recording mechanism connected via gears registers the energy consumed in kilowatt-hours.
Types of electric motors include DC motors, AC motors, and other specialty motors. DC motors include shunt, series, and permanent magnet motors. AC motors include induction and synchronous motors. Other motors include reluctance, hysteresis, stepper, and brushless DC motors. The document provides details on the operating principles and applications of these various electric motor types.
Electrical test and measurement range of products from Josts ensures performance & reliability in power generation, transmission & distribution equipments
The document discusses cycloconverters, which are devices that convert AC power at one frequency to AC power at another frequency in a single stage using thyristors. It describes the different types of cycloconverters including step-up, step-down, single phase, and three phase cycloconverters. It also discusses the principles, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of cycloconverters.
1. A variable output voltage can be obtained from an inverter in two ways: by varying the input DC voltage or by adjusting the gain of the inverter using pulse width modulation control.
2. The output of an inverter is theoretically a sine wave but in reality is non-sinusoidal and contains harmonics that can be represented by Fourier series.
3. The fundamental component of the output voltage determines the useful power while harmonic components cause power loss and increased load temperature.
l2-power semiconductor devices and charactoristics.pptantexnebyu
This document provides an overview of power semiconductor devices and their characteristics. It discusses various power devices including diodes, thyristors, transistors, and their construction and operating principles. Key points covered include:
- Power diodes can conduct current in the forward bias state and block it in reverse bias, but require a recovery time when switched from on to off.
- Thyristors like SCRs can latch on in the forward conducting state and require the current to go to zero to turn off, while TRIACs are dual polarity thyristors.
- Power transistors like IGBTs, MOSFETs, and BJTs can be precisely controlled on and off but require heat sinking due
Stabilization Of Operating Point | Electrical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
This document discusses the stabilization of operating point in BJTs. It defines the load line and operating point, and explains that the operating point depends on factors like current gain, temperature, and supply voltage variations. An increase in current gain or temperature will shift the operating point towards saturation. It also describes different bias circuit types - fixed bias, collector base bias, fixed bias with emitter resistance, and voltage divider bias - and provides their basic equations.
A servo motor is a rotary or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration by responding to an external control signal. There are two main types: DC servo motors, which provide very accurate and fast response due to low inductive reactance but require more maintenance, and AC servo motors, which have lower power output but are more stable and have less maintenance requirements. Servo motors are used in applications that require precise control such as robotics, conveyor belts, cameras, automatic doors, and solar tracking systems.
Working of synchronous machine, Construction of synchronous machine, Types o...Self-employed
Subject : AC Machine
Topic: Working of synchronous machine, Construction of
synchronous machine, Types of synchronous machine,
Application of synchronous machine
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Multi-meter, Digital frequency meterDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation describes digital voltmeter systems, Ramp type DVM, Dual slope Integrator DVM, Digital Multi-meter: block diagram and charactersitics, Digital Frequency Meter system
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de medidores de energía eléctrica, incluyendo medidores electromecánicos, electrónicos y los híbridos. Explica cómo funcionan los medidores electromecánicos usando bobinas magnéticas y cómo los electrónicos usan conversión analógica-digital. También clasifica los medidores y describe partes comunes como las bobinas de voltaje y corriente.
This document provides information about temperature transducers. It discusses that a temperature transducer is a device that converts a temperature measurement into another form of energy, such as an electrical signal. It then describes different types of temperature transducers, including resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. For each type, it explains the basic principle of operation, common applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to inform readers about how temperature transducers work and their various uses in fields like manufacturing, heating/cooling systems, and more.
The document discusses capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs). It describes CVTs as devices that step down extra high voltage signals for metering and protection purposes. CVTs consist of capacitors that divide the transmission line voltage, with an inductive element to tune the device to line frequency and a voltage transformer to further step down the voltage. CVTs are more economical than wound transformers for voltages over 100kV. CVTs can also be used for power line carrier communications and provide insulation between high and low voltage circuits.
Fundamentals of Microprocessor Based Relaysmichaeljmack
This document provides an overview of commonly used protective relay functions and their ANSI device numbers. It discusses instantaneous overcurrent (50), time overcurrent (51), directional overcurrent (67), reclosing relay (79), and under/over frequency (81O/U) functions. It explains how these functions work, their settings, and considerations for coordination between devices to ensure selective tripping during faults. Microprocessor relays allow for customized curves and grouping of protective functions.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Three Phase Induction Motor consists of a stator and rotor. The stator contains three-phase windings that produce a rotating magnetic field when powered. This rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor conductors, causing the rotor to rotate at a synchronous speed proportional to the power frequency and inversely proportional to the number of poles. As the rotor rotates, its speed is slower than the rotating magnetic field due to induction principles that generate torque to keep the rotor spinning even after the magnetic field has passed by.
The document discusses different types of voltmeters including direct coupled DC voltmeters, chopper type DC voltmeters, solid state DC voltmeters, and AC voltmeters using rectifiers. Direct coupled DC voltmeters use cascaded transistors for amplification but have limited range due to gain. Chopper type voltmeters convert DC to AC using a modulator and demodulator to allow for higher sensitivity measurements down to microvolts. Solid state voltmeters use op-amps and feedback to adjust gain while diodes provide overvoltage protection. AC voltmeters use a bridge rectifier and meter movement to indicate the RMS value of an AC input signal.
The document discusses cycloconverters, which are devices that convert AC power at one frequency to AC power at another frequency in a single stage using thyristors. It describes the different types of cycloconverters including step-up, step-down, single phase, and three phase cycloconverters. It also discusses the principles, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of cycloconverters.
1. A variable output voltage can be obtained from an inverter in two ways: by varying the input DC voltage or by adjusting the gain of the inverter using pulse width modulation control.
2. The output of an inverter is theoretically a sine wave but in reality is non-sinusoidal and contains harmonics that can be represented by Fourier series.
3. The fundamental component of the output voltage determines the useful power while harmonic components cause power loss and increased load temperature.
l2-power semiconductor devices and charactoristics.pptantexnebyu
This document provides an overview of power semiconductor devices and their characteristics. It discusses various power devices including diodes, thyristors, transistors, and their construction and operating principles. Key points covered include:
- Power diodes can conduct current in the forward bias state and block it in reverse bias, but require a recovery time when switched from on to off.
- Thyristors like SCRs can latch on in the forward conducting state and require the current to go to zero to turn off, while TRIACs are dual polarity thyristors.
- Power transistors like IGBTs, MOSFETs, and BJTs can be precisely controlled on and off but require heat sinking due
Stabilization Of Operating Point | Electrical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
This document discusses the stabilization of operating point in BJTs. It defines the load line and operating point, and explains that the operating point depends on factors like current gain, temperature, and supply voltage variations. An increase in current gain or temperature will shift the operating point towards saturation. It also describes different bias circuit types - fixed bias, collector base bias, fixed bias with emitter resistance, and voltage divider bias - and provides their basic equations.
A servo motor is a rotary or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration by responding to an external control signal. There are two main types: DC servo motors, which provide very accurate and fast response due to low inductive reactance but require more maintenance, and AC servo motors, which have lower power output but are more stable and have less maintenance requirements. Servo motors are used in applications that require precise control such as robotics, conveyor belts, cameras, automatic doors, and solar tracking systems.
Working of synchronous machine, Construction of synchronous machine, Types o...Self-employed
Subject : AC Machine
Topic: Working of synchronous machine, Construction of
synchronous machine, Types of synchronous machine,
Application of synchronous machine
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Multi-meter, Digital frequency meterDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation describes digital voltmeter systems, Ramp type DVM, Dual slope Integrator DVM, Digital Multi-meter: block diagram and charactersitics, Digital Frequency Meter system
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de medidores de energía eléctrica, incluyendo medidores electromecánicos, electrónicos y los híbridos. Explica cómo funcionan los medidores electromecánicos usando bobinas magnéticas y cómo los electrónicos usan conversión analógica-digital. También clasifica los medidores y describe partes comunes como las bobinas de voltaje y corriente.
This document provides information about temperature transducers. It discusses that a temperature transducer is a device that converts a temperature measurement into another form of energy, such as an electrical signal. It then describes different types of temperature transducers, including resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. For each type, it explains the basic principle of operation, common applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to inform readers about how temperature transducers work and their various uses in fields like manufacturing, heating/cooling systems, and more.
The document discusses capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs). It describes CVTs as devices that step down extra high voltage signals for metering and protection purposes. CVTs consist of capacitors that divide the transmission line voltage, with an inductive element to tune the device to line frequency and a voltage transformer to further step down the voltage. CVTs are more economical than wound transformers for voltages over 100kV. CVTs can also be used for power line carrier communications and provide insulation between high and low voltage circuits.
Fundamentals of Microprocessor Based Relaysmichaeljmack
This document provides an overview of commonly used protective relay functions and their ANSI device numbers. It discusses instantaneous overcurrent (50), time overcurrent (51), directional overcurrent (67), reclosing relay (79), and under/over frequency (81O/U) functions. It explains how these functions work, their settings, and considerations for coordination between devices to ensure selective tripping during faults. Microprocessor relays allow for customized curves and grouping of protective functions.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Three Phase Induction Motor consists of a stator and rotor. The stator contains three-phase windings that produce a rotating magnetic field when powered. This rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor conductors, causing the rotor to rotate at a synchronous speed proportional to the power frequency and inversely proportional to the number of poles. As the rotor rotates, its speed is slower than the rotating magnetic field due to induction principles that generate torque to keep the rotor spinning even after the magnetic field has passed by.
The document discusses different types of voltmeters including direct coupled DC voltmeters, chopper type DC voltmeters, solid state DC voltmeters, and AC voltmeters using rectifiers. Direct coupled DC voltmeters use cascaded transistors for amplification but have limited range due to gain. Chopper type voltmeters convert DC to AC using a modulator and demodulator to allow for higher sensitivity measurements down to microvolts. Solid state voltmeters use op-amps and feedback to adjust gain while diodes provide overvoltage protection. AC voltmeters use a bridge rectifier and meter movement to indicate the RMS value of an AC input signal.