MONYWA TWIN TAUNG VOLCANIC CRATOR (MYANMAR) DATA COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
Twin Taung Hill
An extinct volcano whose crater now forms a beautiful lake. The surrounding area has lush vegetation, and there are lovely views of the area from the rim of this crater lake. The lakes Algae is used in the production of vitamin E so I've been told hence the work signs at the Burmese production plant.
Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
The Lower Chindwin is an area of around seven or eight explosion craters, located some 30 km (20 mi) northwest of the town of Monywa in the Sagaing Region, Burma (Myanmar).
The volcanoes originate from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The craters are dormant (Smithsonian volcano number = 275090). In the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution[1] no information on Holocene eruptions, dating back 10,000 years, is listed.
The major rock types of the group are Basalt, Rhyolite, Dacite and Andesite.
Three to four craters have lakes, one of which is east of the Chindwin river, the others are to the west. The eastern lake is named Twin Taung (or Twindaung), the others Taung Pyauk, Twyn Ma and Yay Khar. In the lakes the cyanobacteria Spirulina (often called blue-green algae) grows. It is harvested, dried and sold as medicine. At the end of 2014 it was reported that the Government of Myanmar planned to nominate Twin Taung Lake for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Session from the 2015 Visitor Studies Association Conference
Museums everywhere are recognizing the importance of accessibility for visitors with disabilities, and there is an ever-growing body of resources. However, as evaluators, where do we start?
This session will provide concrete strategies for self-assessment, collecting and using data, and talking to high-level decision makers about accessibility.
MONYWA TWIN TAUNG VOLCANIC CRATOR (MYANMAR) DATA COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
Twin Taung Hill
An extinct volcano whose crater now forms a beautiful lake. The surrounding area has lush vegetation, and there are lovely views of the area from the rim of this crater lake. The lakes Algae is used in the production of vitamin E so I've been told hence the work signs at the Burmese production plant.
Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
The Lower Chindwin is an area of around seven or eight explosion craters, located some 30 km (20 mi) northwest of the town of Monywa in the Sagaing Region, Burma (Myanmar).
The volcanoes originate from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The craters are dormant (Smithsonian volcano number = 275090). In the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution[1] no information on Holocene eruptions, dating back 10,000 years, is listed.
The major rock types of the group are Basalt, Rhyolite, Dacite and Andesite.
Three to four craters have lakes, one of which is east of the Chindwin river, the others are to the west. The eastern lake is named Twin Taung (or Twindaung), the others Taung Pyauk, Twyn Ma and Yay Khar. In the lakes the cyanobacteria Spirulina (often called blue-green algae) grows. It is harvested, dried and sold as medicine. At the end of 2014 it was reported that the Government of Myanmar planned to nominate Twin Taung Lake for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Session from the 2015 Visitor Studies Association Conference
Museums everywhere are recognizing the importance of accessibility for visitors with disabilities, and there is an ever-growing body of resources. However, as evaluators, where do we start?
This session will provide concrete strategies for self-assessment, collecting and using data, and talking to high-level decision makers about accessibility.
1er Congreso Latinoamericano de turismo y convenciones del 25 al 27 de mayo de 2010 en la UTPL
Tema: e- travel - Internet para el provecho de la Industria del Turismo
Autor: Edwin Bernal Holguin - Colombia
OBS delivered Cardno's new Microsoft SharePoint 2010 website. Jackie McPhee, Corporate Marketing Manager, Cardno, said: “The collaborative nature of SharePoint allows us to carry out a large selection of tasks easily. he marketing team can now easily maintain website content and set up sub-sites, ensuring the website remains current without any additional burden on IT resources.
Myanmar Business Today is Myanmar’s first bilingual (English-Myanmar) business newspaper, distributed in both Myanmar and Thailand. MBT covers a range of news encompassing local business stories, special reports and in-depth analysis focusing on Myanmar’s nascent economy, investment and finance, business opportunities, foreign trade, property and real estate, automobile, among others. MBT also provides detailed coverage of regional (ASEAN) and international business stories.
Myanmar Business Today’s target readers are foreign and local investors, businesspeople and government officials, and our advertisers are also those who try to reach this niche market in Myanmar. We provide best solutions for our advertisers with our content, outstanding print and paper quality, and superior distribution chain. We convey our advertisers’ messages to readers not only in Myanmar but also in Thailand, Southeast Asia’s second largest economy.
For more information please visit our website www.mmbiztoday.com.
Facebook: www.facebook.com/MyanmarBusinessToday
Twitter: @mmbiztoday
Linkedin: http://www.linkedin.com/company/myanmar-business-today
Myanmar Business Today is Myanmar’s first and the only bilingual (English-Myanmar) business newspaper, distributed in both Myanmar and Thailand. MBT covers a range of news encompassing local business stories, special reports and in-depth analysis focusing on Myanmar’s nascent economy, investment and finance, business opportunities, foreign trade, property and real estate, automobile, among others. For more information please visit www.mmbiztoday.com.
Facebook: www.facebook.com/MyanmarBusinessToday Twitter: @mmbiztoday
Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/107379179269023670071/posts
Linkedin: http://www.linkedin.com/company/myanmar-business-today
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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19
19
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
20
armif c if a tmif
uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs
Ek d 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
20
11. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
"Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&;
om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif
rdwaqGwOD;u rdwzŒJGay;pOf uifbm&mòrdawmf/ jrefrmtdrwckY yxrOD;qH;t}udrf
f
f
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f
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awGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif
‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGawmf usi;y_rjJ zpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom
J
f
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h
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ppftm%m&Sif Akvae0if;tpd;&udk ESpaygif;rsm;pGm awmfveaeolwOD;tjzpfvnf;
d f
k
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aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwki;pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'wmxH
ay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; rdwqufay;cJygonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvypmay Edieif;u|r;usif
f
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aomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf;
yducaom 1962=ckEpO;umvtcsderpI ,ae‹xufwif worwfwnf; ppftm
k f hJ
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tcg ppftpk;&. &ufpufpm ESyuyowfjzwfra-umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif;
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jrefrmhvwvyfa&; Adoum}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef;
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pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnD
w!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf?
ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm;
cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qefusifolrsm;tm;
‹
pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u
vnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd
ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif
OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfh
trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyftm; olwuwdtwki; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;&ef zdtm;
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OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,foowfovJ’ t*Fvybmomjzifh pmtkyf
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u|eawmfEifh r-umc% pmtkyyg ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdiyifc-hJ uonf?
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jrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrmvnf; w&m;
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a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf
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h
G f
onf xdy*Kd~ vf}uD;ESpO;xHrS OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ta-umif;
kk
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t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf?
xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvuaomtcg ckif
kd f
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vHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf?
Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeuom wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif;
f kd
tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcif
awG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+Y
OD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvuf
rsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; quf
vufavhvm&ef tajccHtwjf rpfcsay;cJonfEivnf; wlygonf?
k
h
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OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odaomf
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h h
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onfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuH
vnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD;
tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm
21
22
bmomjyefo. trSm
l
21
22
12. trSm
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
bmomjzifh xkwa0vdaoma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rygonf? uHaumif;
f
k
l d
onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef
OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y;/ tcef;vduf txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;
D
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wifz,&mjzpfygonf?
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txl;ojzifh rar#mvifbJ u|eawmf. vkyief;qki&mtyki;wGif wm0efyvm
f h
f
f
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onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm;
tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef;
rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqif
jznfpuvsuf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrwnf;jzwfygonf?
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bmomjyefq&mYvnf; t*FvypmrS wdu±ubmomjyefqrukd ta&;xm;
kd
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H
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ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif.
oabmwlnrj+ zifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJonfrsm; &Sconf?
D
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odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf;
jzwfol jr0wDO;&Jacgifwtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? bmomjyefq&mY trSm;
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f d hJ
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qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs
(9/ 9/ 99)
yl ; wG J b momjyef o l
a'guf w mat;ausmf
qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs
23
23
24
24
13. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
1
Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm;
pyfpxe;f (40) ESp/f &S r;jynfe,frS rdi;yGeapmfbm;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdi&m twdif
H G
f
kf f
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kf
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yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif
&efue°f rd/› jynfoaq;±H}k uD;Y aoqH;oGm;onf?
k
‹l
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tmZmenf r sm;
OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd,
dk‹
H
Gf
twGi;0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpmwckukd vma&mufwifoi;aepOf vlowform;rsm;.
f
usnfqefrsm; xdreom;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf?
S f G
f J
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AdvcsKyfatmifqef; (c) AdvawZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&m;r+. acgif;
k f
k f
f S
aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹ ) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihf
vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,f
a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif
yif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;cJ&onf?
J
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udaxG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS
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rlqvifvi,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;rS aoewforsm;-um;&ojzifh
l
f
H
teD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;.
ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf?
'D;'kwO;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*sme,f. t,f'wm/
f
f
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‹
t0if usnqef (5) csu&&Sonfwif ae‹v,fyi;txd &efuejf ynfoaq;±H}k uD;wGif
f
f d h kd
kd f
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‹l
touf&ivsuf &Saeao;onf?
Sf
d
vl o wf o rm;rsm;
ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifaom EdiiH
h
kf
acgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f
&mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf?
J
k
OD;tAŠ'&mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om;
l
pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?
OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&;
0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?
OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEpwif om,m0wD°rdY arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif;
h S f G
›
aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.
t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD
acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd
eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwif txde;odr;cHc&onf? 1947=ck
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ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicsKyfqaom atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSw«f y&ef
f
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jiif;qefcojl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf oltr+aqmifaumifpD vkyazmfuizufrsm;tm;
hJ
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f
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owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh
twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY
¯ud;ay;cH&onf?
ref;bcdif (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu
k
jyefvnfccawmfve&mY yg0ifconf? pufrvufrXmeESihf tvkyorm;Xme0ef}uD;/
kH
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+
+
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usnfqef (15) csufxreconf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf?
d S f hJ
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25
25
armifp;/ aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf
dk
aemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay;
cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD
&ifc&onf?
H
26
26
14. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm;
k
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd›
rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0OkH,kH
-unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGif
yif tif;pdeaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf?
f
H
xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao
ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f
tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD;
,if;owif;ukd okcESiw-ydieufwnf; today;cHc&onf?
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armifpe/f aoewform;/ ¯udŒyifaumuf-rdrjS zpfI ppftwGi;u AkvcsKyfatmifqef;.
d
›
f d f
Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;aemuf jynfo&abmftzGŒJo‹dk 0ifa&mufconf? olrbrsm;
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‹
odr;oGi;qGaqmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f arv (8) &ufae‹
f f J
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wGif &efuetusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf?
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r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ Eihf vkuygoGm;cJonf? tkwz-dk rdteD;rS aus;
S d f
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f ›
&Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹
ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh
&onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY
ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf?
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&ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpom&S.? toufti,fq; aoewform;jzpfonf?
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OD;apm w0rf;uGn.om;jzpfonf? pwkwajrmufaoewform;? vktyfvmonfh
J D
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aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh
a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciusjzpfconf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f
Gf
hJ
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arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?
b!Ge‹f / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ wif yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,awmf t"du
G
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aemufvuacgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrtwGi; aexkici&onf?
dk f
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tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef
wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef
oabmwlcojl zpfonf? xka-umifh tajctaet& oltm; tjypfrcivwr+ tay;
hJ
‹d
‹
S G hf $ f
cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH
cJ&onf?
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okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykday;cJholjzpfonf?
‹
&efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf
usKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u
ol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf
pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm
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27
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pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufyg
oGm;cJonf?
h
1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;
b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,veom;cJonf?
S
f G f G h
ocifoef;xGe;/ ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf
f
vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf
,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
(BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv
wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf?
aemufq; 1968 ckEpwif yJc;±d;rawmxJY olv,awmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif;
kH
Sf G l k
‹ l kH
cHc&onf?
hJ
udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;
tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.)
1883 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1945=55 ckEpwif avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/
Sf G
h
Sf G
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rpI awGŒqaqG;aEG;cJonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wif
S
Hk
h
G
atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo#
0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%,z,r&Syg? jrefrmhvwvyfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf
f lG f d
G f
qufE,aeaom udp&yfrsm;ESiywfoufI aemufyi;wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk
G f
P
hf
dk f
vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf?
tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpwif uG,veconf?
S f G
f G f hJ
OD;wifxÉ/f 1895=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College)
G
S f G
ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf?
k‹
D
k f
kd f
tdE,yËdnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;/ &efuewuUov. 'k=t"dywd (VicedN
H
hJ
kf
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Chancellor) jzpfconf? 'ditmcDacwfEihf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmf
rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&uc&_yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&csdef
f
G f hJ
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f
33
33
a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sie,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh)
f
1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJ_h y; (1935–41) ckEprsm;wGif uGeqmaA;wpf (ConSf G
D
Sf
f
hJ
d
servative MP) trwfjzpfcI/ _Adwo#0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ 0if
34
34
18. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm;
k
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEdii. bk&ifcwOD;jzpfum
S f
f
kfH
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OD;apmESivnf; rsm;pGm tu|r;0ifowOD;jzpfonf? xdaemuf _Awo# trsK;om;a&;
hf
f
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jynfo0efxrf;od‹k jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef±i;,m;e,f wm0ef,&aom tqifjh rif&r;
‹l
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(High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif
ygonf? 1977=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf?
S f G
f G f G h
vdw0w/f qm*|e*;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert)
fd
f
1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm;
a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif;
0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State)
tjzpf wm0ef,conf?
l hJ
&ef‹/ AdvcsKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert)
k f
1898=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprsm;wGif ,lau taemufyi;
S f G
f
kd f
ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m
òrdj› ya&;&mþ!¸e-f um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwvrSþ1948=ck/
f
Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdii. aemufq; bk&ifctjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdii.
kfH
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H
kfH
txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;
t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf?
(1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf
wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1974=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf?
hJ
S f G
f G f G h
vpfw0v/f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv,H z&ef‹ppf[,m;)
kd J
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th
( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare)
1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY
tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf
vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&uconf? 1997=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf?
G f hJ
S f G
f G f G h
armifbufwef/ Apfaumifh armifbufwef atmhzf bm;rm;
h
h
(a&wyfAvcsKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvbwf-Apfwm-eDuvufp)
kd f
J
kd
f
(Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis
Francis Albert Victor Nicholas)
1900=jynfEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprsm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf
h S f G
f
wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/
rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy)
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf
vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJojl zpfonf? 1979=ck/
h
-o*kwvwGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?
f
35
35
olwdk‹b,folawGvJ
bif*av/ *|epwsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart )
f
1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? (1946=47) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEkiiwif
S f G
h
S f
f
dfH G
_Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJh
onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ olxHa&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf?
‹
axmufvSr;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ir;ESihf
f
f
df
tcsKdyk*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
‹
(4) &ufae‹wif jrefrmEdiirS tavmok;q,f xGucmoGm;cJonf? 1979=ckEpwif
G
kfH
H
f G
h
S f G
_AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf?
'de;/ Advr; yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot)
f k f ª
1923=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? tdE, tcsujf yqufo,a&;wyfY 1944=rS
S f G
h
dN
G f
pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf
vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD;
ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf
ª
eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI oltm; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd?
‹
rd;/ Advr; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A)
k k f ª
1908=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? tdE,wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m
S f G
dN
&SwOD;jzpf_y;/ Advwaxmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu. wyfr;jzpfygvsuf OD;apm
d
D k f
kd f
ª
36
36
19. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm;
k
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
k f
wynfrsm; xkw,om;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiywfoufI olukd zrf;qD;cJaomfvnf;
h
f l G
hf
‹
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jypf'%fusc&jcif;r&S?
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(Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orki;/ jynfo/ ukeo,r/
df
l
f G f +
OD;aratmif
u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh
"avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf
ygtwki; azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u*&dwwm _Awepmtkyf xkwa0a&;
df
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ukr%vrwufrS 1910 ckEpwif xkwa0cJonfh “jrefrmEkii. 20 &mpktjrifrsm;”
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‹
jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vlavmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG;
‹
a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJonf?æ
h
uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol
{nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfh
ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh
vwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f
aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom
a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrSm
d‹
vlavmu. aumif;cs;axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmuse;aoonf? Ak'[;om;onf
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ykÀm;uJoaom q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr[kwf ynm&SwOD;OD;)þukþd yifzw_f y;
h ‹ dk
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d f l d ‹ d S JG
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emrnftpOfudk ,l±;r&Sacs? rnfonft&yfwumwGirqkþd emrnfwrmþwykpwnf;
dk d
h
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jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±k;pOfqufudk jyo±k;r&Sacs? trsm;pkrm emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm
d
d d
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jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym
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d dk f
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pojzif? ok‹djzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifpef (okr[kw) armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹
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(Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh
37
38
ADA,ef;/ uy`wef a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David)
D
d
1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf
eufuiyvywyfzŒJGo‹kd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u&ef v$ajymif;jcif;
kd f k d f
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cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf
wifc&onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEihf ±ly;ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH&
H
f S D
onf? odaomf 1949=ckEpf tif;pdeukd u&ifvufeufuioyewyfrsm; odr;ydu&m
‹k
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kd f l k f
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wGif vGwajrmufcojzifh u&ifawmfvea&;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJonf? xdaemuf
f
hJ
h
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tv,f±;rrSwqifh ta&S±;rawmwGi; vufeufuif u&ifpcef;rsm;od‹k a&mufom;
dk
› dk
f
kd
G
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v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs
aecduf ArmhwyfrawmfEihf wduyjGJ zpfum towfc&onf[k jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u
k
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kf kfHS
d d f kd f H
G
h df
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u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf?
xdaemuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrdwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?
k‹
›
&ef;/ Advr; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry)
k f ª
tdE,wyfrawmf v#yppfEihf pufrtif*sie,m tvky±wyfc. wyfr;wOD;
dN
f S
+
f D
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tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh
v$way;cJonf? jrefrmEdiirS csufcsif; xGucmoGm;cJygonf?
f h
kfH
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jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf
37
38
20. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm;
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,Ofaus;odrarGŒpm tok;«yaom emrnfa&Spnf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Spnf;ukd
f G
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OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif
vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd “a':” (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
a':apm? ,if;wkrm ,Ofaus;odrarGŒ pGmok;aom emrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf
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rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl
jrefrmpum;vk;r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf?”
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(ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm
Master [k olwudk ac:a0:apcJonf) ukd tefwonftaejzifh wkArmtpnf;t±k;0if
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em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd
rª;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;«yokH;pGJcJhonf?
Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokd‹yif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
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jzpfonf? b&Da*h',m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrrª;)
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ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf
tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf
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ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJ¯ud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif
rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; (Senior General)
&mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf?
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39
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AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
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40
21. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´
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cGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD?
‚if;wd.um; &efueòf rdv,facgifo‹kd OD;wnfarmif;ESivmonfurl rnfor#
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taqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf;
axmifhwGif &yfwef‹vdkufonf? um;xJwGif ‚if;wdk‹tzGJŒxJrS armifeDwOD;om um;
apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!GefESifhr+ef}uD;) wdkonf
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twGif;0efrsm;±Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk‹ uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf?
tqdkygae‹ eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyf
jzpfrnf/ rvkyjf zpfrnfukd olw‹kd odv-kd uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyjf zpfonf[k odv#if
odcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk;
ðyvsuf ol‹q&mocifxHodk‹ pum;0Suf owif;ydk‹csufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif;
ydvuawmhonf? “ypPwifui;rsm; &&S_d yD;yg_yDæ”?
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rS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10)
em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armif
pdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGif
ykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaom
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&ef}uD;atmifwirl wcsucsi; armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfw
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onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif;
onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 1 ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0wfpHk
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›
trSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teD
a&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdkonf um;ta&SŒrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef;
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0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyf±dkufcwfI ygvm_yD; ‚if;wdk‹pD;eif;vmonfh *spfum;
onf &efueòf rdv,faumifw±o‹kd tjyif;armif;ESivmawmhonf?
k ›
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tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpf
aom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efuef uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdi&m pdr;vef;
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onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpf
t&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+
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AdvcsKyfvy}f uc&jcif;
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&efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae‹
41
42
22. AdvcsKyfvy}f uc&jcif;
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wnf&Sdonfh jrifhrm;vSaom ukef;o¿mef trdk;rsm;atmufrS aygif;ul;vrf;rw
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